The atmospheric implications of radiation belt remediation

Annales Geophysicae

Volumn 24, Issue 7, 2006, Pages 2025-2041

  Rodger, C J ^a   Clilverd, M A ^b   Ulich, Th ^c   Verronen, P T ^d   Turunen, E ^c   Thomson, N R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^b BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OULU   (Finland)

^d FINNISH METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION; ELECTRON; GEOMAGNETIC STORM; NUCLEAR EXPLOSION; REMEDIATION; UPPER ATMOSPHERE;

EID: 33751107187     PISSN: 09927689     EISSN: 14320576     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/angeo-24-2025-2006     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Abel, B. and Thorne, R. M.: Electron scattering loss in earth's inner magnetosphere-1. Dominant physical processes, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 2385-2396, 1998.
2. Abel, B. and Thorne, R. M.: Correction to "Electron scattering loss in earth's inner magnetosphere, 1. Dominant physical processes" and " Electron scattering loss in earth's inner magnetosphere, 2. Sensitivity to model parameters" by Abel, B. and Thorne, R. M., J. Geophys. Res., 104, 4627-4628, 1999.
3. Baker, D. N., Kanekal, S. G., Li, X., Monk, S. P., Goldstein, J., and Burch, J. L.: An extreme distortion of the Van Allen belt arising from the "Halloween" solar storm in 2003, Nature, 432(7019), 878-880, 2004.
4. Banks, P. M. and Kockarts, G.: Aeronomy, vol. B, chap. 15, Academic Press, 1973.
5. Brasseur, G. and Solomon, S.: Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere, second edition, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, 1986.
6. Carter, R. E., Reiner, F., Wagner, J. J., and Wyman, M. E.: Free antineutrino absorption cross section, 2, Expected cross section from measurements of fission fragment electron spectrum, Phys. Rev., 113, 280-286, 1959.
7. 2 distribution and the temperature in the mesosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1-4, 2002.
8. Clilverd, M. A., Rodger, C. J., Ulich, Th., Seppälä, A., Turunen, E., Botman, A., and Thomson, N. R.: Modelling a large solar proton event in the southern polar cap, J. Geophys. Res., 110(A9), doi:10.1029/2004JA010922, 2005.
9. Clilverd, M. A., Seppälä, A, Rodger, C. J., Thomson, N. R., Verronen, P. T., Turunen, E., Ulich, Th., Lichtenberger, J., and Steinbach, P.: Modelling the ionospheric effects of solar proton events in the polar atmosphere, Radio Sci., 41(2), RS2001, doi:10.1029/2005RS003290, 2006.
10. Datlowe, D. W., Imhof, W. L., Fishman, G. J., and Finger, M. H.: Local time and seasonal variations in the precipitation of energetic electrons from the inner radiation belt by cyclotron resonance with waves from powerful VLF transmitters, Radio Sci., 30(1), 47-56, 1995.
11. Davies, K.: Ionospheric radio, Peter Peregrinus, London, 1990.
12. Dupont, D. G.: Nuclear explosions in orbit, Scientific American, 68-75, 2004.
13. Hedin, A. E.: Extension of the MSIS Thermospheric model into the middle and lower Atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 1159-1172, 1991.
14. Hess, W. N.: The artificial radiation belt made on July 9, 1962, J. Geophys. Res., 68(3), 667-683, 1963.
15. Hess, W. N.: The radiation belt and magnetosphere, Blaisdell Pub. London, 1968.
16. Jackman, C. H., Cerniglia, M. C., Nielsen, J. E., Allen, D. J., Zawodny, J. M., McPeters, R. D., Douglass, A. R., Rosenfield, J. E., and Hood, R. B.: Two-dimensional and three-dimensional model simulations, measurements, and interpretation of the October 1989 solar proton events on the middle atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 11 641-11 660, 1995.
17. Jones, J. B. L., Bentley, R. D., Hunter, R., Iles, R. H. A., Taylor, G. C. and Thomas, D. J.: Space weather and commercial airlines, Adv. Space Res., 36(12), 2258-2267, 2005.
18. Inan U. S., Bell, T. F., Bortnik, J., and Albert, J. M.: Controlled precipitation of radiation belt electrons, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 1186, doi:10.1029/2002JA009580, 2003.
19. Li, X. L. and Temerin, M. A.: The electron radiation belt, Space Sci. Rev., 95(1-2), 569-580, 2001.
20. MacNamara, L. F.: High frequency radio propagation, in: Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment, edited by: Jursa, A. S., Chapter 10, Air Force Geophys. Lab., U.S. Air Force, 45-65, 1985.
21. Massey, H.: Space Physics, Cambridge University Press, 1964.
22. Papadopoulos, D.: Threat to satellites of a high altitude nuclear detonation, Presentation at future of space: 1st Meeting of scientific panel, The Eisenhower Institute, Washington, D.C., 11 December 2001 (available from http://www.eisenhowerinstitute.org/programs/globalpartnerships/fos/newfrontier/articles-papers.htm), 2001.
23. Parmentola, J.: High altitude nuclear detonations (HAND) against low earth orbit satellites ("HALEOS"), Report of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Advanced Systems and Concepts Office, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, April 2001. (available from http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/asat/haleos.pdf), 2001.
24. Poppe, B.: New Scales Help Public, Technicians Understand Space Weather, Eos Trans., Vol. 81 (29), 322, 2000.
25. Randall, C. E., Harvey, V. L., Manney, G. L., Orsolini, Y., Codrescu, M., Sioris, C., Brohede, S., Haley, C. S., Gordley, L. L., Zawodny, and Russell, J. M.: Stratospheric effects of energetic particle precipitation in 2003-2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L05802, doi:10.1029/2004GL022003, 2005.
26. Rees, M. H.: Physics and chemistry of the upper atmosphere, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989.
27. Reeves, G. D., McAdams, K. L. Friedel, R. H. W., and O'Brien, T. P.: Acceleration and loss of relativistic electrons during geomagnetic storms, Geophys. Res. Lett, 30(10), 1529, doi:10.1029/2002GL016513, 2003.
28. Reid, G. C., Solomon, S., and Garcia, R. R.: Response of the middle atmosphere to the solar proton events of August-December, 1989, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 1019-1022, 1991.
29. Rishbeth, J. W. and Gariott, O. K.: Introduction to Ionospheric Physics, New York, Academic, 1969.
30. Rodger, C. J., Clilverd, M. A., and McCormick, R. J.: Significance of lightning generated whistlers to inner radiation belt electron lifetimes, J. Geophys. Res., 108(12), 1462, doi:10.1029/2003JA009906, 2003.
31. Rodger, C. J., Clilverd, M. A., Verronen, P. T., Ulich, Th., Jarvis, M. J., and Turunen, E.: Dynamic geomagnetic rigidity cutoff variations during a solar proton event, J. Geophys. Res., J. Geophys. Res., 111, A04222, doi:10.1029/2005JA011395, 2006.
32. Rodger, C. J. and McCormick, R. J.: Remote sensing of the upper atmosphere by VLF, in: Sprites, Elves and Intense Lightning Discharges: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute from 21-30 July 2004, edited by: Füllekrug, M., Nato Science Series II (Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry), Vol. 225, Springer, ISBN 1-4020-4627-8, 2006.
33. Satellite Industry Association: Satellite Industry Overview, presentation to the U.S. Department of Commerce, 16 December 2004. (http://www.sia.org/industry-overview/sat101.pdf), 2004.
34. Seppälä, A., Verronen, P. T., Kyrölä, E., Hassinen, S., Backman, L., Hauchecorne, A., Bertaux, J. L., and Fussen, D.: Solar proton events of October-November 2003: Ozone depletion in the Northern hemisphere polar winter as seen by GOMOS/Envisat, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31(19), L19, 107, doi:10.1029/2004GL021042, 2004.
35. Seppälä, A., Verronen, P. T., Sofieva, V. F., Tamminen, J., Kyrölä, E., Rodger, C. J., and Clilverd, M. A.: Destruction of the tertiary ozone maximum during a solar proton event, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L07804, doi:10.1029/2005GL025571, 2006.
36. Shimazaki, T.: Minor Constituents in the Middle Atmosphere (Developments in Earth and Planetary Physics), No 6, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1984.
37. Siskind, D. E: On the coupling between the middle and upper atmospheric odd nitrogen, in Atmospheric science across the stratopause, Geophysical Monograph, 123, 101-116, 2000.
38. Solomon S, Crutzen, P. J., and Roble, R. G.: Photochemical coupling between the thermosphere and the lower atmosphere, 1., Odd nitrogen from 50 to 120 km, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 7206-7220, 1982a.
39. Space Environmental Forecaster Operations Manual, page 4.3.1, 55th Space Weather Squadron, Falcon AFB, USAF, 21 October 1997, as referenced by the NOAA Space Environment Center at http://www.sec.noaa.gov/rt plots/dregionDoc.html, 1997.
40. Steer, I.: Briefing: High-altitude nuclear explosions; Blind, deaf and dumb, Janes Defense Weekly, 20-23, 2002.
41. Teague, M. and Vette: The inner zone electron model AE-5, National Space Science Data Center, Rep. NSSDC 72-10, Greenbelt, Md., 1972.
42. Thomas, L. and Bowman, M. R.: A study of pre-sunrise changes in negative ions and electrons in the D-region, Ann. Geophys., 4, 219-228, 1986.
43. Thomson, N. R., Rodger, C. J., and Dowden, R. L.: Ionosphere gives size of greatest solar flare, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31(6), L06803, doi:10.1029/2003GL019345, 2004.
44. Thomson, N. R., Rodger, C. J., and Clilverd, M. A.: Large solar flares and the ionospheric D-region enhancements, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A06306, doi:10.1029/2005JA011008, 2005.
45. Tobiska, W. K., Woods, T., Eparvier, F., Viereck, R., Floyd, L. D. B., Rottman, G., and White, O. R.: The SOLAR2000 empirical solar irradiance model and forecast tool, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 62, 1233-1250, 2000
46. Turunen, E., Matveinen, H., Tolvanen, J., and Ranta, H.: D-region ion chemistry model, in: STEP Handbook of Ionospheric Models, edited by: Schunk, R. W., SCOSTEP Secretariat, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 1-25, 1996.
47. U.S. Congress: Report of the commission to assess United States national security, space management and organization, Public Law 106-65, Chapter II: Space: Today and the Future, 21-22, 11 January 2001 (available from http://www.space.gov/docs/fullreport.pdf), 2001.
48. Van Allen, J. A.: Energetic particles in the Earth's external magnetic field, in: Discovery of the Magnetosphere, edited by: Gillmor, C. S. and Spreiter, J. R., History of Geophysics, 7, AGU, Washington, D.C., 235-251, 1997.
49. Van Allen, J. A., Ludwig, G. H., Ray, E. C., and McIlwain, C. E.: Observation of high intensity radiation by satellites 1958 Alpha and Gamma, Jet Propulsion, 28, 588-592, 1958.
50. Van Allen, J. A., Frank, L. A., and O'Brien, B. J.: Satellite observations of the artificial radiation belt of July 1962, J. Geophys. Res., 68(3), 619-627, 1963.
51. Vampola, A.L.: Outer Zone Energetic Electron Environment Update, European Space Agency P.O. #151351, 1996.
52. Vampola, A. L., Blake, J. B., and Paulikas, G. A.: A new study of the magnetospheric electron environment, J. Spacecraft and Rockets, 14, 690-695, 1977.
53. Verronen, P. T., Turunen, E., Ulich, Th., and Kyrölä, E.: Modelling the effects of the October 1989 solar proton event on mesospheric odd nitrogen using a detailed ion and neutral chemistry model, Ann. Geophys., 20, 1967-1976, 2002.
54. Verronen, P. T., Seppälä, A., Clilverd, M. A., Rodger, C. J., Kyrölä, E., Enell, C.-F., Ulich, Th., and Turunen, E.: Diurnal variation of ozone depletion during the October-November 2003 solar proton event, J. Geophys. Res., 110(A9), doi:10.1029/2004JA010932, 2005.
55. Vette, J.: The AE-8 trapped electron model environment, National Space Science Data Center, Greenbelt, Md., Rep. 91-24, 1991.
56. Voss, H. D., Walt, M., Imhof, W. L., Mobilia, J., and Inan, U. S.: Satellite observations of lightning-induced electron precipitation, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 11 725-11 744, 1998.
57. Wait, J. R. and Spies, K. P.: Characteristics of the Earth-ionosphere waveguide for VLF radio waves, NBS Tech. Note 300, Nat. Inst. of Stand. and Technol., Gaithersburg, Md., 1964.
58. Walt, M.: Introduction to geomagnetically trapped radiation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994.
59. Walt, M.: Source and loss processes for radiation belt particles, in: Radiation Belts: Models and Standards, edited by: Lemaire, J. F., Heynderickx, D., and Baker, D. N., Geophysical Monograph, 97, 1-13, AGU, Washington, D.C., 1996.