Etiology of strokes in children with sickle cell anemia

Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 192-199

  DeBaun, Michael R ^a,c   Derdeyn, Colin P ^a,b   McKinstry III, Robert C ^b  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Sickle cell disease; Stroke

Indexed keywords

HEMOGLOBIN S; HYDROXYUREA; OXYGEN;

ANEMIA; BRAIN INFARCTION; CHILD; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; HEMODYNAMIC MONITORING; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; OCCLUSIVE CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SICKLE CELL ANEMIA; STROKE; VISCOSITY;

ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL; BRAIN DAMAGE, CHRONIC; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; CHILD; DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES; HEMOGLOBIN, SICKLE; HEMOGLOBINOMETRY; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MENTAL RETARDATION; OXYGEN; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 33750436599     PISSN: 10804013     EISSN: 10982779     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mrdd.20118     Document Type: Review

References (56)

1. Adams JH, Brierley JB, Connor RCJ, et al. 1966. The effects of systemic hypotension upon the human brain: Clinical and neuropathologic observations in 11 cases. Brain 89:235-268.
2. Adams R, McKie V, Hsu L, et al. 1998. Prevention of a first stroke by transfusion in children with sickle cell anemia and abnormal results of transcranial doppler ultrasonography. New Engl J Med 339:5-11.
3. Adams RJ, McKie V, Nichols F, et al. 1992. The use of transcranial ultrasonography to predict stroke in sickle cell disease. New Engl J Med 326:605-610.
4. Armstrong FD, Thompson RJ Jr, Wang W, et al. 1996. Cognitive functioning and brain magnetic resonance imaging in children with sickle cell disease. Neuropsychology Committee of the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease. Pediatrics 97:864-870.
5. Ashley-Coch A, Yang Q, Olney RS. 2000. Sickle hemoglobin (HbS) aallele and sickle cell disease. Am J Epidemiol 151:839-845.
6. Barabino GA, McIntire LC, Eskin SG, et al. 1987. Endothelial cell interactions with sickle cell, sickle trait, mechanically injured, and normal eryghrocytes under controlled flow. Blood 70:152-157.
7. Bogousslavsky J, Regli F. 1986. Borderzone infarctions distal to internal carotid artery occlusion: Prognostic implications. Ann Neurol 20:346-350.
8. Chien S, Usami S, Bertles JF. 1970. Abnormal rheology of oxygenated blood in sickle cell anemia. J Clin Invest 49:623-634.
9. ClinicalTrials.Gov. 2006. Stroke with transfutions changing to hydroxyurea (SWiTCH). Availabe at http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT- 00122980?order=6.
10. Craft S, Schatz J, Glauser T, et al. 1994. The effects of bifrontal stroke during childhood on visual attention: Evidence from children with sickle cell disease. Dev Neuropsychol 10:285-297.
11. DeBaun MR. 2005. Hydroxyurea as secondary prevention for stroke in children with sickle cell anemia. J Pediatr 147:560-561.
12. DeBaun MR, Schatz J, Siegel MJ, et al. 1998. Cognitive screening examinations for silent cerebral infarcts in sickle cell disease. Neurology 50:1678-1682.
13. Derdeyn CP, Grubb RL Jr, Powers WJ. 1999a. Cerebral hemodynamic impairment: Methods of measurement and association with stroke risk. Neurology 53:251-259.
14. Derdeyn CP, Khosla A, Videen TO, et al. 2001. Severe hemodynamic impairment and border zone-Region infarction. Radiology 220:195-201.
15. Derdeyn CP, Shaibani A, Moran CJ, et al. 1999b. Lack of correlation between patients of collateralization and misery perfusion in patients with carotid occlusion. Stroke 30:1025-1032.
16. Derdeyn CP, Simmons NR, Videen TO, et al. 2000. Absence of selective deep white matter ischemia in chronic carotid disease: A positron emission tomographic study of regional oxygen extraction. Am J Neuroradiol 21:631-638.
17. Derdeyn CP, Videen TO, Yundt KD, et al. 2002. Variability of cerebral blood volume and oxygen extraction: Stages of cerebral haemodynamic impairment revisited. Brain 125:595-607.
18. Dobson SR, Holden KR, Nietert PJ, et al. 2002. Moyamoya syndrome in childhood sickle cell disease: A predictive factor for recurrent cerebrovascular events. Blood 99:3144-3150.
19. Fukui M. 1997. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous occlusion of the circle of Willis ('moyamoya' disease). Research Committee on Spontaneous Occlusion of the Circle of Willis (MoyaMoya Disease) of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 99:S238-S240.
20. Grubb RL Jr, Derdeyn CP, Fritsch SM, et al. 1998. Importance of hemodynamic factors in the prognosis of symptomatic carotid occlusion. J Am Med Assoc 280:1055-1060.
21. Hurlet-Jensen A, Prohovnik I, Pavlakis SG, et al. 1994. Effects of total hemoglobin and hemoglobin S concentration on cerebral blood flow during transfusion therapy to prevent stroke in sickle cell disease. Stroke 25:1688-1692.
22. Isaka Y, Nagano K, Narita M, et al. 1997. High signal intensity on t2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and cerebral hemodynamic reserve in carotid occlusive disease. Stroke 28:354-357.
23. Itoh T, Chien S, Usami S. 1995. Effects of hemoglobin concentration on deformability of individual sickle cells after deoxygenation. Blood 15:2245-2253.
24. Jones TH, Morawetz RB, Crowell RM, et al. 1981. Thresholds of focal cerebral ischemia in awake monkeys. J Neurosurg 54:773-782.
25. Kirkham FJ, Hewes DK, Prengler M, et al. 2001. Nocturnal hypoxaemia and central nervous system (CNS) events in sickle cell disease. Lancet 357:1656-1659.
26. Krapf H, Widder B. 1998. Small rosary-like infarctions in the centrum semiovale suggest hemodynamic failure. Am J Neuroradiol 19:1479-1484.
27. Kuwabara Y, Ichiya Y, Otsuka M, et al. 1990. Cerebral hemodynamic change in the child and the adult with moyamoya disease. Stroke 21:272-277.
28. MacKenzie ET, Farrar JK, Fitch W, et al. 1979. Effects of hemorrhagic hypotension on the cerebral circulation. 1. Cerebral blood flow and pial arteriolar caliber. Stroke 10:711-718.
29. Merkel KH, Ginsberg PL, Parker JC Jr, et al. 1978. Cerebrovascular disease in sickle cell anemia: A clinical, pathological and radiological correlation. Stroke 9:45-52.
30. Miller ST, Sleeper LA, Pegelow CH, et al. 2000. Prediction of adverse outcomes in children with sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med 342: 83-89.
31. Moody DM, Bell MA, Challa VR. 1990. Features of the cerebral vascular pattern that predict vulnerability to perfusion or oxygen deficiency: An anatomic study. Am J Neuroradiol 11:431-439.
32. Moser FG, Miller ST, Bello JA, et al. 1996. The spectrum of brain MR abnormalities in sickle-cell disease: A report from the cooperative study of sickle cell disease. Am J Neuroradiol 17:965-972.
33. Mull M, Schwarz M, Thron A. 1997. Cerebral hemispheric low-flow infarcts in arterial occlussive disease. Lesion patterns and angiomorphological conditions. Stroke 28:118-123.
34. Ohene-Frempong K. 2001. Indications for red cell transfusion in sickle cell disease. Semin Hematol 38 (Suppl 1):5-13.
35. Ohene-Frempong K, Weiner SJ, Sleeper LA, et al. 1998. Cerebrovascular accidents in sickle cell disease rates and risk factors. Blood 91:288-294.
36. Pegelow CH, Macklin EA, Moser FG, et al. 2002. Longitudinal changes in brain magnetic resonance imaging findings in children with sickle cell disease. Blood 99:3014-3018.
37. Pegelow CH, Wang W, Granger S, et al. 2001. Silent infarcts in children with sickle cell anemia and abnormal cerebral artery velocity. Arch Neuro 58:2017-2021.
38. Powars D, Wilson B, Imbus C, et al. 1978. The natural history of stroke in sickle cell disease. Am J Med 65:461-471.
39. Powers WJ, Fox PT, Raichle ME. 1988. The effect of carotid artery disease on the cerebrovascular response to physiologic stimulation. Neurology 38:1476-1478.
40. Prohovnik I, Pavlakis SG, Piomelli S, et al. 1989. Cerebral hyperemia, stroke, and transfusion in sickle cell disease. Neurology 39:344-348.
41. Rapela CE, Green HD. 1968. Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow during hypercarbia and during hyprcarbia and controlled (H+). Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 102.
42. Rothman SM, Fulling KH. 1986. Sickle cell anemia and central nervous sytem infarction: A neuropathological study. Ann Neurol 20:684-690.
43. Schatz J, Craft S, Koby M, et al. 2000. A lesion analysis of visual orienting performance in children with cerebral vascular injury. Dev Neuropsychol 17:49-56.
44. Schmalzer EA, Lee JO, Brown AK, et al. 1987. Viscosity of mixtures of sickle and normal red cells at varying hematocrit levels. Implications for transfusion. Transfusion 27:228-233.
45. Schumann P, Touzani O, Young AR, et al. 1998. Evaluation of the ratio of cerebral blood flow to cerebral blood volume as an index of local cerebral perfusion pressure. Brain 121:1369-1379.
46. Scothorn DJ, Price CL, Schwartz D, et al. 2002. Risk of recurrent stroke in children with sickle cell disease receiving blood transfusion therapy for at least five years after initial stroke. Disabil Rehabil 140:348-354.
47. Scothorn DJ, Schwartz C, Price C, et al. 2000. Mortality and Morbidity in Children with Sickle Cell Disease Receiving Blood Transfusion Therapy for at Least Five Years Following Stroke: A Retrospective Cohort of 138 Patients. The Woodlands, TX: American Pediatric Society.
48. Seakins M, Gibbs WN, Milner PF, et al. 1973. Erythrocyte Hb-S concentration. An important factor in the low oxygen affinity of blood in sickle cell anemia. J Clin Invest 52:422-432.
49. Serjeant GR, Serjeant BE. 2001. Sickle Cell Disease. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press.
50. Walters MC, Storb R, Patience M, et al. 2000. Impact of bone marrow transplantation for symptomatic sickle cell disease: An interim report. Blood 95:1918-1924.
51. Ware RE, Zimmerman SA, Sylvestre PB, Mortier NA, Davis JS, Treem WR, Schultz WH. 2004. Prevention of secondary stroke and resolution of transfusional iron overload in children with sickle cell anemia using hydroxyurea and phlebotomy. J Pediatr 145:346-352.
52. Waterson JA, Brown MM, Butler P, et al. 1990. Small deep cerebral infarcts associated with occlusive internal carotid artery disease. A hemodynamic phenomenon? Arch Neurol 47: 953-957.
53. Weiller C, Ringelstein EB, Reiche W, et al. 1991. Clinical and hemodynamic aspects of low-flow infarcts. Stroke 22:1117-1123.
54. Wierenga KJ, Serjeant BE, Serjeant GR. 2001. Cerebrovascular complications and parvovirus infection in homozygous sickle cell disease. Disabil Rehabil 139:438-442.
55. Woodard P, Helton KJ, Khan RB, et al. 2005. Brain parenchymal damage after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe sickle cell disease. Br J Haematol 129:550-552.
56. Yamauchi H, Fukuyama H, Yamaguchi S, et al. 1991. High-intensity area in the deep white matter indicating hemodynamic compromise in internal carotid artery occlusive disorders. Arch Neurol 48:1067-1071.