Postthrombotic syndrome

Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis

Volumn 32, Issue 7, 2006, Pages 744-751

  Pesavento, Raffaele ^a,b   Bernardi, Enrico ^a   Concolato, Alessia ^a   Dalla Valle, Fabio ^a   Pagnan, Antonio ^a   Prandoni, Paolo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PADUA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Italy)

Author keywords

Deep vein thrombosis; Diagnosis; Elastic stockings; Management; Postphlebitic syndrome; Postthrombotic syndrome

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALLOPURINOL; CYSTEINE; DIMETHYL SULFONE; METHIONINE; MONOXERUTIN; PENTOXIFYLLINE; PROSTAGLANDIN E1; STANOZOLOL; SULODEXIDE;

AGE; BANDAGE; BLOOD CLOT LYSIS; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; LEG COMPRESSION; OBESITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSTTHROMBOSIS SYNDROME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RECANALIZATION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCORING SYSTEM; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VEIN RECONSTRUCTION; VENOUS REFLUX;

CLINICAL TRIALS; HUMANS; LEG; PROGNOSIS; STOCKINGS, COMPRESSION; SYNDROME; VENOUS THROMBOSIS;

EID: 33750344720     PISSN: 00946176     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-951460     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Kahn SR, Ginsberg JS. Relationship between deep venous thrombosis and the postthrombotic syndrome. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:17-26
2. Bergqvist D, Jendteg S, Johansen L, Persson U, Ödegaard K. Cost of long term complications of deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremities: an analysis of a defined patient population in Sweden. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:454-457
3. Bauer G. Roentgenological and clinical study of the sequelae of thrombosis. Acta Chir Scand 1942;86(suppl 74):1-110
4. Gjores JE. The incidence of venous thrombosis and its sequelae in certain districts of Sweden. Acta Chir Scand 1956;206(suppl 1):1-88
5. O'Donnell TF, Browse NL, Burnand KG, Lea Thomas M. The socioeconomic effects of an ilio-femoral venous thrombosis. J Surg Res 1977;22:483-488
6. Shull KC, Nicolaides AN, Fernandes JF, et al. Significance of popliteal reflux in relation to ambulatory venous pressure and ulceration. Arch Surg 1979;114:1304-1306
7. Strandness DE, Langlois Y, Cramer M, Randlett A, Thiele BL. Long-term sequelae of acute venous thrombosis. JAMA 1983;250:1289-1292
8. Widmer LK, Zemp E, Widmer T, et al. Late results in deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremity. Vasa 1985;14:264-268
9. Lindner DJ, Edwards JM, Phinney ES, Taylor LM, Porter JM. Long-term hemodynamic and clinical sequelae of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg 1986;4:436-442
10. Heldal M, Seem E, Snadset PM, Abildgaard U. Deep vein thrombosis: a 7-year follow-up study. J Intern Med 1993;234:71-75
11. Lagerstedt C, Olsson CG, Fagher B, Norgren L, Tengborn L. Recurrence and late sequelae after first-time deep vein thrombosis. Relationship to initial signs. Phlebology 1993;8:62-67
12. Monreal M, Martorell A, Callejas JM, et al. Venographic assessment of deep vein thrombosis and risk of developing post-thrombotic syndrome: a prospective study. J Intern Med 1993;234:233-238
13. Eichlisberger R, Frauchiger B, Widmer MT, Widmer LK, Jager K. Late sequelae of deep venous thrombosis: a 13-year follow-up of 223 patients. Vasa 1994;23:234-243
14. Beyth RJ, Cohen AM, Landefeld CS. Long-term outcomes of deep-vein thrombosis. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:1031-1037
15. Johnson BF, Manzo RA, Bergelin RO, Strandness DE. Relationship between changes in the deep venous system and the development of the postthrombotic syndrome after an acute episode of lower limb deep vein thrombosis: a one- to six-year follow-up. J Vasc Surg 1995;21:307-313
16. Saarinen J, Sisto T, Laurikka J, Salenius JP, Tarkka M. Late sequelae of acute deep venous thrombosis: evaluation five and ten years after. Phlebology 1995;10:106-109
17. Franzeck UK, Schalch I, Jäger KA, Schneider E, Grimm J, Bollinger A. Prospective 12-year follow-up study of clinical and haemodynamic sequelae after deep vein thrombosis in low-risk patients (Zürich study). Circulation 1996;93:74-79
18. Prandoni P, Lensing AWA, Cogo A, et al. The long-term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:1-7
19. Brandjes DPM, Büller HR, Heijboer H, Huisman MV, de Rijk M, Jagt H. Randomised trial of effect of compression stockings in patients with symptomatic proximal-vein thrombosis. Lancet 1997;349:759-762
20. Prandoni P, Villalta S, Bagatella P, et al. The clinical course of deep-vein thrombosis. Prospective long-term follow-up of 528 symptomatic patients. Haematologica 1997;82:423-428
21. Biguzzi E, Mozzi F, Alatri A, Taioli E, Moia M, Mannucci PM. The post-thrombotic syndrome in young women: retrospective evaluation of prognostic factors. Thromb Haemost 1998;80:575-577
22. Masuda EM, Kesster DM, Kistner RL, Eklof B, Sato DT. The natural history of calf vein thrombosis: lysis of thrombi and development of reflux. J Vasc Surg 1998;28:67-74
23. McLafferty RB, Moneta GL, Passmann MA, Brant BM, Taylor LM, Porrer JM. Late clinical and hemodynamic sequelae of isolated calf vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg 1998; 27:50-57
24. Haenen JH, Janssen MCH, van Langen H, et al. The postthrombotic syndrome in relation to venous hemodynamics, as measured by means of duplex scanning and straingauge plethysmography. J Vasc Surg 1999;29:1071-1076
25. Holmström M, Åberg W, Lockner C, Paul C. Long term clinical follow-up in 256 patients with deep-vein thrombosis initially treated with either unfractionated heparin or dalteparin: a retrospective analysis. Thromb Haemost 1999;82:1222-1226
26. Saarinen J, Kallio T, Lehto M, Hiltunen S, Sisto T. The occurrence of the post-thrombotic changes after an acute deep venous thrombosis. A prospective two-year follow-up study. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2000;41:441-446
27. Mohr DN, Silverstein MD, Heit JA, Petterson TM, O'Fallon M, Melton LJ. The venous stasis syndrome after deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism: a population-based study. Mayo Clin Proc 2000;75:1249-1256
28. Ziegler S, Schillinger M, Maca TH, Minar E. Post-thrombotic syndrome after primary event of deep venous thrombosis 10 to 20 years ago. Thromb Res 2001;101:23-33
29. Prandoni P, Lensing AWA, Prins MH, et al. Below-knee elastic compression stockings to prevent the post-thrombotic syndrome. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:249-256
30. Gabriel F, Labios M, Portoles O, et al. Incidence of post-thrombotic syndrome and its association with various risk factors in a cohort of Spanish patients after one year of follow-up following acute deep venous thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 2004;92:328-336
31. Kahn SR, Kearon C, Julian JA, et al. Predictors of the post-thrombotic syndrome during long-term treatment of proximal deep vein thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2005;3:718-723
32. Roumen-Klappe EM, den Heijer M, Janssen MCH, van der Vleuten C, Thien T, Wollersheim H. The post-thrombotic syndrome: incidence and prognostic value of non-invasive venous examinations in a six-year follow-up study. Thromb Haemost 2005;94:825-830
33. Immelman EJ, Jeffrey PC. The postphlebitic syndrome. Pathophysiology, prevention and management. Clin Chest Med 1984;5:537-550
34. Raju S. Venous insufficiency of the lower limbs and stasis ulceration. Ann Surg 1983;197:688-697
35. Scott TE, LaMorte WW, Gorin DR, Menzoian JO. Risk factors for chronic venous insufficiency: a dual case-control study. J Vasc Surg 1995;22:622-628
36. Browse NL, Clemenson G, Lea Thomas M. Is the postphlebitic leg always postphlebitic? Relation between phlebographic appearances of deep-vein thrombosis and late sequelae. BMJ 1980;281:1167-1170
37. Kolbach DN, Neumann HA, Prins MH. Definition of the post-thrombotic syndrome, differences between existing classifications. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2005;30:404-414
38. Villalta S, Bagatella P, Piccioli A, Lensing AWA, Prins MH, Prandoni P. Assessment of validity and reproducibility of a clinical scale for the post-thrombotic syndrome. Haemostasis 1994;24(suppl 1):57a (abst)
39. Kahn SR, Hirsch A, Shrier I. Effect of post-thrombotic syndrome on health-related quality of life after deep venous thrombosis. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1144-1148
40. Porter JM, Moneta GL. Reporting standards in venous disease: an update. International Consensus Committee on Chronic Venous Disease. J Vasc Surg 1995;21:635-645
41. Bettmann MA, Paulin S. Leg phlebography: the incidence, nature, and modification of undesirable side effects. Radiology 1977;122:101-104
42. Villalta S, Prandoni P, Cogo A, et al. The utility of non-invasive tests for detection of previous proximal-vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 1995;73:592-596
43. Carter CJ. Incidence of post-phlebitic syndrome after streptokinase therapy for deep vein thrombosis. Am J Med 1990;89:697-698
44. Shami SK, Shields DA, Scurr JH, Coleridge Smith PD. Leg ulceration in venous disease. Postgrad Med J 1992;68:779-785
45. Coleridge Smith PD, Thomas P, Scurr JH, Dormandy JA. Causes of venous ulceration: a new hypothesis. BMJ 1988;296:1726-1727
46. Lindhagen A, Bergqvist D, Hallböök T, Efsing HO. Venous function five to eight years after clinically suspected deep venous thrombosis. Acta Med Scand 1985;217:389-395
47. Markel A, Manzo RA, Bergelin RO, Strandness DE. Valvular reflux after deep vein thrombosis: incidence and time of occurrence. J Vasc Surg 1992;15:377-384
48. Franzeck UK, Schalch I, Bollinger A. On the relationship between changes in the deep veins evaluated by Duplex sonography and the postthrombotic syndrome 12 years after deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 1997;77:1109-1112
49. Singh H, Masuda EM. Comparing short-term outcomes of femoral-popliteal and iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis: early lysis and development of reflux. Ann Vasc Surg 2005;19:74-79
50. Haenen JH, Janssen MC, Wollersheim H, et al. The development of postthrombotic syndrome in relationship to venous reflux and calf muscle pump dysfunction at 2 years after the onset of deep venous thrombosis. J Vasc Surg 2002;35:1184-1189
51. Prandoni P, Frulla M, Sartor D, Concolato A, Girolami A. Vein abnormalities and the post-thromhotic syndrome. J Thromb Haemost 2005;3:401-402
52. Van Dongen CJ, Prandoni P, Frulla M, Marchiori A, Prins MH, Hutten BA. Relation between quality of anticoagulant treatment and the development of the postthrombotic syndrome. J Thromb Haemost 2005;3:939-942
53. Ageno W, Piantanida L, Dentali F, et al. Body mass index is associated with the development of the post-thrombotic syndrome. Thromb Haemost 2003;89:305-309
54. Hafner J, Bounameaux H, Burg G, Brunner U. Management of venous leg ulcers. Vasa 1996;25:161-167
55. Evers LJ, Wuppermann T. Effect of different compression therapies on the reflux in deep veins with a post-thrombotic syndrome. Vasa 1999;28:19-23
56. Erickson CA, Lanza DJ, Karp DL, et al. Healing of venous ulcers in an ambulatory care program: the roles of chronic venous insufficiency and patients compliance. J Vasc Surg 1995;22:629-636
57. Milne AA, Ruckley CV. The clinical course of patients following extensive deep venous thrombosis. Eur J Vasc Surg 1994;8:56-59
58. Prandoni P, Lensing AWA, Prins MH, Bagatella P, Scudeller A, Girolami A. Which is the outcome of the post-thrombotic syndrome? Thromb Haemost 1999;82:1196-1197
59. Kahn SR, Elman L, Rodger MA, Wells PS. Use of elastic compression stockings after deep venous thrombosis: a comparison of practices and perceptions of thrombosis physicians and patients. J Thomb Haemost 2003;1:500-506
60. Kahn SR, Azoulay L, Hirsch A, Haber M, Strulovitch C, Shrier I. Effect of graduated elastic compression stockings on leg symptoms and signs during exercise in patients with deep venous thrombosis: a randomized cross-over trial. J Thomb Haemost 2003;1:494-499
61. Colgan MP, Dormandy JA, Jones PW, Schraibman IG, Shanik DG, Young RA. Oxpentifylline treatment of venous ulcers of the leg. BMJ 1990;300:972-975
62. Layton AM, Ibbotson SH, Davies JA, Goodfield MJ. Randomized trial of oral aspirin for chronic venous leg ulcer. Lancet 1994;344:164-165
63. Rudofsky G. Intravenous prostaglandin E1 in the treatment of venous ulcers-a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Vasa 1989;28(suppl):39-43
64. Salim AS. Role of sulphydril-containing agents in the management of venous (varicose) ulceration. A new approach. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992;17:427-432
65. Salim AS. The role of oxygen-derived free radicals in the management of venous (varicose) ulceration. A new approach. World J Surg 1991;15:264-269
66. Coccheri S, Scandotto G, Agnelli G, Aloisi D, Palazzini E, Zamboni V. Randomised, double blind, multicentre, placebo controlled study of sulodexide in the treatment of venous leg ulcers. Thromb Haemost 2002;87:947-952
67. Ginsberg JS, Magier D, Mackinnon B, Gent M, Hirsh J. Intermittent compression units for severe post-phlebitic syndrome: a randomised crossover study. Can Med Assoc J 1999;160:1303-1306
68. Burnand K, Clemenson G, Morland M, Jarret PE, Browse NL. Venous lipodermatosclerosis: treatment by fibrinolytic enhancement and elastic compression. BMJ 1980;280:7-11
69. de Jongste AB, Jonker JJC, Huisman MV, ten Cate JW, Azar AJ. A double blind three center clinical trial on the short-term efficacy of 0-(β-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides in patients with post-thrombotic syndrome. Thromb Haemost 1989;62:826-829
70. Frulla M, Marchiori A, Sartor D, et al. Elastic stockings, hydroxyethylrutosides or both for the treatment of post-thrombotic syndrome. Thromb Haemost 2005;93:183-185
71. Baste JC, Midy F. Surgery for post-thrombotic syndrome of the lower limbs. Rev Prat 1994;44:781-785
72. Gloviczki P, Bergan JJ, Rhodes JM, et al. Mid-term results of endoscopic perforator vein interruption for chronic venous insufficiency: lessons learned from the North American subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery registry. The North American Study Group. J Vasc Surg 1999;29:489-502
73. Perrin M, Hiltbrand B, Bayon JM. Results of valvuloplasty in patients presenting deep venous insufficiency and recurring ulceration. Ann Vasc Surg 1999;13:524-532
74. Goldhaber SZ, Buring JE, Lipnick RJ, Hennekens CH. Pooled analyses of randomized trials of streptokinase and heparin in phlebographically documented acute deep venous thrombosis. Am J Med 1984;76:393-397
75. Rogers LQ, Lutcher CL. Streptokinase therapy for deep vein thrombosis: a comprehensive review of the English literature. Am J Med 1990;88:389-395
76. Kakkar W, Lawrence D. Hemodynamic and clinical assessment after therapy for acute deep vein thrombosis. Am J Surg 1985;150:54-63
77. Leasing AWA, Hirsh J. Rationale and results of thrombolytic therapy for deep-vein thrombosis. In: Berstein EF, ed. Vascular Diagnosis. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book; 1993:875-879
78. Sidorov J. Streptokinase vs heparin for deep venous thrombosis. Can lytic therapy be justified? Arch Intern Med 1989;149:1841-1845
79. Büller HR, Agnelli G, Hull RD, Hyers TM, Prins MH, Raskob GE. Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 2004;126(3 Suppl):4015-4285
80. Partsch H, Kaulich M, Mayer W. Immediate mobilisation in acute vein thrombosis reduces post-thrombotic syndrome. Int Angiol 2004;23:206-212
81. Milne AA, Ruckley CV. The clinical course of patients following extensive deep venous thrombosis. Eur J Vasc Surg 1994;8:56-59
82. Prandoni P, Lensing AWA, Prins MH, Bagatella P, Scudeller A, Girolami A. Which is the outcome of the post-thrombotic syndrome? Thromb Haemost 1999;82:1196-1197