Vitiligo treatment options: An evolving scenario

Journal of Dermatological Treatment

Volumn 17, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 262-275

  Sehgal, Virendra N ^a,c   Srivastava, Govind ^b  

^a Sehgal Nursing Home   (India)

^b Skin Institute and School of Dermatology   (India)

^c NONE

Author keywords

Calcipotriol; Corticosteroids; Grafting lasers; Immunomodulators; Immunosuppressive; Khellins and UVA; Micropigmentation; Miscellaneous agents; Oral PUVA; Photo(chemotherapy); Photo chemotherapy; PUVASOL; Tacrolimus; Topical PUVA; Vitiligo treatment options

Indexed keywords

CALCIPOTRIOL; CATALASE; CHLORMETHINE; CLOBETASOL; CLOFAZIMINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DITHRANOL; FOLIC ACID; GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; KHELLIN; LEVAMISOLE; LEVODOPA; LITHIUM SALT; MEPACRINE; METHARMON F; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MINOXIDIL; PHENYLALANINE; PLACENTA EXTRACT; PROSTAGLANDIN DERIVATIVE; PROSTAGLANDIN E2; SEX HORMONE; SUNSCREEN; TAR; THIAMBUTOSINE; THYROID HORMONE; TSUKUBAENOLIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

DEPIGMENTATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; ENZYME THERAPY; EXCIMER LASER; FULL THICKNESS SKIN GRAFT; HAIR FOLLICLE; HELIUM NEON LASER; HUMAN; MELANOCYTE; PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUVA; REVIEW; SKIN CULTURE; SPLIT THICKNESS SKIN GRAFT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; ULTRAVIOLET A RADIATION; ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION; VITILIGO;

HUMANS; VITILIGO;

EID: 33750203264     PISSN: 09546634     EISSN: 14711753     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09546630600754549     Document Type: Review

References (217)

1. Lerner AB. Treatment of vitiligo. JAMA. 1969;207:960-7.
2. El-Mofty AM, Nada MM. On the treatment of vitiligo. Int J Dermatol. 1971;10:262-6.
3. Behl PN, Bloha RK. 400 cases of vitiligo - a clinico therapeutic analysis. Indian J Dermatol. 1972;17:51-6.
4. Sehgal VN, Srivastava G. Treatment of common skin disorders. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Medical Publishers, 2004.
5. Behl PN. Vitiligo. In: Behl PN, Agarwal A, Srivastava G, editors. Practice of dermatology. 9th ed. New Delhi: CBS Publishers and Distributors, 2004. p. 304-10.
6. Shaffrali F, Gawkrodger D. Management of vitiligo. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2000;25:575-9.
7. Behl PN, Dutta AK. Management of vitiligo. Asian Clin Dermatol. 1994;1:89-94.
8. Schallreuter KU. Successful treatment of oxidative stream in vitiligo. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 1999;12:132-8.
9. Behl PN. Treatment of vitiligo with homologous thin Thiersch's grafts. Curr Med Pract. 1964;8:218-21.
10. Behl PN, Bhatia RK. Treatment of vitiligo with autologus thin Thiersch's grafts. Int J Dermatol. 1973;12:329-31.
11. Falabella R. Re-pigmentation of segmental vitiligo by autologus minigrafting. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1983;9:514-21.
12. Mosher DB, Parrish JA, Fitzpatrick TB. Mono-benzyl ether of hydroquinone - a retrospective study of treatment of 18 patients and a review of the literature. Br J Dermatol. 1977;97:669-79.
13. Njoo MD, Vodegel RM, Westerhof W. De-pigmentation therapy in vitiligo universalis with topical 4 methoxy-phenol and Q-switched Ruby laser. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42:760-9.
14. Radmanesh M. De-pigmentation of the normally pigmented patches in universal vitiligo patients by cryosurgery. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2000;14:149-52.
15. Kostovic K, Nola I, Bucan Z, Situm M. Treatment of vitiligo - current methods and new approaches. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2003;11:163-70.
16. Smith DA, Toft SJ, Hanifin JM. Re-pigmentation of vitiligo with topical tacrolimus. Dermatology. 2002;205:301-3.
17. Baltas E, Nagy P, Bonis B, Novak Z, Ignacz F, Szabo G, et al. Re-pigmentation of localized vitiligo with xenon chloride laser. Br J Dermatol. 2001;144:1266-7.
18. Behl PN. Copper therapy in vitiligo - current status. Asian Clin Dermatol. 1994;1:39-41.
19. El-Mofty A, El-Mofty AM, Abdelal H, El-Hawary MF. Studies on the mode of action of psoralen derivatives. I. Their effect on copper and glutathione levels in blood and liver. J Invest Dermatol. 1959;32:645-49.
20. Ortonne JP, Mosher DB, Fitzpatrick TB. Vitiligo and other hypomelanosis of the skin and hair. New York: Plenum Press, 1983. p. 102-5.
21. Juhlin L, Olsson MJ. Improvement of vitiligo after oral treatment with vitamin B12 and folic acid and importance of sun exposure. Acta Dermatol Venereol. 1997;77:460-2.
22. Montes LF, Diaz ML, Lajous J, Garcia NJ. Folic acid and vitamin B12 in vitiligo - a nutritional approach. Cutis. 1992;50:39-42.
23. Hearing VJ, Tsukanoto K. Enzymatic control of pigmentation in mammals. Faseb J. 1991;5:2902-9.
24. Palumbo A, d'Ischia MN, Musuraca G, Carratu L, Prota G. Activation of mammalian tyrosinase by ferrous ions. Biochem Biophys Acta. 1990;1033:256-60.
25. Akyol M, Celik VK, Ozcelik S, Polat M, Marufihan M, Atalay A. The effects of vitamin E on the skin lipid peroxidation and the clinical improvement in vitiligo patients treated with PUVA. Eur J Dermatol. 2002;12:24-6.
26. Taneja A. Treatment of vitiligo. J Dermatol Treat. 2002;13:19-25.
27. Inamura S, Tagami H. Treatment of vitiligo with oral corticosteroids. Dermatologica. 1976;153:179-85.
28. Seiter S, Ugural S, Pfohler G, Tilgen W, Reinhold U. Successful treatment of progressive vitiligo with high dose intravenous methyl-prednisolone pulse therapy. Dermatology. 1999;199:261-2.
29. Kandil E. Vitiligo - response to 0.2% betamethosone 17-valerate in flexiable collodion. Dermatologica. 1970;141: 277-81.
30. Blehan SS. The treatment of vitiligo with topical corticosteroids - light and electron microscopic studies. Br J Dermatol. 1976;94(suppl 12):43-50.
31. Hernandez-Perez E. Vitiligo treated with ACTH. Int J Dermatol. 1979;18:578-9.
32. Aggarwal S, Raman M, Sharma VK, Khandpur S, Pal H, Pandey RM. A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study of levamisole in the treatment of limited and slowly spreading vitiligo. Br J Dermatol. 2005;153:163-6.
33. Gokhale BB, Parakh AP. Cyclophosphamide in vitiligo. Indian J Dermatol. 1983;28:7-10.
34. Tsuji T, Hamada T. Topically administered fluorouracil in vitiligo. Arch Dermatol. 1983;19:722-7.
35. Norlund JJ, Haldar R. Melaginna - an analysis of published and other available data. Dermatologica. 1990;181:1-4.
36. Suite M, Quamina DB. Treatment of vitiligo with topical Melaginna - a human placental extract. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;24:1018-19.
37. Mohammed A. Vitiligo re-pigmentation with Anapsos (polypodiumleucotomos ). Int J Dermatol. 1989;28:479.
38. Alarean-Segovia D. Re-pigmentation of vitiligo under penicillamine therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Dermatol. 1982;18:962.
39. Nihel Y, Nishibu A, Kaneko F. Suplatast tosilate (IPD) - a new immuno-regulator is effective in vitiligo treatment. J Dermatol. 1998;25:250-5.
40. Koopmans van-Drop B, Neering H. Treatment of vitiligo by local application of beta-methasone 17-valerate in DMSO cream base. Dermatologica. 1973;146:310-14.
41. Kandil E. Treatment of vitiligo with 0.1% beta methosone valerate in isopropyl alcohol - a double-blind trial. Br J Dermatol. 1974;91:457-60.
42. Kumari J. Vitiligo treated with topical clobetasol propionate. Arch Dermatol. 1984;120:631-5.
43. Liu XQ, Shao CG, Jin PY, Wang HQ, Ye GY, Yawalkar S. Treatment of localized vitiligo with clobetasol cream. Int J Dermatol. 1990;29:295-7.
44. Westerhof W, Krobotowa ML, Mulder PG, Glazenburg EJ. Left right comparison study of the combination of fluticasone propionate and UV-A, versus either alone in the treatment of vitiligo. Arch Dermatol. 1999;135:1061-6.
45. Goldstein E, Haberman HF, Menen IA, Pawlowski D. Van psoralens treatment of vitiligo - Part I - cosmetics, systemic coloring agents and corticosteroids. Int J Dermatol. 1992;31:229-36.
46. Farah F, Kurhan A, Chaglassian H. The treatment of vitiligo with psoralens and triamcenolone by mouth. Br J Dermatol. 1967;79:89-91.
47. Antoniou C, Katasambas A. Guidelines for the treatment of vitiligo. Drugs. 1992;43:490-8.
48. Kim SM, Lee HS, Hann SK. The efficacy of low dose oral corticosteroid in the treatment of vitiligo patients. Int J Dermatol. 1999;38:546-50.
49. Radakovic-Fijan S, Furnsinn-Friedl AM, Honigsmann H, Tanew A. Oral dexamethasone pulse treatment for vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44:814-17.
50. Prasad D, Pandhi R, Dogra S. Kumar B. Clinical study of re-pigmentation patterns with different treatment modalities and their correlation with speed and stability of pigmentation in 352 vitiligo patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;50:63-7.
51. Lerner A, Denton C, Fitzpatrick T. Clinical and experimental studies with 8 methoxypsoralen in vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol. 1953;20:299-314.
52. Fahmy JR, Abu-Shady H. A crystalline principal from Ammi magus L. Nature. 1947;160:468-9.
53. Fowlks W. The chemistry of the psoralens. J Invest Dermatol. 1959;32:249-53.
54. Montgomery D. Vitiligo treated with Finsen light. J Cutan Urin Dis. 1904;22:17-19.
55. Kissmeyser A. Shidiesion pigment with Dopa-reaction especially in cases of vitiligo. Br J Dermatol. 1920;32: 156-62.
56. El-Mofty A. A preliminary clinical report on the treatment of leucoderma with Ammi magus Linn. J Royal Egypt Med Assoc. 1948;31:651-5.
57. Buck H, Mafuss I, Porter A. The action spectrum of 8-methyloxy psoralen for erythema in human skin. Br J Dermatol. 1960;72:249-55.
58. Pathak M. Mechanism of psoralens photosensitization: an in vivo biological action spectrum of 8-methoxypsoralen. J Invest Dermatol. 1962;37:397-407.
59. Fulton J, Leyden J, Papa C. Treatment of vitiligo with topical methoxsalen and blacklite. Arch Dermatol. 1969;100:224-9.
60. Sehgal VN. Oral trimethylpsoralens in vitiligo in children. Br J Dermatol. 1971;85:454-6.
61. Sehgal VN. Trioxsalen therapy in vitiligo. Arch Dermatol. 1974;109:578.
62. Ortonne JP. Psoralen therapy in vitiligo. Clin Dermatol. 1989;7:120-35.
63. El-Mofty AM, El-Sanalhy H, El-Mofty M. Clinical study of a new preparation of 8-methoxy psoralens in photochemotherapy. Int J Dermatol. 1994;33:588-92.
64. Parrish JA, Pathak MA, Fitzpatrick TB, Prevention of unintentional overexposure in topical psoralen treatment of vitiligo. Arch Dermatol. 1971;104:281-3.
65. Kovacs SO. Vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:647-66.
66. Ortonne JP, MacDonald DM, Micoud A, Thivolet J. PUVA induce re-pigmentation of vitiligo - photochemical and ultra-structural study. Br J Dermatol. 1979;101:1-12.
67. Sehgal VN. A comparative evaluation of trimethylpsoralen, psoralen and 8-methoxypsoralen in treating vitiligo. Int J Dermatol. 1975;14:205-8.
68. Sehgal VN. Effectiveness of trioxsalen therapy for vitiligo. Arch Dermatol. 1974;110:957-8.
69. Hann SK, Cho MY, Im S, Park YK. Treatment of vitiligo with oral 5-methoxy-psoralen. J Dermatol. 1991;18:324-9.
70. Tsukamoto K, Osada A, Ketamura R, Ohkouchi M, Shimada S, Takayama O. Approaches to re-pigmentation of vitiligo skin - new treatment with ultrasonic abrasion, seed-grafting and psoralens plus ultraviolet A therapy. Pigment Cell Res. 2002;15:331-4.
71. Kwok YK, Anstey AV, Hawk JL. Psoralen photo-chemotherapy (PUVA) is only moderately effective in widespread vitiligo. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2002;27:104-10.
72. Elliot J. Clinical experience with methoxsalen in the treatment of vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol. 1959;32:311-14.
73. El-Mofty AM, El-Mofty A. Retrospective ocular study of patients receiving oral 8-methoxypsoralen and solar irradiation for the treatment of vitiligo. Ann Ophthalmol. 1979;11:946-8.
74. Harrist TJ, Pathak MA, Mosher DB, Fitzpatrick TB. Chronic cutaneous effects of long-term psoralen and ultraviolet radiation therapy in patients with vitiligo. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1984;66:191-6.
75. Westerhof W, Schallrenter KU. PUVA for vitiligo and skin cancer. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1997;23:54.
76. Haider RH, Battle EP, Smith EM. Cutaneous malignancies in patients treated with psoralens photochemotherapy (PUVA) for vitiligo. Arch Dermatol. 1995;131:734-5.
77. Forrest JB, Forrest MJ. Malignant melanoma arising during drug therapy for vitiligo. J Surg Oncol. 1980;13:337-40.
78. Hann SK, S. IM, Park YK, Hur W. Re-pigmentation of leucotrichia by epidermal grafting and systemic psoralen plus UVA. Arch Dermatol. 1992;128:998-9.
79. Suga Y, Butt KI, Takimoto R, Fujioka N, Yamada H, Ogawa H. Successful treatment of vitiligo with PUVA pigmented autologus epidermal grafting. Int J Dermatol. 1996;35:518-22.
80. Lee AY, Jang JH. Autologus epidermal grafting with PUVA-irradiated donor skin for the treatment of vitiligo. Int J Dermatol. 1998;37:551-4.
81. Ermis O, Alpsoy E, Cetin L, Yilmaz E. Is the efficiency of psoralens plus UVA-therapy enhanced by concurrent topical calcipotriol? Br J Dermatol. 2001;145:472-5.
82. Morison WL. Phototherapy and photochemotherapy of skin disease. New York: Rawen Press, 1991. p. 158.
83. Homigsmann H, Ortel B. Khellin photochemotherapy of vitiligo. Photodermatol. 1985;2:193-4.
84. Morliere P, Honigsmann H, Averbaeck D, Dardalhon M, Huppe G, Ortel B, et al. Phototherapeutic, photobiologic and photo-sensitizing properties of Khellin. J Invest Dermatol. 1988;90:720-4.
85. Hofer A, Kerl H, Wolf P. Long term results in the treatment of vitiligo with oral khellin plus UVA. Eur J Dermatol. 2001;11:225-9.
86. Ortel B, Tanew A, Honigsmann H. Treatment of vitiligo with khellin & UV-A. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988;18:693-701.
87. Jansen T, Megahed M, Holzle E, Plewig G. Provocation of porphyria cutanea tarda by KUVA-therapy of vitiligo. Acta Derm Venereol. 1995;75:232-3.
88. Duschet P, Schwarz T, Pusch M, Gschnait P. Marked increase of liver transaminases after khellin and UVA therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;21:592-4.
89. Cormane RH, Siddiqui AH, Westerhof W, Schutgens RB. Phenylalanine and UVA light for the treatment of vitiligo. Arch Dermatol Res. 1985;277:126-30.
90. Kuiters GR, Hup JM, Siddiqui AH, Cormane RH. Oral phenylalanine loading and sunlight as source of UVA irradiation in vitiligo in the Caribbean Island of Curacao NA. J Trop Med Hyg. 1986;89:149-55.
91. Siddiqui AM, Stolk LM, Bhaggoer R, Hu R, Schutegens RB, Westerhof W. L-phenylalanine and UVA irradiation in the treatment of vitiligo. Dermatology. 1994;18:215-18.
92. Antoniou C, Schulpis CH, Michast T, Katsambas A, Frajis N, Tsagaraki S, et al. Vitiligo therapy worth oral and topical phenylalanine with UVA exposure. Int J Dermatol. 1989;28:545-7.
93. Schulpis CH, Antoniou C, Michas T, Strarigos J. Phenylalanine plus ultraviolet light - preliminary report of a promising treatment for childhood vitiligo. Pediatr Dermatol. 1989;6:332-5.
94. Fitzpatrick TB. Mechanisms of phototherapy of vitiligo. Arch Dermatol. 1997;133:1591-2.
95. Mofty ME, Zaher H, Esmal S, Youssef R, Shahin Z, Bassioril D, et al. PUVA and PUVB in vitiligo - are they equally effective? Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2001;17:159-63.
96. Westerhof W, Nieuweboer KL. Treatment of vitiligo with UV-B radiation vs topical psoralens plus UV-A. Arch Dermatol. 1997;133:1525-8.
97. Njoo MD, Bos JD, Westerhof W. Treatment of generalized vitiligo in children with narrow band (TL-o1) UVB radiation therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42:245-53.
98. Menchini G, Tsoureli-Nikita E, Hercogova J. Narrow band UVB microphototherapy - a new treatment for vitiligo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2003;17:171-7.
99. Tjioe M, Gerritsen MJ, Juhlin L, Vande Kerkhof PC. Treatment of vitiligo with narrow band UVB (31 nm) for 1 year and effect of addition of B12 and folic acid. Acta Derm Venereol. 2002;82:369-72.
100. Castanedo-Cazares JP, Lepe V, Moncada B. Re-pigmentation of chronic vitiligo lesions by following tacrolimus plus UVB-narrow band. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2003;19:35-6.
101. Tjioe M, Otero ME, van de Kerkhof PC. Quality of life in vitiligo patients after treatment with long-term narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2005;19:56-60.
102. Sharma VK, Raman M. Broad band ultraviolet light, mid range sunbeam spectrum in the treatment of vitiligo. Trop Doct. 2002;32:93-4.
103. Koster W, Wiskemann A. Phototherapy mit UV-B-bei vitiligo. Z Hautkr. 1990;65:1022-9.
104. Lotti TM, Menchini G, Andreassi L. UV-B radiation microphototherapy. An elective treatment for segmental vitiligo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 1999;13:102-8.
105. Schallreuter KU, Moore J, Behrens S, Williams S, Panske A, Harari M. Rapid initialization of re-pigmentation in vitiligo with dead sea chemotherapy and pseudocatalase (PC-KUS). Int J Dermatol. 2002;41:482-7.
106. Patel DC, Evans AV, Hawk JL. Topical pseudocatalase mousse and narrow band UVB photo-therapy is not effective for vitiligo. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2003;27:641-4.
107. Spencer JM, Nossa R, Ajmeri J. Treatment of vitiligo with the 308-nm excimer laser. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46:727-31.
108. Leone G, Tachovelli P, Paro-Vidolin A, Picardo M. Monochromatic excimer laser 308 nm in the treatment of vitiligo. J Eur Acad Dermatol. 2003;17:531-7.
109. Yu HS, Wu CS, Yu CL, Kao YH, Chiou MH. Helium-neon laser irradiation stimulator migration and proliferation in melanocytes and induces re-pigmentation in segmental vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;120:56-64.
110. Kostovic K, Pasic A. New treatment modalities for vitiligo: focus on topical immunomodulators. Drugs. 2005;65:447-59.
111. Parsad D, Saimi R, Verma N. Combination of PUVA sol and topical calcipotriol in vitiligo. Dermatology. 1998;197:167-70.
112. Yalcim B, Salin S, Bukulmez G, Karaduman A, Atakan N, Akan T, et al. Experience with calcipotriol as adjunctive treatment of vitiligo in patients who do not respond to PUVA alone. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44:634-7.
113. Hartmann A, Lurz C, Hamm H. Narrow-band UVB311 nm vs. broad-band UVB therapy in combination with topical calcipotriol vs. placebo in vitiligo. Int J Dermatol. 2005;44:736-42.
114. Katayama I, Ashida M, Maeda A, Eishi K, Murota H, Bae SJ. Open trial of topical calcipotriol and solar irradiation for vitiligo vulgaris. Eur J Dermatol. 2003;13:372-6.
115. Vasquez-Lopez F, Lopez-Escobar M, Perez-Oliva M. Calcipotriol and vitiligo. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139:1656-7.
116. Baysal V, Yildirim M, Erel A, Kesici D. Is the combination of calcipotriol and PUVA effective in vitiligo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2003;17:299-302.
117. Lepe V, Mancade B, Castanedo-Cazares JP, Torres-Alvarez MB, Ortiz CA, Torres-Rubalcava AB. A double blind randomized trial of tacrolimus versus clobetasol for the treatment of childhood vitiligo. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139:581-5.
118. Kawalez AZ, Spencer JM, Phelps RG. Combined excimer laser and topical tacrolimus for the treatment of vitiligo - a pilot study. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30:130-5.
119. Prats Caelles I, Herranz Pinto P, de Ayala Casado EL. Focal hypertrichosis during topical tacrolimus therapy for childhood vitiligo. Pediatr Dermatol. 2005;22:86-7.
120. Sauk JJ Jr, White JC, Witkop CJ Jr. Influence of prostaglandins E1, E2, and arachidonate on melanosomes in melanocytes and keratinocytes of anagen hair bulbs in vitro. J Invest Dermatol. 1975;64:332-7.
121. Prota G, Vincensi MR, Napolitano A, Selen G, Stjernschantz J. Latanoprost stimulates eumelanogenesis in iridial melanocytes of cynomolgus monkeys. Pigment Cell Res. 2000;13:147-50.
122. Prasad D, Pandhi R, Dogra S, Kumar B. Topical prostaglandin analogue (PGE2) in vitiligo - a preliminary study. Int J Dermatol. 2002;41:942-5.
123. Muto M, Furomoto H, Ohmura A, et al. Successful treatment of vitiligo with a sex-steroid - thyroid hormone mixture. J Dermatol. 1995;22:770-2.
124. Ichimyja M. Immunohistochemical studies of ACTH and Alpha-MSH in vitiligo patients successfully treated with a sex steroid-thyroid hormone mixture. J Dermatol. 1999;26:502-6.
125. Nagai K, Ichimiya M, Yokoyama K, Hamamoto Y, Muto M. Successful treatment of non-segmental vitiligo: systemic therapy with sex hormone-thyroid powder mixture. Horm Res. 2000;54:316-17.
126. Filatov VP. Tissue therapy. Moscow: Foreign language publishing House, 1955.
127. Behl PN, Aggarwal A, Mojamdar M. Placental lotion in vitiligo. Paper presented at the 2nd Asian Dermatology Conference, Singapore, 26-30 November 1989.
128. Puri N, Majumdar M, Ramiah A. In vitro growth characteristics of melanocytes obtained from adult normal and vitiligo subjects. J Invest Dermatol. 1987;84:434-8.
129. Kumar B, Kaur S, Kaur I, Gangowar DN. More about clofazimine - 3 years experience and review of literature. Indian J Leprosy. 1987;59:63-74.
130. Westerhof W, Buehre Y, Pavel S, Bos JD, Das PK, Krieg SR, et al. Increased anthralin irritation response in vitiliginous skin. Arch Dermatol Res. 1989;281:52-6.
131. Taiminerman MG, Van-der-kerkhof PC. The effect of Dithranol treatment on vitiliginous skin. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1990;15:76-7.
132. Srinivas CR, Shenoi SD, Balachandran C. Acceleration of re-pigmentation in vitiligo by topical minoxidil in patients on photochemotherapy. Int J Dermatol. 1990;29:184-5.
133. Verbov J. Use of CIBA-1906 (Thimbutosine) in vitiligo. Br J Dermatol. 1972;87:81-2.
134. Gokhle B. Vitiligo and antimalarials. Int J Dermatol. 1978;17:843.
135. Mandel AS, Haberman HF, Pawlowski D, Goldstein E. Non PUVA, non-surgical therapies for vitiligo. Clin Dermatol. 1997;15:907-19.
136. Goolamali SK. Levodopa in vitiligo. Lancet. 1973; 24(i):675-6.
137. Banerjee AK. Chowdhury DS. Effect of sunlight and ultraviolet rays on mepacrine therapy in vitiligo. Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med. 1967;15:53-4.
138. Goldstein E, Haberman HF, Menon IA, Pawlowski D. Non-psoralens treatment of vitiligo - part II - less commonly used and experimental therapy. Int J Dermatol. 1992;31: 314-19.
139. Parsad D, Pandhi R, Juneja A. Effectiveness of oral Ginkgo biloba in treating limited, slowly spreading vitiligo. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2003;28:285-7.
140. Bedi KL, Zutshi U, Chopra CL, Amla V. Picrorrhiza kurroa - an ayurvedic herbal may potentiate photochemotherapy in vitiligo. J Ethnopharmacol. 1989;27:347-52.
141. Rubio FA, Robayna G, Pizarro A, de Lucase R, Herranz P, Casado M. Actinic granuloma and vitiligo treated with pentoxyphyllin. Int J Dermatol. 1998;37:958-60.
142. Van-Scott J, Yu RJ. Melanogenesis from topical mechlorethamine and analogues in skin of hairless mice and in vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol. 1975;65:476-8.
143. Al-Qmari H, Al-sugair S, Ab-husain A. Intralesional injection of tetracosactid in the treatment of localized vitiligo. Int J Dermatol. 1989;28:682.
144. Szekeres E, Morvay M. Re-pigmentation of vitiligo macules located with Efudix cream. Dermatologica. 1985;171:55-9.
145. Han GZ, Shao CG, Ye GY, Liu XQ, Yawalkar SJ. The therapeutic effect of sicorten ointment in patients with vitiligo. J Clin Pract. 1985;39:434-6.
146. Badr Maowad M. Treatment of vitiligo with 1 per cent solution of the sodium salt of meladinine using ionophoresis technique. Dermatol Monatsschr. 1969;155:388-94.
147. Sehwartzmann-Solon AM, Visconti MA, Castrucci AM. Topical application of melanotrophin analogue to vulgar vitiligo. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1998;31:1557-64.
148. Fesq H, Brockew K, Strom K, Mempel F, Ring J, Abeck D. Dihydroxyacetone in a new formulation - A powerful therapeutic option in vitiligo. Dermatology. 2001;203: 241-3.
149. Agarwal K, Agarwal A. Vitiligo - re-pigmentation with dermabrasion and thin split-thickness skin graft. Dermatol Surg. 1995;21:295-300.
150. Kahn AM, Cohen MJ. Vitiligo treatment by dermabrasion and epithelial sheet grafting. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;33:646-8.
151. Falabella R. Surgical treatment of vitiligo - why, when, how? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2003;17:518-20.
152. Falabella R. Treatment of localized vitiligo by autologus minigrafting. Arch Dermatol. 1988;124:1649-55.
153. Malakar S, Dhar S. Treatment of stable and recalcitrant vitiligo with autologus miniature punch grafting - a prospective study of 1000 patients. Dermatology. 1999;198: 133-9.
154. Sarkar R, Mehta SD, Kanwar AJ. Re-pigmentation after miniature autologus punch grafting in segmental vitiligo. J Dermatol. 2001;28:540-6.
155. Boersma BR, Westerhof W, Bos JD. Re-pigmentation in vitiligo vulgaris by autologus mini grafting. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;33:990-5.
156. Hann SK, Im S, Bong SW, Park YK. Treatment of stable vitiligo with autologus epidermal grafting and PUVA. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;32:943-8.
157. Falabella R, Arrunategui A, Barona MI, Alzate A. The mini grafting test for vitiligo: detection of stable lesions for melanocyte transplantation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;32:228-32.
158. Kim HU, Yun SK. Suction device for epidermal grafting in vitiligo. Dermatol Surg. 2000;26:702-4.
159. Oh CK, Cha JH, Lim JY, Jo JH, Kim SJ, Jang HS, et al. Treatment of vitiligo with suction epidermal grafting by the use of an ultra pulse CO2 laser with computerized pattern generator. Dermatol Surg. 2001;27:565-8.
160. Van Geel N, Ongenae K, Naeyaert JM. Surgical techniques for vitiligo: a review. Dermatology. 2001;202:162-6.
161. Falabella R, Escobar C, Borrero I. Treatment of refractory and stable vitiligo by transplantation of in vitro culture epidermal autografts bearing melanocytes. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;26:230-6.
162. Andreassi L, Pianigiani F, Andreassi A, Taddeucci P, Biagioli M. A new model of epidermal culture for the surgical treatment of vitiligo. Int J Dermatol. 1998;37: 595-8.
163. Olsson MJ, Moellmann G, Lerner AB, Juhlin L. Vitiligo - re-pigmentation with cultured melanocytes after cryostorage. Acta Derm Venereol. 1994;74:226-8.
164. Olsson MJ, Juhlin L. Re-pigmentation of vitiligo by transplantation of cultured autologus melanocytes. Acta Derm Venereol. 1993;73:49-51.
165. Kaufman R, Greiner D, Kippenberger S, Bernd A. Grafting in vitro cultured melanocytes onto laser-ablated lesions in vitiligo. Acta Derm Venereol. 1998;78:136-8.
166. Lim S, Hann SK, Kim HI, Kim NS, Park YK. Biologic characteristics of cultured human vitiligo melanocytes. Int J Dermatol. 1994;33:556-62.
167. Gauthier Y, Surleve-Bazelle JE. Autologus grafting with non-culture melanocytes. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;26: 191-4.
168. Olsson MJ, Juhlin L. Epidermal sheet grafts for repigmentation of vitiligo and piebaldism, with a review of surgical techniques. Acta Derm Venereol. 1997;77:463-6.
169. Mulekar SV. Long-term follow-up study of segmental and focal vitiligo treated by autologous, noncultured melanocyte-keratinocyte cell transplantation. Arch Dermatol. 2004;140:1211-15.
170. Mulekar SV. Long-term follow-up study of 142 patients with vitiligo vulgaris treated by autologous, non-cultured melanocyte-keratinocyte cell transplantation. Int J Dermatol. 2005;44:841-5.
171. Na GX, Seo SK, Choi SK. Single hair grafting in the treatment of vitiligo. J Am Acad Deramtol. 1998;38:580-4.
172. Malakar S, Dhar S. Re-pigmentation of vitiligo patches by transplantation of hair follicles. Int J Dermatol. 1999;38:237-8.
173. Sardi JR. Surgical treatment for vitiligo through hair follicule grafting. Dermatol Surg. 2001;27:685-6.
174. Agarwal K, Agarwal A. Vitiligo - surgical re-pigmentation of leukotrichia. Dermatol Surg. 1995;21:711-15.
175. Halder RM, Phamn HN, Breadon JY, Johnson BA. Micropigmentation for the treatment of vitiligo. J Dermatol Oncol Surg. 1989;15:1092-8.
176. Mahajan BB, Garg G, Gupta RR. Evaluation of cosmetic tattooing in localised stable vitiligo. J Dermatol. 2002;29:726-30.
177. Singal A, Thami GP, Bhalla M. Watchmaker's pin-vise for manual tattooing of vitiligo. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30:203-4.
178. Center JM, Mancini S, Baker GI, Mock D, Tenenbaum OM. Management of gingival vitiligo with the use of a tattoo technique. J Periodontol. 1998;69:724-8.
179. Behl PN. Thin Thiersch's grafts in the management of vitiligo. Asian Clin Dematol. 1994;1:69-76.
180. Westerhof W, Lentz W, Vanschehdt W, Braathen L. Vitiligo - New in surgical treatment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2001;15:510-51.
181. Yang JS, Kye YG. Treatment of vitiligo with autologus epidermal grafting by means of erbium Yag laser. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:280-2.
182. Acikel C, Ulkur E, Celikoz B. Carbon-dioxide laser resurfacing and thin skin grafting in the treatment of stable and recalcitrant vitiligo. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;111: 1291-8.
183. Kim CY, Yoon TJ, Kim TH. Epidermal grafting after chemical epilation in the treatment of vitiligo. Dermatol Surg. 2001;27:855-6.
184. Hatechome M, Kato T, Tagami H. Therapeutic success of epidermal grafting in generalized vitiligo is limited by Koebneris phenomenon. J Am Aced Dermatol. 1990;22: 87-91.
185. McGovern TW, Bolognia J, Leffell DJ. Flip top pigment transplantation. Arch Dermatol. 1999;135:1305-7.
186. Falabella R. Suction blister device for separation of vitiligo epidermis from dermis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2004;29:105-6.
187. Gupta S, Shroff S, Gupta S. Modified techniques of suction blistering for epidermal grafting in vitiligo. Int J Dermatol. 1999;38:306-8.
188. Sachdar M, Krupa Shanker DS. Suction blister grafting for stable vitiligo using pulsed erbium:Yag laser. Int J Dermatol. 2000;39:471-3.
189. Barman KD, Khaitan BK, Verma KK. A comparative study of punch grafting followed by topical corticosteroid versus punch grafting followed by PUVA therapy in stable vitiligo. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30:49-53.
190. Falabella R, Barona M, Escobar C, Borrero L, Arrunategui A. Surgical combination therapy for vitiligo and piebaldism. Dermatol Surg. 1995;21:852-7.
191. Westerhof W, Boersme B. The mini grafting test for vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;33:1061-2.
192. Agarwal US, Jain D, Gulati R, Bhargava P, Pathur NK. Silicon gel sheet dressings for prevention of post-minigraft cobblestoning in vitiligo. Dermatol Surg. 1999;25:102-4.
193. Van Geel N, Ongenae K, De Mil M, Naeyaert JM. Modified technique of autologus non-cultured epidermal cell transplantation for re-pigmenting vitiligo. Dermatol Surg. 2001;27:873-6.
194. Lerner AB, Halahan R, Klaus SN, Moellmann GE. Transplantation of human melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 1987;89:219-24.
195. Chen YF, Chang JS, Yang PY, Hung CH, Huang MH, Hu DN. Transplant of cultured autologus pure melanocytes after laser abrasion for the treatment of segmental vitiligo. J Dermatol. 2000;27:434-9.
196. Van Geel N, Ongenae K, De Mil M, Haeghen YV, Vervaet C, Naeyaert JM. Double-blind placebo-controlled study of autologous transplanted epidermal cell suspensions for repigmenting vitiligo. Arch Dermatol. 2004;140:1203-8.
197. Rheinwald J, Green H. Serial cultivation of strains of human epidermal keratinocytes: the formation of keratinizing colonies from single cells. Cells. 1975;6:331-4.
198. Kumagai N, Uchikoshi T. Treatment of extensive hypomelanosis with autologus cultured epithelium. Ann Plast Surg. 1997;39:68-73.
199. Guerra L, Primavera G, Raskovic D, Pellegrini G, Golisano O, Bondanza S, et al. Erbium:YAG laser and cultured epidermis in the surgical therapy of stable vitiligo. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139:1303-10.
200. Behl PN, Azad O, Kotia A. Re-pigmentation of stable vitiligo by transplantation of autologus in vitro grown melanocytes bearing epidermis. Asian Clin Dermatol. 1994;1:77-83.
201. Juhlin L. How unstable is the concept of stability in surgical re-pigmentation of vitiligo. Dermatology. 2000;201:183.
202. Mutalik S. Transplantation of melanocytes by epidermal grafting - an Indian experience. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1993;19:231-4.
203. Lontz W, Olsson MJ, Moellmann G, Lerner AB. Pigment cell transplantation for treatment of vitiligo - a progress report. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;30:591-7.
204. Njoo MD, Westerhof W, Bos JD, Bossuyt PM. A systemic review of autologus transplantation methods in vitiligo. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134:1543-9.
205. Arenberger P, Broz L, Vesely P, Havlickova B, Matouskova E. Tissue engineered skin in the treatment of vitiligo lesions. Folia Biol (Praha). 2000;46:157-60.
206. Ozdemir M, Cetinkale O, Wolf R, Kotogyan A, Mat C, Tuzun B, et al. Comparison of 2 surgical approaches for treating vitiligo. Int J Dermatol. 2002;41:135-6.
207. Knoell KA, Schreiber AJ, Milgraum S. Treatment of vitiligo with ultra pulse CO2 laser in patients concomitantly receiving oral psoralens plus UV-A therapy. Arch Dermatol. 1997;133:1605-6.
208. Lanigan SW. Failure of Q-switched Nd/YAG laser to re-pigment vitiligo. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1996;21:245-6.
209. Rentro L, Geronemus RG. Lack of efficiency of the Q-switched ruby laser in the treatment of vitiligo. Arch Dermatol. 1992;128:277-8.
210. Becker S, Spencer M. Evaluation of monobenzone. JAMA. 1962;180:279-84.
211. McNally A. A de-pigmentation of the skin. Industrial Med. 1939;8:405-10.
212. Oliver E, Schwartz L, Warrant A. Occupational leukoderma. Arch Dermatol Syphilol. 1940;42:993-1014.
213. Norlund JJ, Forget B, Kirkwood J, Lerner AB. Dermatitis produced by applications of monobenzone in patients with active vitiligo. Arch Dermatol. 1985;121:1141-4.
214. Hedges TR 3rd, Kenyoan KR, Hanninen LA, Mosher DB. Corneal and conjunctival effects of monobenzone in patients with vitiligo. Arch Ophthalmol. 1983;101:64-8.
215. Oakley AM. Rapid re-pigmentation after de-pigmentation therapy - vitiligo treated with monobenzyl either of hydroquinone. Austrian J Dermatol. 1996;37:96-8.
216. Legros L, Cassuto JP, Ortonne JP. Imatinib mesilate (Glivec): a systemic de-pigmenting agent for extensive vitiligo? Br J Dermatol. 2005;153:691-2.
217. Njoo MD, Das PK, Bos JD, Westerhof W. Association of the kobner phenomenon with disease activity and therapeutic responsiveness in vitiligo vulgaris. Arch Dermatol. 1999;135:407-13.