Osteoporosis in a population from Medieval Norway

American Journal of Physical Anthropology

Volumn 131, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 343-351

  Mays, S ^a   Turner Walker, G ^b   Syversen, U ^c  

^a ENGLISH HERITAGE   (United Kingdom)

^b NATIONAL YUNLIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Taiwan)

^c NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Norway)

Author keywords

Bone mineral density; Dual X ray absorptiometry; Femur; Fractures; Paleopathology

Indexed keywords

AGING; ARTICLE; BONE DENSITY; BONE MINERAL; FALLING; FEMALE; FRACTURE; FRAGILITY FRACTURE; HISTORY; HUMAN; MALE; NORWAY; OSTEOPOROSIS; PALEOPATHOLOGY; POPULATION GENETIC STRUCTURE; PREVALENCE; RURAL POPULATION; UNITED KINGDOM;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; BONE DENSITY; FEMALE; FEMUR; FRACTURES, BONE; HISTORY, MEDIEVAL; HUMANS; LUMBAR VERTEBRAE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NORWAY; OSTEOPOROSIS; PALEOPATHOLOGY; PREVALENCE; SEX FACTORS;

EID: 33750085576     PISSN: 00029483     EISSN: 10968644     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20445     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Abrahams P. 1977. Soil report from Wharram Percy, North Yorkshire. Ancient Monuments Laboratory report 2360. Portsmouth: English Heritage.
2. Agarwal SC, Grynpas MD. 1996. Bone quantity and quality in past populations. Anat Rec 246:423-432.
3. Agarwal SC, Dumitriu M, Tomlinson GA, Grynpas MD. 2004. Medieval trabecular bone architecture: the influence of age, sex, and lifestyle. Am J Phys Anthropol 124:33-44.
4. Ammann P, Rizzoli R. 2003. Bone strength and its determinants. Osteoporos Int [Suppl] 14:13-18.
5. Anderson FH, Francis RM, Selby PL, Cooper C. 1998. Sex hormones and osteoporosis in men. Calcif Tissue Int 62:185-188.
6. Anderson T, Göthberg H. 1986. Olavskirchens kirkegård. Humanosteologisk analyse og faseinndeling. Fortiden I Trondheim bygrunn: folkebibliotekstomten, meddelelser nr. 1. Trondheim: Riksantikvaren, Utgravningskontoret for Trondheim.
7. Augat P, Fuerst T, Genant HK. 1998. Quantitative bone mineral assessment at the forearm: a review. Osteoporos Int 8:299-310.
8. Benedictow OJ. 1992. On the origin and spread of the notion that breast-feeding women should abstain from sexual intercourse. Scand J Hist 17:65-76.
9. Black DM, Cooper C. 2000. Epidemiology of fractures and assessment of fracture risk. Clin Lab Med 20:439-453.
10. Boonen S, Kaufman J-M, Reginster J-Y, Devogelaer J-P. 2003. Patient assessment using standardized bone mineral density values and a national reference database: implementing uniform thresholds for the reimbursement of osteoporosis treatments in Belgium. Osteoporos Int 14:110-115.
11. Brickley M. 2000. The diagnosis of metabolic disease in archaeological bone. In: Cox M, Mays S, editors. Human osteology in archaeology and forensic science. London: Greenwich Medical Media. p 183-198.
12. Brickley M, Agarwal S. 2003. Techniques for investigation of age-related bone loss and osteoporosis in archaeological bone. In: Agarwal SC, Stout SD, editors. Bone loss and osteoporosis: an anthropological perspective. London: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. p 157-172.
13. Brothwell DR. 1981. Digging up bones, 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press/British Museum (Natural History).
14. Buhr AJ, Cooke AM. 1959. Fracture patterns. Lancet 1:531-536.
15. Chrischilles E, Shireman T, Wallace R. 1994. Costs and health effects of osteoporosis fractures. Bone 15:377-386.
16. Christodoulou C, Cooper C. 2003. What is osteoporosis? Postgrad Med J 79:133-138.
17. Chumley A, Petley G, Edwards CJ, Taylor P, Mays, S, Sofaer-Derevenski J, Mahon P, Cooper C, Arden NK. 2004. Changes in hip geometry from medieval to modern times. J Bone Miner Res 19:86.
18. Constandse-Westermann TS. 1997. Age estimation by dental attrition in an independently controlled early 19th century sample from Zwolle, The Netherlands. Hum Evol 12:269-285.
19. Cummings SR, Cauley JA, Palermo L, Ross PD, Wasnich RD, Black D, Faulkner KG. 1994. Racial differences in hip axis lengths might explain racial differences in rates of hip fracture. Osteoporos Int 4:226-229.
20. Danielsen R, Ståle D, Grønlie T, Helle K, Hovland E. 1995. Norway: a history from the Vikings to our own times. Translated by M. Drake. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.
21. Deng HW, Li JL, Li J, Davies KM, Recker RR. 1998. Heterogeneity of bone mineral density across skeletal sites and its clinical implications. J Clin Densitom 1:339-354.
22. Dey A, McCloskey EV, Taube T, Cox R, Pande KC, Ashford RU, Forster M, de Takats D, Kanis JA. 2000. Metacarpal morphometry using a semi-automated technique in the assessment of osteoporosis and vertebral fracture risk. Osteoporos Int 11:953-958.
23. Ettinger B, Black DM, Nevitt MC, Rundle AC, Cauley JA, Summings SR, Genant HK. 1992. Contribution of vertebral deformities to chronic back pain and disability. J Bone Miner Res 7:449-456.
24. Falch JA, Meyer HE. 1998. Osteoporosis and fractures in Norway. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 118:568-572.
25. Falch JA, Ilebekk A, Slungaard U. 1985. Epidemiology of hip fractures in Norway. Acta Orthop Scand 56:12-16.
26. Faulkner KG, Cummings SR, Black D, Palermo L, Glüer C-C, Genant HK. 1993. Simple measurement of femoral geometry predicts hip fracture: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res 8:1211-1217.
27. Genant HK, Grampp S, Glüer CC, Faulkner KG, Jergas M, Engelke K, Hagiwara S, van Kuijk C. 1994. Universal standardization for dual x-ray absorptiometry: patient and phantom cross-calibration results. J Bone Miner Res 9:1503-1514.
28. Gjesdal CG, Aanderud SJ, Haga H-J, Brun JG, Tell GS. 2004. Femoral and whole-body bone mineral density in middle aged and older Norwegian men and women: suitability of reference values. Osteoporos Int 15:525-534.
29. Grynpas MD. 2003. The role of bone quality on bone loss and bone fragility. In: Agarwal SC, Stout SD, editors. Bone loss and osteoporosis: an anthropological perspective. London: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. p 33-45.
30. Hackett CJ. 1981. Microscopic focal destruction (tunnels) in exhumed bone. Med Sci Law 21:243-265.
31. Hall R. 1994. Viking age York. London: Batsford/English Heritage.
32. Hedges REM, Millard AR, Pike AWG. 1995. Measurements and relationships of diagenetic alteration of bone from three archaeological sites. J Archaeol Sci 22:201-209.
33. Hillson S. 1996. Dental anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
34. Hove LM, Fjeldsgaard K, Reitan R, Skjeie R, Sorensen FK. 1995. Fractures of the distal radius in a Norwegian city. Scand J Plast Reconstr Hand Surg 29:263-267.
35. Hui SL, Gao S, Zhou X-H, Johnson CC, Lu Y, Glüer CC, Genant HK. 1997. Universal standardisation of bone density measurements: a method with optimal properties for calibration among several instruments. J Bone Miner Res 12:1463-1470.
36. Johnson JS. 1976. A comparison of age estimation using discriminant function analysis with some other age estimators of unknown skulls. J Anat 121:475-484.
37. Kalkwarf HJ, Specker BL. 1995. Bone mineral loss during lactation and recovery after weaning. Obstet Gynecol 86:26-32.
38. Kanis JA, Johnell O, De Laet C, Jonsson B, Oden A, Ogelsby AK. 2002. International variations in hip fracture probabilities: implications for risk assessment. J Bone Miner Res 17:1237-1244.
39. Kanterewicz E, Yañez A, Pérez-Pons A, Codony I, Del Rio L, Diez-Pérez A. 2002. Association between Colles' fracture and low bone mass: age-based differences in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 13:824-828.
40. Kieser JA, Preston CB, Evans WG. 1983. Skeletal age at death: an evaluation of the Miles method of ageing. J Archaeol Sci 10:9-12.
41. Kim Y-K, Kho HS, Lee K-H. 2000. Age estimation by occlusal tooth wear. J Forensic Sci 45:303-309.
42. Kohlmeier L, Marcus R. 1995. Calcium disorders of pregnancy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 24:15-39.
43. Laskey MA, Prentice A. 1999. Bone mineral changes during and after lactation. Obstet Gynecol 94:608-615.
44. Li C, Ji G. 1995. Age estimation from the permanent molar in northeast China by the method of average stage of attrition. Forensic Sci Int 75:189-196.
45. Lofthus CM, Osnes EK, Falch JA, Kaastad TS, Kristiansen IS, Nordsletten L, Stensvold I, Meyer HE. 2001. Epidemiology of hip fractures in Oslo, Norway. Bone 29:413-418.
46. Looker AC, Wahner HW, Dunn WL, Calvo MS, Harris TB, Heyse SP, Johnson CC, Lindsay R. 1995. Proximal femur bone mineral levels of US adults. Osteoporos Int 5:389-409.
47. Looker AC, Wahner HW, Dunn WL, Calvo MS, Harris TB, Heyse SP, Johnson CC, Lindsay R. 1998. Updated data on proximal femur bone mineral levels of US adults. Osteoporos Int 8:468-489.
48. Lovejoy CO. 1985. Dental wear in the Libben population: its functional pattern and role in the determination of adult skeletal age at death. Am J Phys Anthropol 68:47-56.
49. Lunt M, Felsenberg D, Adams J, Benevolenskaya L, Cannata J, Dequeker J, Dodenhof C, Falch JA, Johnell O, Khaw K-T, Masaryk P, Pols H, Poor G, Reid D, Scheidt-Nave C, Weber K, Silman AJ, Reeve J. 1997. Population-based geographic variations in DXA bone density in Europe: the EVOS study. Osteoporos Int 7:175-189.
50. Mays S. 1996. Age-dependent cortical bone loss in a medieval population. Int J Osteoarchaeol 6:14-154.
51. Mays S. 1998. The archaeology of human bones. London: Routledge.
52. Mays S. 1999. Osteoporosis in earlier human populations. J Clin Densitom 2:71-78.
53. Mays S. 2002. The relationship between molar wear and age in an early 19th century AD archaeological human skeletal series of known age at death. J Archaeol Sci 29:861-871.
54. Mays S. 2003. Bone strontium: calcium ratios and duration of breastfeeding in a medieval skeletal population. J Archaeol Sci 30:731-741.
55. Mays S. In press. The human remains. In: Clark EA, editor. Wharram Percy: the churchyard. York: York University.
56. Mays S. 2006. Age-related cortical bone loss in women from a 3rd-4th century AD population from England. Am J Phys Anthropol 129:518-528.
57. Mays S, Lees B, Stevenson JC. 1998. Age-dependent cortical bone loss in the femur in a medieval population. Int J Osteoarchaeol 8:97-106.
58. Mays S, Taylor GM, Legge AJ, Young DB, Turner-Walker G. 2001. Paleopathological and biomolecular study of tuberculosis in a medieval skeletal collection from England. Am J Phys Anthropol 114:298-311.
59. McEwan J, Mays S, Blake G. 2004. Measurements of bone mineral density of the radius in a medieval population. Calcif Tissue Int 74:157-161.
60. Meyer HE, Johnell O. 1997. Osteoporosis: epidemiology and risk factors. In: Waersted A, Beerman B, Roksvaag PO, Strandberg K, editors. Workshop: treatment of Osteoporosis. Oslo: Statens Legemiddelkontroll/ Läkemedalsverket. p 45-62.
61. Miles AEW. 1963. The dentition in the assessment of individual age in skeletal material. In: Brothwell DR, editor. Dental anthropology. Oxford: Pergamon Press. p 191-209.
62. Miller PD, McClung M. 1996. Prediction of fracture risk I: bone density. Am J Med Sci 312:257-259.
63. Moyad MA. 2003. Osteoporosis: a rapid review of risk factors and screening methods. Urol Oncol 21:375-379.
64. Nelson DA, Villa ML. 2003. Ethnic differences in bone mass and architecture. In: Agarwal SC, Stout SD, editors. Bone loss and osteoporosis: an anthropological perspective. London: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. p 47-62.
65. Nguyen TV, Eisman JA. 1999. Risk factors for low bone mass in men. In: Orwoll S, editor. Osteoporosis in men. London: Academic Press. p 335-361.
66. Nielsen-Marsh CM, Hedges REM. 2000. Patterns of diagenesis in bone I: the effects of site environments. J Archaeol Sci 27:1139-1150.
67. Norwegian Meteorological Institute. 2005. Climate data for Vaernes 1971-2000. http://met.no/met/vanlig_var/temp.html
68. Old JL, Calvert M. 2004. Vertebral compression fractures in the elderly. Am Fam Physician 69:111-116.
69. O'Neill TW, Felsenberg D, Varlow J, Cooper C, Kanis JA, Silman AJ. 1996. The prevalence of vertebral deformity in European men and women: the European vertebral osteoporosis study. J Bone Miner Res 11:1010-1018.
70. O'Neill TW, Cooper C, Finn JD, Lunt M, Purdie D, Reid DM, Rowe R, Woolf AD, Wallace WA. 2001. Incidence of distal forearm fracture in British men and women. Osteoporos Int 12:555-558.
71. Prentice A. 2001. The relative contribution of diet and genotype to bone development. Proc Nutr Soc 60:45-52.
72. Randell A, Sambrook PM, Nguyen TV, Lapsley H, Jones G, Kelly PJ, Eisman JA. 1995. Direct clinical and welfare costs of osteoporotic fractures in elderly men and women. Osteoporos Int 5:427-432.
73. Rapuri PB, Gallagher JC, Knezetic JA, Kinyamu HK, Ryschon KL. 2004. Association between vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and the rate of bone loss in elderly women-importance of adjusting for dietary and lifestyle factors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 89-90:503-506.
74. Resnick D, Niwayama G. 1988. Diagnosis of bone and joint disorders, 2nd ed. London: W.B. Saunders.
75. Richards JD. 1991. Viking age England. London: Batsford/English Heritage.
76. Richards LC, Brown T. 1981. Dental attrition and age relationships in Australian Aborigines. Archaeol Phys Anthropol Oceania 16:94-98.
77. Richards LC, Miller SLJ. 1991. Relationships between age and dental attrition in Australian Aboriginals. Am J Phys Anthropol 84:159-164.
78. Richards MP, Mays SA, Fuller BT. 2002. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values of bones and teeth reflect weaning age at the medieval Wharram Percy site, Yorkshire, UK. Am J Phys Anthropol 119:205-210.
79. Rogmark C, Sembo I, Johnell O, Nillson JA. 1999. Incidences of hip fractures in Malmö, Sweden, 1992-1995. A trend break. Acta Orthop Scand 70:19-22.
80. Ross PD. 1996. Prediction of fracture risk II: other risk factors. Am J Med Sci 312:260-269.
81. Rossi D. 2004. Patterns of cortical and trabecular bone loss in a medieval British skeletal sample. M.A. dissertation, University of Alberta. Edmonton: University of Alberta.
82. Schnitzler CM, Mesquita J. 1998. Bone marrow composition and bone microarchitecture and turnover in blacks and whites. J Bone Miner Res 13:1300-1307.
83. Shahar S. 1990. Childhood in the Middle Ages. London: Routledge.
84. Song H, Jia J. 1989. The estimation of tooth age from attrition of the occlusal surface. Med Sci Law 29:69-73.
85. Song H, Jia J, Cameron JM. 1991. Age determination of the molars. Med Sci Law 31:65-68.
86. Tomenchuk J, Mayhall JT. 1979. A correlation of tooth wear and age among modern Igloolik Eskimos. Am J Phys Anthropol 51:67-78.
87. Turner-Walker G, Syversen U. 2002. Quantifying histological changes in archaeological bones using BSE-SEM image analysis. Archaeometry 44:461-468.
88. Turner-Walker G, Mays S, Syversen U. 2000. Do high parity and prolonged lactation have long-term consequences for bone mineral density? J Bone Miner Res 18:530.
89. Turner-Walker G, Syversen U, Mays S. 2001. The archaeology of osteoporosis. J Eur Archaeol 4:263-268.
90. Turner-Walker G, Nielsen-Marsh CM, Syversen U, Kars H, Collins MJ. 2002. Sub-micron spongiform porosity is the major ultra-structural alteration occurring in archaeological bone. Int J Osteoarchaeol 12:407-414.
91. UK Meteorological Office. 2005. Climate data for High Mowthorpe 1961-1990. http://www.metoffice.com/climate/uk/averages/19611990/sites/high mowthorpe.html
92. Villa ML. 1994. Cultural determinants of skeletal health: the need to consider both race and ethnicity in bone research. J Bone Miner Res 9:1329-1332.
93. Vogt MT, Cauley JA, Tomaino MM, Stone K, Williams JR, Herndon JH. 2001. Distal radius fractures in older women: a 10-year follow-up study of descriptive characteristics and risk factors. The study of osteoporotic fractures. J Am Geriatr Soc 50:97-103.
94. Zhang J, Ji Y. 1988. Tooth attrition and age estimation of Chinese males. Acta Anthropol Sin 7:230-234.