Geochemical investigation of soils developed in different lithologies in Bhutan, Eastern Himalayas

Geoderma

Volumn 136, Issue 1-2, 2006, Pages 436-458

  Caspari, Thomas ^a   Bäumler, Rupert ^a   Norbu, Chencho ^b   Tshering, Kado ^b   Baillie, Ian ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

^b Ministry of Agriculture   (Bhutan)

^c CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

CIA; Rare earth elements; Soil genesis; Tethyan sediments; Weathering

Indexed keywords

GEOCHEMISTRY; LITHOLOGY; RARE EARTH ELEMENTS; SEDIMENTS; WEATHERING;

GEOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION; SOIL GENESIS; TETHYAN SEDIMENTS;

SOILS;

ALUMINUM; CALCIUM; CHEMICAL WEATHERING; CORRELATION; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; GEOCHEMICAL SURVEY; HORNBLENDE; IRON; LEACHING; LEUCOGRANITE; LITHOLOGY; MAGNESIUM; MANGANESE; METAMORPHISM; MIGMATITE; MONAZITE; PEDON; RARE EARTH ELEMENT; SAPROLITE; SILICON; SOIL ANALYSIS; TETHYS; TRACE METAL;

ASIA; BHUTAN; EURASIA; PHOBJIKHA VALLEY; SOUTH ASIA;

EID: 33750942381     PISSN: 00167061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2006.04.017     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Anders E., and Grevesse N. Abundances of the elements: meteoritic and solar. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53 1 (1989) 197-214
2. Arduino E., Barberis E., Carraro F., and Former M.G. Estimating relative ages from iron-oxide/total-iron ratios of soils in the western Po Valley, Italy. Geoderma 33 (1984) 39-52
3. Arduino E., Barberis E., Ajmone Marsan F., Zanini E., and Franchini M. Iron oxides and clay minerals within profiles as indicators of soil age in northern Italy. Geoderma 37 (1986) 45-55
4. Ayres M., and Harris N. REE fractionation and Nd-isotope disequilibrium during crustal anatexis: constraints from Himalayan leucogranites. Chem. Geol. 139 1-4 (1997) 249-269
5. Baillie I., Tshering K., Dorji T., Tamang H.B., Dorji T., Norbu C., Hutcheon A.A., and Bäumler R. Regolith and soils in Bhutan, Eastern Himalayas. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 55 1 (2004) 9-27
6. Balashov Y.A., Ronov A.B., Migdisov A.A., and Turanskaya N.V. The effect of climate and facies environment on the fractionation of the rare earths during sedimentation. Geochem. Int. 5 (1964) 951-969
7. Bäumler, R., 2001. Vergleichende bodenkundliche Untersuchungen in Hochasien und Kamtschatka. Böden als Zeugen der quartären Landschafts-und Klimageschichte. Relief Boden Paläoklima, Band 16. Gebr. Bornträger, Berlin and Stuttgart.
8. Bäumler R., Caspari T., Totsche K.U., Dorji T., Norbu C., and Baillie I. Andic properties in soils developed from nonvolcanic materials in central Bhutan. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 168 (2005) 703-713
9. Bea F., Pereira M.D., and Stroh A. Mineral/leucosome trace-element partitioning in a peraluminous migmatite (a laser ablation-ICP-MS study). Chem. Geol. 117 1-4 (1994) 291-312
10. Benard F., Moutou B., and Pichavant M. Phase-relations of tourmaline leucogranites and the significance of tourmaline in silicic magmas. J. Geol. 93 3 (1985) 271-291
11. Bergamaschi L., Rizzio E., Valcuvia M.G., Verza G., Profumo A., and Gallorini M. Determination of trace elements and evaluations of their enrichment factors in Himalayan lichens. Environ. Pollut. 120 1 (2002) 137-144
12. Bhargava O.N. Stratigraphy. In: Bhargava O.N. (Ed). The Bhutan Himalaya: a Geological Account. Geological Survey of India Special Publication vol. 39 (1995), Geological Survey of India, Calcutta 173-181
13. Braun J.-J., and Pagel M. Geochemical and mineralogical behavior of REE, Th and U in the Akongo lateritic profile (SW Cameroon). Catena 21 (1994) 173-177
14. Braun J.-J., Pagel M., Herbillon A., and Rosin C. Mobilization and redistribution of REEs and thorium in a syenitic lateritic profile: a mass balance study. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57 (1993) 4419-4434
15. Braun J.-J., Viers J., Durpré B., Polve M., Ndam J., and Muller J.-P. Solid/liquid REE fractionation in the lateritic system of Goyoum, east Cameroon: the implication for the present dynamics of the soil covers of the humid tropical regions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62 2 (1998) 273-299
16. Cantrell K.J., and Byrne R.H. Rare earth element complexation by carbonate and oxalate ions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 51 3 (1987) 597-606
17. Castelli D., and Lombardo B. The Gophu La and western Lunana granites: Miocene muscovite leucogranites of the Bhutan Himalaya. Lithos 21 3 (1988) 211-225
18. Chang Q., Mishima T., Yabuki S., Takahashi Y., and Shimizu H. Sr and Nd isotope ratios and REE abundances or moraines in the mountain areas surrounding the Taklimakan Desert, NW China. Geochem. J. 34 6 (2000) 407-427
19. Chaturvedi R.K., Mishra S.N., and Mulay V.V. On the Tethyan Palaeozoic sequence of Black Mountain region, central Bhutan. Himal. Geol. 10 (1983) 224-249
20. Chhetri I.K., and Gurung C.R. Report on the Litho-structural Mapping of Wangduephodrang and Punakha Dzongkhag (2001), Geological Survey of Bhutan, Department of Geology and Mines, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu
21. Copeland P., Harrison T.M., and Le Fort P. Age and cooling history of the Manaslu granite: implications for Himalayan tectonics. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 44 (1990) 33-50
22. Cullers R.L., Chaudhuri S., Arnold B., Lee M., and Wolf C.W. Rare earth distributions in clay minerals and in the clay-sized fraction of lower Permian Havensville and Eskridge shales of Kansas and Oklahoma. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 39 12 (1975) 1691-1703
23. Cullers R.L., Chaudhuri S., Kilbane N., and Koch R. Rare earths in size fractions and sedimentary rocks of Pennsylvanian-Permian age from the mid-continent of the U.S.A. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 43 8 (1979) 1285-1301
24. Cuney M., Le Fort P., and Wang Z.X. Uranium and thorium geochemistry and mineralogy in the Manaslu leucogranite (Nepal, Himalaya). In: Keqin X., and Guangchi T. (Eds). Geology of Granites and their Metallogenetic Relations. Proceedings of the International Symposium, University Sciences Editions, Nanjing (1984) 853-873
25. Das B.K., and Haake B.-G. Geochemistry of Rewalsar Lake sediment, Lesser Himalaya, India: implications for source-area weathering, provenance and tectonic setting. Geosci. J. 7 4 (2003) 299-312
26. Dasgupta S. Quaternary sediments. In: Bhargava O.N. (Ed). The Bhutan Himalaya: a Geological Account. Geological Survey of India Special Publication vol. 39 (1995), Geological Survey of India, Calcutta 19-22
27. Dietrich V., and Gansser A. The leucogranites of the Bhutan Himalaya. Crustal anatexis versus mantle breeding. Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt. 61 (1981) 177-202
28. Dubinin A.V., and Sval'nov V.N. Geochemistry of the manganese ore process in the ocean: evidence from rare earth elements. Lithol. Miner. Resour. 38 2 (2003) 91-100
29. Duddy I.R. Redistribution and fractionation of rare-earth and other elements in a weathering profile. Chem. Geol. 30 4 (1980) 363-381
30. Egashira K., Aramaki K., Yoshimasa M., Takeda A., and Yamasaki S. Rare earth elements and clay minerals of soils of the floodplains of three major rivers in Bangladesh. Geoderma 120 1-2 (2004) 7-15
31. El-Sayed M.M. Neoproterozoic magmatism in NW Sinai, Egypt: magma source and evolution of collision-related intracrustal anatectic leucogranite. Int. J. Earth Sci. 92 2 (2003) 145-164
32. FAO. Guidelines for Soil Description (1990), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome 70 pp.
33. Fort M. Late Cenozoic environmental changes and uplift of the northern side of the central Himalaya: a reappraisal from field data. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 120 1-2 (1996) 123-145
34. Gallet S., Jahn B., Van Vliet Lanoe B., Dia A., and Rossello E. Loess geochemistry and its implications for particle origin and composition of the upper continental crust. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 156 3-4 (1998) 157-172
35. Gansser A. Geology of the Bhutan Himalaya. Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft vol. 96 (1983), Birkhaeuser, Basel
36. Gehrels G.E., DeCelles P.G., Ojha T.P., Pinhassi G., and Upreti B.N. Initiation of the Himalayan orogen as an early Paleozoic thin-skinned thrust belt. GSA Today 13 9 (2003) 4-9
37. Golani P.R. Thimphu Group. In: Bhargava O.N. (Ed). The Bhutan Himalaya: a Geological Account. Geological Survey of India Special Publication vol. 39 (1995), Geological Survey of India, Calcutta 89-108
38. Gromet L.P., and Silver L.T. Rare earth element distributions among minerals in a granodiorite and their petrogenetic implications. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 47 5 (1983) 925-939
39. Grujic D., Hollister L.S., and Parrish R.R. Himalayan metamorphic sequence as an orogenic channel: insight from Bhutan. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 198 1-2 (2002) 177-191
40. Guillot S., and Le Fort P. Geochemical constraints on the bimodal origin of High Himalayan leucogranites. Lithos 35 3-4 (1995) 221-234
41. Hodges K.V. Tectonics of the Himalaya and southern Tibet from two perspectives. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 112 3 (2000) 324-350
42. Honda M., Yabuki S., and Shimizu H. Geochemical and isotopic studies of aeolian sediments in China. Sedimentology 51 2 (2004) 211-230
43. ISSS (International Society of Soil Science) Working Group Reference Base. World Reference Base for Soil Resources. FAO World Soil Resources Reports vol. 84 (1998), FAO, Rome 91 pp.
44. Iwata S. Mode and rate of uplift of the central Nepal Himalaya. Z. Geomorphol. N.F., Suppl. 63 (1987) 37-49
45. Jangpangi B.S. Stratigraphy and structure of Bhutan Himalaya. In: Saklani P.S. (Ed). Tectonic Geology of the Himalaya (1978), Today and Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers, New Delhi 221-242
46. Kato Y., Kawakami T., Kano T., Kunugiza K., and Swamy N.S. Rare-earth element geochemistry of banded iron formations and associated amphibolite from the Sargur belts, south India. J. Southeast Asian Earth Sci. 14 3-4 (1996) 161-164
47. Koike T. New finding of Trilobite from the Dang Chhu formation, along Pe Chhu, Wangdue-Phodrang. Bhutan Geol. Newsl. 4 (2001) 9-11
48. Koike T., Chettri I.K., Tapa T.P., and Ghaley K.S. Stratigraphy and correlation of the Tethyan sediments in Bhutan. Bhutan Geol. Newsl. 6 (2002) 26-36
49. Le Fort P. Manaslu leucogranite: a collision signature of the Himalaya, a model for its genesis and emplacement. J. Geophys. Res. 86 NB11 (1981) 10545-10568
50. Mamgain V.D., and Roy P.K. Delineating extension of Tang Chu Formation and establishing its bio and lithostratigraphy. In: Dhoundial D.P. (Ed). Extended Abstracts of Progress Reports; Field Season 1987-88. Records of the Geological Survey of India vol.122 (1989) 210-213 Calcutta
51. McLennan M.C. Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: influence of provenance and sedimentary processes. In: Lipin B.R., and McKay G.A. (Eds). Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements. MSA Reviews in Mineralogy vol. 21 (1989) 169-200
52. Mehra O.P., and Jackson M.L. Iron oxide removal from soils and clays by dithionite-citrate systems buffered with sodium bicarbonate. Clay Miner. 7 (1960) 317-327
53. Mongelli G. REE and other trace elements in a granitic weathering profile from "Serre", southern Italy. Chem. Geol. 103 (1993) 17-25
54. Nath B.N., Kunzendorf H., and Plüger W.L. Influence of provenance, weathering, and sedimentary processes on the elemental ratios of the fine-grained fraction of the bedload sediments from the Vembanad Lake and the adjoining continental shelf, southwest coast of India. J. Sediment. Res. 70 5 (2000) 1081-1094
55. Nesbitt H.W. Mobility and fractionation of rare earth elements during weathering of a granodiorite. Nature 279 5710 (1979) 206-210
56. Nesbitt H.W., and Markovics G. Weathering of granodioritic crust, long-term storage of elements in weathering profiles, and petrogenesis siliciclastic sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61 8 (1997) 1653-1670
57. Nesbitt H.W., and Young G.M. Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites. Nature 299 5885 (1982) 715-717
58. Nesbitt H.W., and Young G.M. Predictions of some weathering trends of plutonic and volcanic rocks based upon thermodynamic and kinetic considerations. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48 7 (1984) 1523-1534
59. Pandey A., and Palni L.M.S. Microbes in Himalayan soils: biodiversity and potential applications. J. Sci. Ind. Res. India 57 10-11 (1998) 668-673
60. Patriat P., and Achache J. India-Eurasia collision chronology has implications for crustal shortening and driving mechanisms of plates. Nature 311 5987 (1984) 615-621
61. Piper D.Z. Rare earth elements in the sedimentary cycle: a summary. Chem. Geol. 14 (1974) 285-304
62. Ramesh S., and Ramasamy S. Rare earth element geochemistry of a sediment core from the Lower Bengal Fan. J. Geol. Soc. India 50 4 (1997) 399-406
63. Rankin P.C., and Childs C.W. Rare earths and other trace elements in iron-manganese concretions from a catenary sequence of yellow-grey earth soils. N.Z. J. Geol. Geophys. 30 (1987) 199-202
64. RGoB, 1997. 8th Five Year Plan, Main Document. Royal Government of Bhutan, Department of Planning, Ministry of Finance, Post Box 127, Thimphu, 252 pp.
65. RGoB, 2000. The weather in Bumthang 1999. Report from the Forestry Sector, RNR-RC Jakar, Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu, 6 pp.
66. Roaldset E. Rare earth elements in Quaternary clays of the Numedal area, southern Norway. Lithos 6 (1973) 349-372
67. Ronov A.B., Balashov Y.A., and Migdisov A.A. Geochemistry of the rare earths in the sedimentary cycle. Geochem. Int. 4 1 (1967) 1-17
68. Rowley D.B. Age of initiation of collision between India and Asia: a review of stratigraphic data. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 145 (1996) 1-13
69. Sarkar A., and Dasgupta S. The granitic rocks. In: Bhargava O.N. (Ed). The Bhutan Himalaya: a Geological Account. Geological Survey of India Special Publication vol. 39 (1995), Geological Survey of India, Calcutta 143-171
70. Sharma A., and Rajamani V. Major element, REE, and other trace element behavior in amphibolite weathering under semiarid conditions in Southern India. J. Geol. 108 (2000) 487-496
71. Singh P. A note on the fossiliferous formations in Lesser Himalaya of Nepal and Bhutan. Himal. Geol. 3 (1973) 372-380
72. Takada M. Landform and Quaternary geohistory of the Bhutan Himalaya. In: Ohsawa M. (Ed). Life Zone Ecology of the Bhutan Himalaya (1991), Laboratory of Ecology, Chiba University 41-88
73. Takahashi Y., Shimizu H., Kagi H., Yoshida H., Usui A., and Nomura M. A new method for the determination of CeIII/CeIV ratios in geological materials; application for weathering, sedimentary and diagenetic processes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 182 3-4 (2000) 201-207
74. Tangri S.K., and Pande A.C. Tethyan sequence. In: Bhargava O.N. (Ed). The Bhutan Himalaya: a Geological Account. Geological Survey of India Special Publication vol. 39 (1995), Geological Survey of India, Calcutta 109-141
75. Tangri S.K., Bhargava O.N., and Pande A.C. Late Precambrian-Early Cambrian trace fossils from Tethyan Himalaya, Bhutan and their bearing on the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary. J. Geol. Soc. India 62 6 (2003) 708-716
76. Taunton A.E., Welch S.A., and Banfield J.F. Microbial controls on phosphate and lanthanide distributions during granite weathering and soil formation. Chem. Geol. 169 3-4 (2000) 371-382
77. Taylor S.R., and McLennan S.M. The Continental Crust: its Composition and Evolution (1985), Blackwell, Oxford
78. Torrent J., and Nettleton W.D. A simple textural index for assessing chemical weathering in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 43 (1979) 373-377
79. Van Reeuwijk L.P. Procedures for soil analysis. Technical Paper. 6th edition vol. 9 (2002), ISRIC (International Soil Reference and Information Centre), Wageningen
80. Vidal P., Cocherie A., and Le Fort P. Geochemical investigations of the origin of the Manaslu leucogranite (Himalaya, Nepal). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46 (1982) 2279-2292
81. White A.F. Chemical weathering rates of silicate minerals in soils. In: White A.F., and Brantley S.L. (Eds). Chemical Weathering Rates of Silicate Minerals. Mineralogical Society of America Special Publication vol. 31 (1995), Mineralogical Society of America, Washington D.C. 407-461
82. Xing B., and Dudas M.J. Trace and rare earth element content of white clay soils of the three river plain, Heilongjiang Province, P.R. China. Geoderma 58 3-4 (1993) 181-199
83. Xiong S., Sun D., and Ding Z. Aeolian origin of the red earth in southeast China. J. Quat. Sci. 17 2 (2002) 181-191