Verwoerd's bureau of proof: Total information in the making of apartheid

History Workshop Journal

Volumn 59, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 83-108

  Breckenridge, Keith ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Historical harpsichords; Pleyel; Wanda Landowska

Indexed keywords

EID: 33750096434     PISSN: 13633554     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/hwj/dbi008     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. CAD NTS 9791 1004/400, Secretary of Native Affairs to US Administration, Telegram TC 276/278, 10 March 1952.
2. For more on Verwoerd's administrative preoccupations see Ivan Evans, Bureaucracy and Race: Native Administration in South Africa, Berkeley, 1997, pp. 62-73.
3. CAD NTS 9791 1004/400, A. J. Turton, Senior Urban Areas Commissioner to Secretary of Native Affairs, 'Identity Cards: Alteration of Pass Laws; Registration and Permit System', 17 Oct. 1950.
4. A very similar system was developed in the Netherlands during the Nazi occupation. See Edwin Black, IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation, London, 2001, p. 305.
5. CAD NTS 9794 1031/400, Discussions between Senior Officers Head Office 1951-4, 'Instelling van persoonbewyse vir die Bantoe,' no date and Van Heerden 'Bespreking oor Arbeidsburos', 21 Oct. 1952.
6. CAD NTS 9793, 1027/400(9), Matters referred to U/S (E.A.) Central Reference Bureau, Eiselen to Verwoerd, 6 Feb. 1954.
7. CAD NTS 9794, 1031/400, Discussions between Senior Officers Head Office. 1951-4, L. J. Lemmer, 'Naturelle (Afskaffing van Passe em Koordineering van Dokumente) Wet, 1952, 26 Oct. 1953, and 'Samespreking tussen Senior Aptenare', 26 Oct. 1953.
8. Lemmer, as previous note.
9. CAD SAP 494, 15/2/52, 'Uitreiking van Bewysboekies aan Bantoes, 1953-7', Deputy Commissioner, Transvaal Division SAP to Commissioner of the SAP, 29 July 1953.
10. CAD NTS 9794, 1031/400, Discussions between Senior Officers Head Office, 1951-4, 'Samespreking tussen Senior Aptenare', 26 Oct. 1953.
11. CAD NTS 1027/400, Naturelle Sake. Bewysburo (b), E. Havemann, to Native Commissioner, Durban, 'Department of Native Affairs: Consolidated Standing Circular Instructions re Population Registrations of Natives', 27 July 1953.
12. CAD NTS 1027/400, Naturelle Sake, Bewysburo (b), L. J. Lemmer, for Director, Central Reference Bureau to Chief Native Commissioner, Pietermaritzburg, 'Native Affairs Code- Population Registration of Natives', 16 Nov. 1953.
13. CAD NTS 1027/400 Naturelle Sake. Bewysburo (b), L. J. Lemmer, 'Native Affairs Memo: Sentrale Vingerafdrukburo', 10 June 1952.
14. Evans, Bureaucracy and Race, pp. 73-89.
15. CAD NTS 9794, 1027/400(13), Central Reference Bureau, Forging of Reference Books, Director, Central Reference Bureau to Secretary of Native Affairs, 18 Jan. 1954.
16. CAD NTS 9793, 1027/400(9), Matters referred to U/S (E.A.) Central Reference Bureau, Turton to 'Cecil', 10 March 1954.
17. CAD NTS 9793, 1027/400(9), Matters referred to U/S (E.A.) Central Reference Bureau, Under Secretary (European Areas) to Under Secretary (Staff and Administration), 'Central Reference Bureau: Staff', c. May 1954.
18. CAD NTS 9793, 1027/400(9), Matters referred to U/S (E.A.) Central Reference Bureau, G. A. Brand, Hoofclerk, Bewysburo, to Director, Sentrale Bewysburo, 18 Aug. 1954 and Director, Central Reference Bureau, Native Affairs Department to C. A. Heald, Undersecretary, European Areas, Department of Native Affairs, Central Reference Bureau - Staff, 31 Aug. 1954. CAD NTS 9794, 1027/400(13), Central Reference Bureau. Forging of Reference Books, Director, Central Reference Bureau, 'Mobile Teams for the issue of Reference Book', 18 Jan. 1954.
19. CAD NTS 1027/400, Naturelle Sake. Bewysburo (b), H. F. Verwoerd, Minister of Native Affairs to Secretary of Native Affairs, 28 April 1955.
20. CAD NTS 9792, 1027/400, Naturelle Sake, Bewysburo (b), H. F. Verwoerd, Minister of Native Affairs to Secretary of Native Affairs, 28 April 1955.
21. CAD NTS 9792, 1027/400, Naturelle Sake, Bewysburo, 1955-6, L. Smuts to H. F. Verwoerd, Minister of Native Affairs, 29 April 1955.
22. CAD NTS 9792, 1027/400, Naturelle Sake, Bewysburo, 1955-6, Verwoerd, Minister of Native Affairs, to Eiselen, Secretary for Native Affairs, 30 April 1955.
23. CAD NTS 9793, 1027/400(9), Matters referred to U/S (E.A.) Director of Native Affairs Central Reference Bureau, 12 Jan. 1955.
24. CAD NTS 9792, 1027/400, Naturelle Sake, Bewysburo, 1955-6, Director, Central Reference Bureau to Secretary of Native Affairs, 21 May 1955. See Keith Breckenridge, 'The Biometric State: The Promise and Peril of Digital Government in the New South Africa', Journal of Southern African Studies, forthcoming.
25. CAD NTS 9794, 1027/400(13), Central Reference Bureau. Forging of Reference Books, W. W. M. Eiselen to H. F. Verwoerd, 'I/s: Koerantberig: "Bogus Pass Racket: Thousands Duped"', 3 Feb. 1955.
26. CAD NTS 9794, 1027/400(13) Central Reference Bureau. Forging of Reference Books. Verwoerd, Minister of Native Affairs to Eiselen, W. W. M', 'I/s: Koerantberig: "Bogus Pass Racket: Thousands Duped"', 20 Dec. 1954. Verwoerd's favourite phrase here is 'baie streng strawwe'.
27. CAD NTS 9793, 1027/400(9), Central Reference Bureau, U/S (E.A)'s papers regarding mechanization, Y. Young, Director, Central Native Reference Bureau to Undersecretary (European Areas), 6 Oct. 1955.
28. CAD NTS 9793, 1027/400(9), Matters referred to U/S (E.A.) Central Reference Bureau, Director of Native Affairs Central Reference Bureau, 12 Jan. 1955
29. CAD NTS 9793, 1027/400(9), Central Reference Bureau, U/S (E.A)'s papers regarding mechanization, Y. Young, Director, Central Native Reference Bureau to Undersecretary (European Areas), 6 Oct. 1955
30. CAD SAP 494, 15/2/52, Uitreiking van Bewysbockies aan Bantoes, 1953-7, 'BEWYSBOEKE- DUPLIKATE (MEMORANDUM)', 23 June 1955.
31. As previous note.
32. Julia Wells, We Now Demand! the History of Women's Resistance to Pass Laws in South Africa, Johannesburg, 1993, pp. 110-26. Tom Lodge, 'The Cape Town Troubles, March-April 1960', Journal of Southern African Studies 4: 2, 1978, pp. 216-39.
33. CAD SAP 494, 15/2/52, Uitreiking van Bewysboekies aan Bantoes, 1957-61, Adjunk-Kommissaris, Afdeling Transvaal, SA Polisie, 19 Sept. 1959 and Commissioner, South African Police, Pretoria, 'Force Orders (General)', 27 May 1962.
34. CAD SAP 494, 15/2/52, Uitreiking van Bewysboekies aan Bantoes, 1957-61, Waarnemende Kommissaris, Suid Afrikaanse Polisie na Alle Afdelingskommissarisse, SA Polisie, Republiek van Suid-Afrika en Suidwes-Afrika, 7 Oct. 1962.
35. Wells, We Now Demand!, p. 125.
36. Peter Delius, A Lion Amongst the Cattle: Reconstruction and Resistance in the Northern Transvaal, Johannesburg, 1996, pp. 142-6.
37. Deborah Posel, The Making of Apartheid 1948-1961: Conflict and Compromise, Oxford, 1991, pp. 226-55.
38. Cited in Hermann Giliomee, The Afrikaners: Biography of a People, Cape Town, 2003, p. 500.
39. Evans, Bureaucracy and Race, p. 228.
40. Giliomee, The Afrikaners, p. 491.
41. Verslag van die sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkeling van die Bantoegebiede cited in Giliomee, The Afrikaners, p. 517.
42. Dan O'Meara, Forty Lost Years: The Apartheid State and the Politics of the National Party, 1948-1994, Johannesburg, 1996, p. 73, Evans, Bureaucracy and Race, p. 232, and W. W. M. Eiselen, 'Harmonious Multi-Community Development', Optima 9: 1, 1959.
43. Giliomee, The Afrikaners, p. 531.
44. Cited in O'Meara, Forty Lost Years, p. 74.
45. Posel, Making of Apartheid, pp. 235-46, Giliomee, The Afrikaners, pp. 522-5.
46. Cited in Giliomee, The Afrikaners, p. 520.
47. Cherryl Walker, Women and Resistance in South Africa, Cape Town, 1991, p. 123.
48. Mark Sher 'From Dompas to Disc: The Legal Control of Migrant Labour', in Crime and Power in South Africa, ed. Dennis Davis and Mana Slabbert, Cape Town, 1985, p. 79.
49. Evans, Bureaucracy and Race, p. 90.
50. Giliomee, The Afrikaners, p. 540.
51. Louis de Jong, Het Koningrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog, 1939-1945: Deel 5 eerste helft, Amsterdam, 1995, pp. 422-8.
52. Simon Cole, Suspect Identities: A History of Fingerprinting and Criminal Identification, Cambridge MA, 2001
53. Chandak Sengoopta, Imprint of the Raj: How Fingerprinting was Born in Colonial India, London;
54. Radhika Singha, 'Settle, Mobilize, Verify: Identification Practices in Colonial India'. Studies in History 16: 2, 2000.
55. See Jane Caplan, '"This or That Particular Person": Protocols of Identification in Nineteenth Century Europe', and John Agar, 'Modern Horrors: British Identity and Identity Cards', in Documenting Individual Identity: The Development of State Practices in the Modern World, ed. Jane Caplan and John Torpey, Princeton, 2001.