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Volumn 44, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 251-266

Maintaining discipline in the Kaiser Wilhelm Society during the National Socialist regime

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EID: 33750028704     PISSN: 00264695     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11024-006-9001-3     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (4)

References (109)
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    • For an international comparative perspective, see Richard Beyler, Alexei Kojevnikov, and Jessica Wang, 'Rules for Exclusion and Inclusion in the Scientific Community under Political Pressure', Osiris, XX (2005), 23-48, at 24-31.
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    • note
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    • see, e.g., John W. Hiden (trans.), London: Longman, 346-361
    • On the confrontation between social transformationist and authoritarian Nazism, see, e.g., Martin Broszat, The Hitler State, John W. Hiden (trans.), (London: Longman, 1981), 133-182, 346-361;
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    • The Nazification and Denazification of German Physics
    • Walter Kertz (ed.), Braunschweig: Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität, at 82
    • In "The Nazification and Denazification of German Physics', in Walter Kertz (ed.), Hochschule und Nationalsozialismus (Braunschweig: Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität, 1994), 79-89, at 82, Mark Walker links this pattern to the history of physics in the Third Reich.
    • (1994) Hochschule und Nationalsozialismus , pp. 79-89
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    • op. cit. note 1
    • On purges in the sciences, see (in addition to the citations in note 2), Beyerchen, Scientists under Hitler, op. cit. note 1, 12-14;
    • Scientists under Hitler , pp. 12-14
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    • Die Emigration von Wissenschaftlern nach 1933: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer Bilanzierung
    • Klaus Fischer, 'Die Emigration von Wissenschaftlern nach 1933: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer Bilanzierung', Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, XXXIX (4), (1991), 535-549;
    • (1991) Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte , vol.39 , Issue.4 , pp. 535-549
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  • 34
    • 84977300405 scopus 로고
    • Die erste Entlassungswelle von Hochschullehrern deutscher Hochschulen aufgrund des Gesetzes zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums vom 7.4.1933
    • Sybille Gerstengarbe, 'Die erste Entlassungswelle von Hochschullehrern deutscher Hochschulen aufgrund des Gesetzes zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums vom 7.4.1933', Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, XVII (1), (1994), 17-39;
    • (1994) Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte , vol.17 , Issue.1 , pp. 17-39
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    • Wissenschaftswandel in Zeiten politischer Umwälzungen: Entwicklungen, Verwicklungen, Abwicklungen
    • Mitchell G. Ash, 'Wissenschaftswandel in Zeiten politischer Umwälzungen: Entwicklungen, Verwicklungen, Abwicklungen', NTM, new ser., III (1), (1995), 1-21;
    • (1995) NTM, New Ser. , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-21
    • Ash, M.G.1
  • 37
    • 27744516832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scientific Changes in Germany 1933, 1945, 1990: Towards a Comparison
    • idem
    • idem, 'Scientific Changes in Germany 1933, 1945, 1990: Towards a Comparison', Minerva, XXXVII (4), (1999), 329-354;
    • (1999) Minerva , vol.37 , Issue.4 , pp. 329-354
  • 38
    • 57849117179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Expulsion of Jewish Chemists and Biochemists from Academia in Nazi Germany
    • Ute Deichmann, 'The Expulsion of Jewish Chemists and Biochemists from Academia in Nazi Germany', Perspectives on Science, VII (1), (1999), 1-86.
    • (1999) Perspectives on Science , vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-86
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    • Wissenschaftswandel
    • note 7
    • Ash, 'Wissenschaftswandel,' ', Perspectives on Science, op. cit. note 7, 8;
    • Perspectives on Science , pp. 8
    • Ash1
  • 42
    • 33645294406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit. note 1, chap. 2, esp. 53-55
    • Deichmann, Flüchten, op. cit. note 1, chap. 2, esp. 53-55.
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    • Deichmann1
  • 43
    • 84859696992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note 2
    • Archiv zur Geschichte der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Abt. I, Rep. 1A, Nr. 541 (hereafter citations use the form MPG, I, 1A, no. 541), folder 4, Cranach, Aktennotiz, 25 October 1933; the practice and motive of routinization are discussed in Beyler, Kojevnikov, and Wang, Flüchten, op. cit. note 2, 25-26.
    • Flüchten , pp. 25-26
    • Beyler1    Kojevnikov2    Wang3
  • 44
    • 84859691735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see, note 2, 370-375
    • On Haber's resignation and its ramifications, and on the KWS administration's (apparently justifiable) fears of tighter governmental control, see Albrecht and Hermann, Flüchten, op. cit. note 2, 360-363, 370-375;
    • Flüchten , pp. 360-363
    • Albrecht1    Hermann2
  • 45
    • 84859676207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note 1
    • Macrakis, Flüchten, op. cit. note 1, 53-57;
    • Flüchten , pp. 53-57
    • Macrakis1
  • 47
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    • Fritz Stern, Einstein's German World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 154-64;
    • (1999) Einstein's German World , pp. 154-164
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  • 48
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    • op. cit. note 1, 92-103
    • Deichmann, Flüchten, op. cit. note 1, 58-64, 92-103;
    • Flüchten , pp. 58-64
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  • 49
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    • note 2
    • Kohl, Flüchten, op. cit. note 2, 74-96;
    • Flüchten , pp. 74-96
    • Kohl1
  • 53
    • 33646327126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see, op. cit. note 10
    • For details of Thiessen's succession, see Szöllösi-Janze, Fritz Haber, op. cit. note 10, 673-79;
    • Fritz Haber , pp. 673-679
    • Szöllösi-Janze1
  • 57
    • 33750013619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MPG, I, 1A, no. 531, folder 1, Telschow to Glum, 8 April 1933; Telschow to Planck, 8 April 1933; Aktionskommittee der TH Berlin to Freundlich, 4 April 1933
    • MPG, I, 1A, no. 531, folder 1, Telschow to Glum, 8 April 1933; Telschow to Planck, 8 April 1933; Aktionskommittee der TH Berlin to Freundlich, 4 April 1933.
  • 58
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    • Betriebsgemeinschaft und innerbetriebliche Herrschaft
    • See, Carola Sachse et al., (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag), at 170-175
    • BaB, R 1501/126782/3, Planck to Reichsministerium des Innern, 15 June 1933; Giersch to Planck, 10 June 1933; Donnevert, Aktenvermerk, 23 June 1933; Donnevert to Reichsminister des Innern, 26 June 1933. Works councils arose in the revolutionary days of 1918 and received legal recognition in 1920; the NSBO's demand for representation was part of its process of cooptation to the Nazi regime; in January 1934, works councils were abolished and replaced by 'stewards councils' (Vertrauensräte), which were appointed in a top-down fashion. See Wolfgang Spohn, 'Betriebsgemeinschaft und innerbetriebliche Herrschaft', in Carola Sachse et al., Angst, Belohnung, Zucht und Ordnung: Herrschaftsmechanismen im Nationalsozialismus (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1982), 140-208, at 170-175.
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    • see, note 1
    • BaB, R 1501/126782/3; MPG, Abt. I, Rep. 1A, no. 532, folder 1, Cranach, Aktennotiz, 2 October 1933; see Macrakis, Angst, Belohnung, Zucht und Ordnung: Herrschaftsmechanismen im Nationalsozialismus op. cit. note 1, 60-61: Neuberg faced other denunciations from a disaffected employee, which led to an investigation by the Ministry of the Interior and to his forced retirement in 1936.
    • Angst, Belohnung, Zucht und Ordnung: Herrschaftsmechanismen Im Nationalsozialismus , pp. 60-61
    • Macrakis1
  • 61
    • 33750030642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MPG, I, 1A, no. 1537, folder 4, Meyer to Planck, 29 October 1933
    • MPG, I, 1A, no. 1537, folder 4, Meyer to Planck, 29 October 1933.
  • 62
    • 33750030364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MPG, I, 1A, no. 1537, folder 4, Goldschmidt to Glum, 6 November 1933; Hartmann to Generalverwaltung, 13 November 1933
    • MPG, I, 1A, no. 1537, folder 4, Goldschmidt to Glum, 6 November 1933; Hartmann to Generalverwaltung, 13 November 1933.
  • 63
    • 33749997085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MPG, I, 1A, no. 1537, folder 4, Planck to Meyer, 21 November 1933; Goldschmidt to Meyer, 29 November 1933
    • MPG, I, 1A, no. 1537, folder 4, Planck to Meyer, 21 November 1933; Goldschmidt to Meyer, 29 November 1933.
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    • Max Bergmann und das Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Lederforschung in Dresden
    • see, vom Brocke and Laitko, note 4, here 316-317
    • MPG, I, 1A, no. 538, folder 2, minutes of meeting, 5 April 1933; Föhr to Bergmann, 17 April 1933; folder 3, Ammer (Centralverein der Deutschen Lederindustrie) to KWS, 16 May 1933; Abt. II, Rep. 1A, Personalakte Bergmann, Hahn to Chemical-Physical Section of the Scientific Council, 19 December 1933; on Bergmann's dismissal, see Wolfgang Göbel, 'Max Bergmann und das Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Lederforschung in Dresden', in vom Brocke and Laitko, The Gestapo and German Society: Enforcing Racial Policy, 1933-1945 op. cit. note 4, 303-318, here 316-317;
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    • idem, op. cit. note 1
    • idem, Flüchten, op. cit. note 1, 55-58.
    • Flüchten , pp. 55-58
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    • MPG, I, 1A, no. 539, folder 1, Tchachotin to Planck, 10 March 1933; Planck to Krehl, 14 March 1933; Hausser to Planck, 14 March 1933; Cranach, Aktennotiz, 15 March 1933; Planck to Hausser, 17 March 1933
    • MPG, I, 1A, no. 539, folder 1, Tchachotin to Planck, 10 March 1933; Planck to Krehl, 14 March 1933; Hausser to Planck, 14 March 1933; Cranach, Aktennotiz, 15 March 1933; Planck to Hausser, 17 March 1933.
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    • 33750001074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MPG, I, 1A, no. 539, folder 1, Telschow, Aktennotiz, 7 April 1933; Cranach, Aktenvermerk, 19 April 1933. Elsewhere, Hausser referred to his reputation for 'extremely reactionary' political views: MPG, I, 1A, no. 539, folder 1, Hausser to Planck, 14 March 1933
    • MPG, I, 1A, no. 539, folder 1, Telschow, Aktennotiz, 7 April 1933; Cranach, Aktenvermerk, 19 April 1933. Elsewhere, Hausser referred to his reputation for 'extremely reactionary' political views: MPG, I, 1A, no. 539, folder 1, Hausser to Planck, 14 March 1933.
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    • Self-Mobilization or Resistance? Aeronautical Research and National Socialism
    • idem, Renneberg and Walker, note 1, at 79-80
    • idem, 'Self-Mobilization or Resistance? Aeronautical Research and National Socialism', in Renneberg and Walker, Luft- und Raumfahrtforschung in Deutschland 1900-1970: Politische Geschichte einer Wissenschaft op. cit. note 1, 72-87, at 79-80;
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    • Das Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Strömungsforschung verbunden mit der Aerodynamischen Versuchsanstalt
    • Heinrich Becker et al. (eds.), Munich: K.G. Saur, 2nd ed. at 693-695
    • and Cordula Tollmien, 'Das Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Strömungsforschung verbunden mit der Aerodynamischen Versuchsanstalt', in Heinrich Becker et al. (eds.), Die Universität Göttingen unter dem Nationalsozialismus (Munich: K.G. Saur, 2nd ed. 1998), 684-708, at 693-695.
    • (1998) Die Universität Göttingen Unter Dem Nationalsozialismus , pp. 684-708
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    • MPG, I, 1A, no. 1528, folder 2, Weniger to Telschow, 29 July 1933; folder 4, minutes of meeting in Göttingen, 30 August 1933
    • MPG, I, 1A, no. 1528, folder 2, Weniger to Telschow, 29 July 1933; folder 4, minutes of meeting in Göttingen, 30 August 1933.
  • 73
    • 33749992259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MPG, I, 1A, no. 1528, folder 4, Telschow, Aktenvermerk, 31 August 1933
    • MPG, I, 1A, no. 1528, folder 4, Telschow, Aktenvermerk, 31 August 1933.
  • 74
    • 33750020456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MPG, I,1A, no. 1528, folder 5, Wimmer to Planck, 4 October 1933
    • MPG, I,1A, no. 1528, folder 5, Wimmer to Planck, 4 October 1933.
  • 75
    • 33749984370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MPG, I, 1A, no. 1528, folder 11, Prandtl to Glum, 28 October 1933
    • MPG, I, 1A, no. 1528, folder 11, Prandtl to Glum, 28 October 1933.
  • 76
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    • MPG, I, 1A, no. 1528, folder 11, Glum telegram to Prandtl, 30 October 1933; no. 1529, folder 1, Planck to Prandtl, 31 October 1933; folder 2, Planck to Prandtl, 23 November 1933; folder 5, Prandtl to Planck, 14 December 1933; folder 9, Prandtl to Nikuradse, 30 November 1933
    • MPG, I, 1A, no. 1528, folder 11, Glum telegram to Prandtl, 30 October 1933; no. 1529, folder 1, Planck to Prandtl, 31 October 1933; folder 2, Planck to Prandtl, 23 November 1933; folder 5, Prandtl to Planck, 14 December 1933; folder 9, Prandtl to Nikuradse, 30 November 1933.
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    • MPG, I, 1A, no. 1529, folder 6, Planck to Prandtl, 15 December 1933
    • MPG, I, 1A, no. 1529, folder 6, Planck to Prandtl, 15 December 1933.
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    • op. cit. note 22
    • MPG, I, 1A, no. 1529, folder 7, Telschow, Aktenvermerk, 3 January 1934; Telschow, Aktenvermerk, 4 January 1933 [sic, must be 1934]. Nikuradse ended up at the University of Breslau; a lawsuit against Prandtl was unsuccessful; cf. MPG, I, 1A, nos. 1529-30. Trischler, Luft, op. cit. note 22, points out that Weniger, through his close connections with the Ministry of Education and in his subsequent post at the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Association), acted antagonistically towards Prandtl on a number of later occasions. There is a further twist to the story: after 1945, the US Army Counter-Intelligence Corps, following up on suspicions of the SS Security Service held in captured German files, inconclusively investigated the possibility that Alexander Nikuradse, Johann's brother and also an applied physicist, was spying on behalf of the Soviet Union. See National Archives, RG 319, IRR Personnel Name Files, box 321, file X8645085: 'Nikuradse, Alexander'.
    • Luft
    • Trischler1
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    • op. cit. note 22
    • Trischler, Luft, op. cit. note 22, 190.
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    • Trischler1
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    • see, note 2
    • MPG I, 1A, 532, folder 1, minutes of Verwaltungsausschuss, 18 October 1933; Planck to institute directors, 24 October 1933; for discussion of other cases, see Beyler, Kojevnikov, and Wang, Luft, op. cit. note 2, 30;
    • Luft , pp. 30
    • Beyler1    Kojevnikov2    Wang3
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    • note 3
    • Beyler, Luft, op. cit. note 3, 14-15.
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    • See Macrakis, Luft, op. cit. note 1, 5;
    • Luft , pp. 5
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    • note 1
    • Renneberg and Walker, Luft, op. cit. note 1, especially the essays by Walker and Renneberg, Michael J. Neufeld, and Trischler.
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    • see Kristie Macrakis and Dieter Hoffman (eds.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    • This essay considers only the West German succession to the KWS; on former KWS Institutes in the Soviet Zone and the German Democratic Republic, see Kristie Macrakis and Dieter Hoffman (eds.), Science under Socialism: East Germany in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999),
    • (1999) Science under Socialism: East Germany in Comparative Perspective
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    • Surveys of denazification include Ullrich Schneider, 'Zur Entnazifizierung der Hochschullehrer in Niedersachsen 1945-1949', Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte, LXI, (1989), 325-346;
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    • Mitchell G. Ash, 'Verordnete Umbrüche-konstruierte Kontinuitäten: Zur Entnazifizierung von Wissenschaftlern und Wissenschaften nach 1945', Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft, XLIII (10), (1995), 903-923;
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    • idem, Matthias Judt and Burghard Ciesla (eds.), Emmaplein: Harwood
    • idem, 'Denazifying Science and Scientists', in Matthias Judt and Burghard Ciesla (eds.), Technology Transfer out of Germany after 1945 (Emmaplein: Harwood, 1996), 61-80;
    • (1996) Technology Transfer out of Germany after 1945 , pp. 61-80
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    • Hitlers Eliten nach 1945: Eine Bilanz
    • Frankfurt: Campus
    • Norbert Frei, 'Hitlers Eliten nach 1945: Eine Bilanz,' in Karrieren im Zwielicht: Hitlers Eliten nach 1945 (Frankfurt: Campus, 2001), 303-335;
    • (2001) Karrieren Im Zwielicht: Hitlers Eliten Nach 1945 , pp. 303-335
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    • (2001) Physics in Perspective , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 189-209
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    • German Scientists and Research Institutes in Allied Occuation Policy
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    • On Allied science policy in the western zones, see Alan D. Beyerchen, 'German Scientists and Research Institutes in Allied Occuation Policy', History of Education Quarterly, XXII (3), (1982), 289-299;
    • (1982) History of Education Quarterly , vol.22 , Issue.3 , pp. 289-299
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    • Das "Dritte Reich" in der Naturwissenschaftsgeschichte: Literaturbericht und Problemskizze
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    • See, among various illuminating essays by Herbert Mehrtens, particularly the following: 'Das "Dritte Reich" in der Naturwissenschaftsgeschichte: Literaturbericht und Problemskizze', in Mehrtens and Richter, ', Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, op. cit. note 1, 15-87;
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    • '"Missbrauch": Die rhetorische Konstruktion der Technik in Deutschland nach 1945', in Kertz, ', Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, op. cit. note 6, 33-50;
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    • Kertz1
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    • 'Kollaborationsverhältnisse: Natur- und Technikwissenschaften im NS-Staat und ihre Historie', in Meinel and Voswinckel, ', Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, op. cit. note 1, 13-32, esp. 24, 27-29.
    • Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences , pp. 13-32
    • Meinel1    Voswinckel2
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    • Wie in Göttingen die MPG entstand
    • and Otto Gerhard Oexle, 'Wie in Göttingen die MPG entstand', Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Jahrbuch, XLIV (1994), 43-60.
    • (1994) Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Jahrbuch , vol.44 , pp. 43-60
    • Oexle, O.G.1
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    • 27744565937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persilscheinkultur: Zum Umgang mit der NS-Vergangenheit in der Kaiser-Wilhelm/Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
    • Bernd Weisbrod (ed.), Göttingen: Wallstein
    • Carola Sachse, 'Persilscheinkultur: Zum Umgang mit der NS-Vergangenheit in der Kaiser-Wilhelm/Max-Planck-Gesellschaft', in Bernd Weisbrod (ed.), Akademische Vergangenheitspolitik: Beiträge zur Wissenschaftskultur der Nachkriegszeit (Göttingen: Wallstein, 2002), 217-246;
    • (2002) Akademische Vergangenheitspolitik: Beiträge Zur Wissenschaftskultur der Nachkriegszeit , pp. 217-246
    • Sachse, C.1
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    • See ( = Geschichte der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft im Nationalsozialismus, vol. 3), (Gottingen: Wallstein)
    • Staatsarchiv Ludwigsburg, EL 902/20, no. 17/8175, Rosbaud to 'Whom it may concern', 15 September 1947; left unaddressed were the many ways in which 'independent' research contributed to Germany's war effort. See Maier, Rüstungsforschung, im Nationalsozialismus: Organisation, Mobilisierung und Entgrenzung der Technikwissenschaft ( = Geschichte der Kaiser-Wilhelm- Gesellschaft im Nationalsozialismus, vol. 3), (Gottingen: Wallstein, 2002).
    • (2002) Rüstungsforschung, Im Nationalsozialismus: Organisation, Mobilisierung und Entgrenzung der Technikwissenschaft
    • Maier1
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    • Niedersächsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv-Aussenstelle Pattensen, Nda 171 Hildesheim, Nr. 12773, Prandtl, testimonial, 7 June 1946
    • Niedersächsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv-Aussenstelle Pattensen, Nda 171 Hildesheim, Nr. 12773, Prandtl, testimonial, 7 June 1946.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.