Pemphigus: A treatment update

Autoimmunity

Volumn 39, Issue 7, 2006, Pages 591-599

  Dick, Sarah E ^a   Werth, Victoria P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Bullous disease; Medication; Pemphigus; Systemic corticosteroid

Indexed keywords

ADALIMUMAB; AMINOTRANSFERASE; ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; BETAMETHASONE; CD20 ANTIBODY; CHLORAMBUCIL; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYCLOSPORIN; DAPSONE; DEXAMETHASONE; ETANERCEPT; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; INFLIXIMAB; LEFLUNOMIDE; METHOTREXATE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; NICOTINAMIDE; PEPTIDE DERIVATIVE; PILOCARPINE; PREDNISOLONE; PREDNISONE; PYRIDOSTIGMINE; RITUXIMAB; TETRACYCLINE DERIVATIVE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA INHIBITOR; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ABNORMALLY HIGH SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION IN BLOOD; ADJUVANT THERAPY; AGRANULOCYTOSIS; AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ASEPTIC NECROSIS; AUTOIMMUNITY; CANDIDIASIS; CATARACT; CHILL; CLINICAL TRIAL; COUGHING; CUSHING SYNDROME; DERMATITIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIARRHEA; DIZZINESS; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG PULSE THERAPY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSPNEA; EOSINOPHILIA; ERYTHEMA NODOSUM; FACE EDEMA; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; HEPATITIS; HERPES; HERPES ZOSTER; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTRICHOSIS; IMMUNOADSORPTION; INFECTION; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; LEUKOPENIA; LIVER DISEASE; LYMPHOCYTOPENIA; METHEMOGLOBINEMIA; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MYALGIA; MYCOBACTERIOSIS; NAUSEA; NEPHRITIS; NEUTROPENIA; PARESTHESIA; PEMPHIGUS; PEMPHIGUS FOLIACEUS; PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS; PEPTIC ULCER; PLASMAPHERESIS; PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA; PROTEINURIA; PSYCHOSIS; REMISSION; REVIEW; SKIN MANIFESTATION; SYSTEMIC THERAPY; THERAPY RESISTANCE; THROMBOEMBOLISM; URTICARIA; VOMITING;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; PEMPHIGUS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS;

EID: 33751074166     PISSN: 08916934     EISSN: 1607842X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08916930600972008     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Uzun, S and Durdu, M and Akman, A and (2006) Pemphigus in the Mediterranean region of Turkey: A study of 148 cases Int J Dermatol, 45, pp. 523-528.
2. Simon, DG and Krutchkoff, D and Kaslow, RA and (1980) Pemphigus in Hartford County Connecticut, from 1972 to 1977 Arch Dermatol, 116, pp. 1035-1037.
3. Pisant, S and Sharav, Y and Kaufman, E and (1974) Pemphius vulgaris: Incidence in Jews of different ethnic groups, according to age, sex, and initial lesion Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 58, pp. 382-387.
4. Krain, L. (1974) Epidemiologic and survival characteristics of 59 patients, 1955-1973 Arch Dermatol, 110, pp. 862-865.
5. Aboobaker, J and Morar, N and Ramdial, PK and (2001) Pemphigus in South Africa Int J Dermatol, 40, pp. 115-119.
6. Mahe, A and Flageul, B and Cisse, I and (1996) Pemphigus in Mali: A study of 30 cases Br J Dermatol, 134, pp. 114-119.
7. Hans-Filho, G and dos Santos, V and Katayama, JH and (1996) An active focus of high prevalence of fogo selvagem on an amerindian reservation in Brazil J Invest Dermatol, 107, pp. 68-75. Cooperative Group on Fogo Selvagem Research
8. Warren, SJ and Lin, MS and Giudice, GJ and (2000) The prevalence of antibodies against desmoglein 1 in endemic pemphigus foliaceus in Brazil N Engl J Med, 343, pp. 23-30. Cooperative Group on Fogo Selvagem Research
9. Kallel Sellami, M and Ben Ayed, M and Mouquet, H and (2004) Anti-desmoglein 1 antibodies in Tunisian healthy subjects: Arguments for the role of environmental factors in the occurrence of Tunisian pemphigus foliaceus Clin Exp Immunol, 137, pp. 195-200.
10. Bastuji-Garin, S and Souissi, R and Blum, L and (1995) Comparative epidemiology of pemphigus in Tunisia and France: Unusual incidence of pemphigus foliaceus in young Tunisian women J Invest Dermatol, 104, pp. 302-305.
11. Abreu-Velez, AM and Hashimoto, T and Bollag, WB and (2003) A unique form of endemic pemphigus in northern Colombia J Am Acad Dermatol, 49, pp. 599-608.
12. Abreu-Velez, AM and Beutner, EH and Montoya, F and (2003) Analyses of autoantigens in a new form of endemic pemphigus foliaceus in Colombia J Am Acad Dermatol, 49, pp. 609-614.
13. Loiseau, P and Lecleach, L and Prost, C and (2000) HLA class II polymorphism contributes to specify desmoglein derived peptides in pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus J Autoimmun, 15, pp. 67-73.
14. Tron, F and Gilbert, D and Mouquet, H and (2005) Genetic factors in pemphigus J Autoimmun, 24, pp. 319-328.
15. Aoki, V and Millikan, RC and Rivitti, EA and (2004) Environmental risk factors in endemic pemphigus foliaceus (fogo selvagem) J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc, 9, pp. 34-40.
16. Amagai, M and Tsunoda, K and Zillikens, D and (1999) The clinical phenotype of pemphigus is defined by the anti-desmoglein autoantibody profile J Am Acad Dermatol, 40, pp. 167-170.
17. Nguyen, VT and Lee, TX and Ndoye, A and (1998) The pathophysiological significance of nondesmoglein targets of pemphigus autoimmunity. Development of antibodies against keratinocyte cholinergic receptors in patients with pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus Arch Dermatol, 134, pp. 971-980.
18. Nguyen, VT and Ndoye, A and Shultz, LD and (2000) Antibodies against keratinocyte antigens other than desmogleins 1 and 3 can induce pemphigus vulgaris-like lesions J Clin Invest, 106, pp. 1467-1479.
19. Nguyen, VT and Arredondo, J and Chernyavsky, AI and (2004) Pemphigus vulgaris acantholysis ameliorated by cholinergic agonists Arch Dermatol, 140, pp. 327-334.
20. Feliciani, C and Toto, P and Amerio, P and (2000) In vitro and in vivo expression of interleukin-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA in pemphigus vulgaris: Interleukin-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha are involved in acantholysis J Invest Dermatol, 114, pp. 71-77.
21. Lopez-Robles, E and Avalos-Diaz, E and Vega-Memije, E and (2001) TNF alpha and IL-6 are mediators in the blistering process of pemphigus Int J Dermatol, 40, pp. 185-188.
22. Bystryn, JC. (1984) Adjuvant therapy of pemphigus Arch Dermatol, 120, pp. 941-951.
23. Bystryn, JC and Steinman, NM. (1996) The adjuvant therapy of pemphigus. An update Arch Dermatol, 132, pp. 203-212.
24. Ratnam, KV and Phay, KL and Tan, CK. (1990) Pemphigus therapy with oral prednisolone regimens. A 5-year study Int J Dermatol, 29, pp. 363-367.
25. Fernandes, NC and Perez, M. (2001) Treatment of pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus: Experience with 71 patients over a 20 year period Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, 43, pp. 33-36.
26. Mentink, LF and Mackenzie, MW and Toth, GG and (2006) Randomized controlled trial of adjuvant oral dexamethasone pulse therapy in pemphigus vulgaris: PEMPULS trial Arch Dermatol, 142, pp. 570-576.
27. Femiano, F and Gombos, F and Scully, C. (2002) Pemphigus vulgaris with oral involvement: Evaluation of two different systemic corticosteroid therapeutic protocols J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 16, pp. 353-356.
28. Mignogna, MD and Lo Muzio, L and Ruoppo, E and (2002) High-dose intravenous 'pulse' methylprednisone in the treatment of severe oropharyngeal pemphigus: A pilot study J Oral Pathol Med, 31, pp. 339-344.
29. Toth, GG and van de Meer, JB and Jonkman, MF. (2002) Dexamethasone pulse therapy in pemphigus J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 16, pp. 607-611.
30. Werth, VP. (1996) Treatment of pemphigus vulgaris with brief, high-dose intravenous glucocorticoids Arch Dermatol, 132, pp. 1435-1439.
31. Chryssomallis, F and Dimitriades, A and Chaidemenos, GC and (1995) Steroid-pulse therapy in pemphigus vulgaris long term follow-up Int J Dermatol, 34, pp. 438-442.
32. Akhtar, SJ and Hasan, MU. (1998) Treatment of pemphigus: A local experience J Pak Med Assoc, 48, pp. 300-304.
33. Aberer, W and Wolff-Schreiner, EC and Stingl, G and (1987) Azathioprine in the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris. A long-term follow-up J Am Acad Dermatol, 16, pp. 527-533.
34. Benoit Corven, C and Carvalho, P and Prost, C and (2003) [Treatment of pemphigus vulgaris by azathioprine and low doses of prednisone (Lever scheme)] Ann Dermatol Venereol, 130, pp. 13-15.
35. Mourellou, O and Chaidemenos, GC and Koussidou, T and (1995) The treatment of pemphigus vulgaris. Experience with 48 patients seen over an 11-year period Br J Dermatol, 133, pp. 83-87.
36. Mimouni, D and Anhalt, GJ and Cummins, DL and (2003) Treatment of pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus with mycophenolate mofetil Arch Dermatol, 139, pp. 739-742.
37. Powell, AM and Albert, S and Al Fares, S and (2003) An evaluation of the usefulness of mycophenolate mofetil in pemphigus Br J Dermatol, 149, pp. 138-145.
38. Enk, AH and Knop, J. (1999) Mycophenolate is effective in the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris Arch Dermatol, 135, pp. 54-56.
39. Chams-Davatchi, C and Nonahal Azar, R and Daneshpazooh, M and (2002) [Open trial of mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of resistant pemphigus vulgaris] Ann Dermatol Venereol, 129, pp. 23-25.
40. Nousari, HC and Anhalt, GJ. (1999) The role of mycophenolate mofetil in the management of pemphigus Arch Dermatol, 135, pp. 853-854.
41. Enk, AH and Knop, J. (1997) Treatment of pemphigus vulgaris with mycophenolate mofetil Lancet, pp. 350-494.
42. Mashkilleyson, N and Mashkilleyson, AL. (1988) Mucous membrane manifestations of pemphigus vulgaris. A 25-year survey of 185 patients treated with corticosteroids or with combination of corticosteroids with methotrexate or heparin Acta Derm Venereol, 68, pp. 413-421.
43. Smith, TJ and Bystryn, JC. (1999) Methotrexate as an adjuvant treatment for pemphigus vulgaris Arch Dermatol, 135, pp. 1275-1276.
44. Shah, N and Green, AR and Elgart, GW and (2000) The use of chlorambucil with prednisone in the treatment of pemphigus J Am Acad Dermatol, 42, pp. 85-88.
45. Piamphongsant, T. (1979) Treatment of pemphigus with corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide J Dermatol, 6, pp. 359-363.
46. Fellner, MJ and Katz, JM and McCabe, JB. (1978) Successful use of cyclophosphamide and prednisone for initial treatment of pemphigus vulgaris Arch Dermatol, 114, pp. 889-894.
47. Cummins, DL and Mimouni, D and Anhalt, GJ and (2003) Oral cyclophosphamide for treatment of pemphigus vulgaris and foliaceus J Am Acad Dermatol, 49, pp. 276-280.
48. Chrysomallis, F and Ioannides, D and Teknetzis, A and (1994) Treatment of oral pemphigus vulgaris Int J Dermatol, 33, pp. 803-807.
49. Sacchidanand, S and Hiremath, NC and Natraj, HV and (2003) Dexamethasone-cyclophosphamide pulse therapy for autoimmune-vesiculobullous disorders at Victoria hospital Bangalore Dermatol Online J, 9, pp. 2.
50. 5Fleischli, ME and Valek, RH and Pandya, AG. (1999) Pulse intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy in pemphigus Arch Dermatol, 135, pp. 57-61.
51. Kaur, S and Kanwar, AJ. (1990) Dexamethasone-cyclophosphamide pulse therapy in pemphigus Int J Dermatol, 29, pp. 371-374.
52. Kanwar, AJ and Kaur, S and Thami, GP. (2002) Long-term efficacy of dexamethasone-cyclophosphamide pulse therapy in pemphigus Dermatology, 204, pp. 228-231.
53. Pasricha, JS and Thanzama, J and Khan, UK. (1988) Intermittent high-dose dexamethasone-cyclophosphamide therapy for pemphigus Br J Dermatol, 119, pp. 73-77.
54. Pasricha, JS and Khaitan, BK and Raman, RS and (1995) Dexamethasone-cyclophosphamide pulse therapy for pemphigus Int J Dermatol, 34, pp. 875-882.
55. Rose, E and Wever, S and Zilliken, D and (2005) Intravenous dexamethasone-cyclophosphamide pulse therapy in comparison with oral methylprednisolone-azathioprine therapy in patients with pemphigus: Results of a multicenter prospectively randomized study Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft, 3, pp. 200-206.
56. Ioannides, D and Chrysomallis, F and Bystryn, JC. (2000) Ineffectiveness of cyclosporine as an adjuvant to corticosteroids in the treatment of pemphigus Arch Dermatol, 136, pp. 868-872.
57. Mobini, N and Padilla, T, Jr and Ahmed, AR. (1997) Long-term remission in selected patients with pemphigus vulgaris treated with cyclosporine J Am Acad Dermatol, 36, pp. 264-266.
58. Werth, VP and Fivenson, D and Pandya, A and (2005) Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of dapsone as a glucocorticoid-sparing agent in maintainance phase pemphigus vulgaris J Invest Dermatol, 125, pp. 1088.
59. Heaphy, MR and Albrecht, J and Werth, VP. (2005) Dapsone as a glucocorticoid-sparing agent in maintenance-phase pemphigus vulgaris Arch Dermatol, 141, pp. 699-702.
60. Basset, N and Guillot, B and Michel, B and (1987) Dapsone as initial treatment in superficial pemphigus. Report of nine cases Arch Dermatol, 123, pp. 783-785.
61. Auad, A and Auad, T. (1986) Terpaeutica coadjuvante no tratamento do penfigo foliaceo sul-americano com auranofina. Estudo duplo-cego An Bras Dermatol, 61, pp. 131-134.
62. Pandya, AG and Dyke, C. (1998) Treatment of pemphigus with gold Arch Dermatol, 134, pp. 1104-1107.
63. Sutej, PG and Jorizzo, JL and White, W. (2006) Intramuscular gold therapy for young patients with pemphigus vulgaris: A prospective, open, clinical study utilizing a dermatologist/rheumatologist team approach J eur Dermatol Venereol, 5, pp. 222-228.
64. Poulin, Y and Perry, HO and Muller, SA. (1984) Pemphigus vulgaris: Results of treatment with gold as a steroid-sparing agent in a series of thirteen patients J Am Acad Dermatol, 11, pp. 851-857.
65. Penneys, NS and Eaglstein, WH and Frost, P. (1976) Management of pemphigus with gold compounds: A long-term follow-up report Arch Dermatol, 112, pp. 185-187.
66. Iranzo, R and Alsina, M and Segura, S and (2005) Chrysotherapy of 13 patients with pemphigus vulgaris refractory to previous therapies J Invest Dermatol, 125, pp. 1090.
67. Calebotta, A and Saenz, AM and Gonzalez, F and (1999) Pemphigus vulgaris: Benefits of tetracycline as adjuvant therapy in a series of thirteen patients Int J Dermatol, 38, pp. 217-221.
68. Chaffins, ML and Collison, D and Fivenson, DP. (1993) Treatment of pemphigus and linear IgA dermatosis with nicotinamide and tetracycline: A review of 13 cases J Am Acad Dermatol, 28, pp. 998-1000.
69. Gaspar, ZS and Walkden, V and Wojnarowska, F. (1996) Minocycline is a useful adjuvant therapy for pemphigus Australas J Dermatol, 37, pp. 93-95.
70. Alpsoy, E and Yilmaz, E and Basaran, E and (1995) Is the combination of tetracycline and nicotinamide therapy alone effective in pemphigus? Arch Dermatol, 131, pp. 1339-1340.
71. Guillaume, JC and Roujeau, JC and Morel, P and (1988) Controlled study of plasma exchange in pemphigus Arch Dermatol, 124, pp. 1659-1663. 124, pp.
72. Sondergaard, K and Carstens, J and Zachariae, H. (1997) The steroid-sparing effect of long-term plasmapheresis in pemphigus: An update Ther Apher, 1, pp. 155-158.
73. Roujeau, JC and Andre, C and Joneau Fabre, M and (1983) Plasma exchange in pemphigus. Uncontrolled study of ten patients Arch Dermatol, 119, pp. 215-221.
74. Ruocco, V and Astarita, C and Pisani, M. (1984) Plasmapheresis as an alternative or adjunctive therapy in problem cases of pemphigus Dermatologica, 168, pp. 219-223.
75. Blaszczyk, M and Chorzelski, TP and Jablonska, S and (1989) Indications for future studies on the treatment of pemphigus with plasmapheresis Arch Dermatol, 125, pp. 843-844.
76. Tan-Lim, R and Bystryn, JC. (1990) Effect of plasmapheresis therapy on circulating levels of pemphigus antibodies J Am Acad Dermatol, 22, pp. 35-40.
77. Turner, MS and Sutton, D and Sauder, DN. (2000) The use of plasmapheresis and immunosuppression in the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris J Am Acad Dermatol, 43, pp. 1058-1064.
78. Arin, MJ and Engert, A and Krieg, T and (2005) Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab) in the treatment of pemphigus Br J Dermatol, 153, pp. 620-625.
79. Cianchini, G and Ruffelli, M and Corona, R and (2005) Rituximab in the treatment of severe pemphigus vulgaris: A report of five cases J Invest Dermatol, 125, pp. 1089.
80. Morrison, LH. (2004) Therapy of refractory pemphigus vulgaris with monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody (rituximab) J Am Acad Dermatol, 51, pp. 817-819.
81. Dupuy, A and Viguier, M and Bedane, C and (2004) Treatment of refractory pemphigus vulgaris with rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody) Arch Dermatol, 140, pp. 91-96.
82. Jacobi, A and Shuler, G and Hertl, M. (2005) Rapid control of therapy-refractory pemphigus vulgaris by treatment with the tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor infliximab Br J Dermatol, 153, pp. 448-449.
83. Pardo, J and Mercader, P and Mahiques, L and (2005) Infliximab in the management of severe pemphigus vulgaris Br J Dermatol, 153, pp. 222-223.
84. Lin, M and Hsu, C and Lee, J. (2005) Successful treatment of the recalcitrant pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus vegetans with etanercept and carbon dioxide laser Arch Dermatol, 141, pp. 680-682.
85. Berookhim, B and Fischer, HD and Weinberg, JM. (2004) Treatment of recalcitrant pemphigus vulgaris with tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonist etanercept Cutis, 74, pp. 245-247.
86. Howell, SM and Bessinger, GT and Altman, CE and (2005) Rapid response of IgA pemphigus of the subcorneal pustular dermatosis subtype tp treatment with adalimumab and mycophenolate mofetil J Am Acad Dermatol, 53, pp. 541-543.
87. Zia, S and Ndoye, A and Lee, TX and (2000) Receptor-mediated inhibition of keratinocyte migration by nicotine involves modulations of calcium influx and intracellular concentration J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 293, pp. 973-981.
88. Nguyen, VT and Arredondo, J and Chernyavsky, AI and (2003) Keratinocyte acetylcholine receptors regulate cell adhesion Life Sci, 72, pp. 2081-2085.
89. Grando, SA and Horton, RM and Mauro, TM and (1996) Activation of keratinocyte nicotinic cholinergic receptors stimulates calcium influx and enhances cell differentiation J Invest Dermatol, 107, pp. 412-418.
90. Grando, SA and Dahl, MV. (1993) Activation of keratinocyte muscarinic acetylcholine receptors reverses pemphigus acantholysis J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 2, pp. 72-86.
91. Nguyen, VT and Ndoye, A and Grando, SA. (2000) Novel human alpha9 acetylcholine receptor regulating keratinocyte adhesion is targeted by pemphigus vulgaris autoimmunity Am J Pathol, 157, pp. 1377-1391.
92. Nguyen, VT and Ndoye, A and Grando, SA. (2000) Pemphigus vulgaris antibody identifies pemphaxin. A novel keratinocyte annexin-like molecule binding acetylcholine J Biol Chem, 275, pp. 29466-29476.
93. Grando, SA. (2004) New approaches to the treatment of pemphigus J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc, 9, pp. 84-91.
94. Iraji, F and Yoosefi, A. (2006) Healing effect of pilocarpine gel 4% on skin lesions of pemphigus vulgaris Int J Dermatol, 45, pp. 743-746.
95. Werth, VP and Strober, B and Connolly, MK and (2005) An open-label phase I clinical study to assess the safety of PI-0824 in patients with pemphigus vulgaris J Invest Dermatol, 125, pp. A5:#930.
96. Anhalt, GJ and Werth, VP and Strober, B and (2005) An open-label phase I clinical study to assess the safety of PI-0824 in patients with pemphigus vulgaris J Invest Dermatol, 125, pp. 1088.