Cannabis use and performance in adolescents

Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 59-67

  Malhotra, Anil ^a   Biswas, Parthasarathy ^b  

^a POSTGRADUATE INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH   (India)

^b ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

Author keywords

Acute cognitive effects; Adolescents; Cannabis; Long term cognitive effects

Indexed keywords

CANNABIS;

ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CHILD BEHAVIOR; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONDUCT DISORDER; CRIME; HUMAN; INTOXICATION; LEARNING DISORDER; REVIEW; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; TRAFFIC ACCIDENT; VIOLENCE;

EID: 33749993555     PISSN: 09731342     EISSN: 09731342     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. Ganguly KK, Sharma HK, Krishnamachari KAVR. An ethnographic account of opium consumers in Rajasthan. Addiction 1995; 90: 9-12.
2. Chung T, Colby SM, O'Leary TA, Barnett NP, Monti PM. Screening for cannabis use disorders in an adolescent emergency department sample. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003; 70: 177-186.
3. von Sydow K, Lieb R, Pfister H, Hofler M, Sonntag H, Wittchen HU. The natural course of cannabis use, abuse and dependence over four years: a longitudinal community study of adolescents and young adults. Drug Alcohol Depend 2001; 64: 347-361.
4. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). National Survey on Drug Abuse 2001. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2002. Also Available at http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/nhsda/2k1nhsda/PDF/2k1results.pdf . Last assessed on September 12, 2006.
5. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Monitoring the Future: Overview of key findings, 2001 (NIH Publication No. 02-4690). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2002.
6. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Based on National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2002. Also available at http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/nsduh.htm). Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies, 2003. Last Assessed on September 12, 2006.
7. Brook JS, Balka EB, Whiteman M. The risks for late adolescence of early adolescent marijuana use. Am J Public Health 1999; 89: 1549-1554.
8. Crowley TJ, MacDonald MJ, Whitmore EA, Hall SK, Whitmore EA. Cannabis dependence, withdrawal and reinforcing effects among adolescents with conduct symptoms and substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003; 50: 27-37.
9. Mittal S, Ch'ien JMN. Rapid Assessment Study of Drug Abuse in Target Communities in India. In Developing Community Drug Rehabilitation. Report submitted to Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India, International Labor Organization and United Nations International Drug Control Programme, Regional Office for South Asia, 1998.
10. Ray R (Ed). The Extent, Pattern and Trends of Drug Abuse in India. National Survey. Report submitted to Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Regional Office for South Asia; 2004.
11. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Summary of findings from the 1999 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (National Household Survey on Drug Abuse Series: H-12, DHHS Publication No. SMA 00-3466, 2000. Also available at http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/nsduh.htm). Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies. Last assessed on September 12, 2006.
12. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). 2000 National Survey on Drug Abuse. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001. Also available at http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/nhsda/2knhsda/PDF/2kresults.pdf. Assessed on September 12, 2006. Last assessed on September 12, 2006.
13. Kosterman R, Hawkins JD, Guo J, Catalano RF, Abbott RD. The dynamics of alcohol and marijuana initiation: patterns and predictors of first use in adolescence. Am J Public Health 2000; 90: 360-366.
14. Kandel DB, Raveis VH. Cessation of illicit drug use in young adulthood. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46: 109-116.
15. Aas H, Pedersen W. Stages in Adolescents' drug use. A longitudinal study. Stadier i ungdoms bruk av rusmidler: En longitudinell studie. Nordisk Alkohol Tidskrift 1993; 10: 145-154.
16. Golub A, Johnson BD. The shifting importance of alcohol and marijuana as gateway substances among serious drug abusers. J Stud Alcohol 1994; 55: 607-614.
17. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Early onset cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in young adults. Addiction 1997, 92: 279-296.
18. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Cannabis use and dependence in a New Zealand birth cohort. N Z Med J 2000; 113: 156-158.
19. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Swain-Campbell N. Cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in adolescence and young adulthood. Addiction 2002, 97: 1123-1135.
20. Gold MS. Marijuana. New York: Plenum Medical Book Company, 1989.
21. McCreary Centre Society. Healthy Connections: Listening to BC Youth. Burnaby: The McCreary Centre Society, 1999.
22. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). NHSDA Report: Marijuana use among youths. SAMHSA, 2002. Based on data from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse 2000. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2002. Also Available at http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/2k2/YouthMJuse/YouthMJuse.htm. Last assessed on March 17, 2006.
23. Jacobsen LK, Mencl W, Westerveld M, Pugh KR. Impact of Cannabis Use on Brain Function in Adolescents. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004; 1021: 384-390.
24. Bernel B, Ardila A, Bateman JR. Cognitive impairments in adolescent drug abusers. Int J Neurosci 1994; 75: 203-212.
25. Pope HG Jr, Gruber AJ, Yurgelun-Todd D. The residual neuropsychological effects of cannabis: the current status of research. Drug Alcohol Depend 1995; 38: 25-34.
26. Kleiman MAR. Marijuana: costs of abuse, costs of control. In: Polich, JM, Ellickson PL, Reuter P, Kahan JP (Eds) Strategies for Controlling Adolescent Drug Use. Santa Monica, California: The Rand Corporation 1984.
27. Baumrind D, Moselle KA. A development perspective on adolescent drug abuse. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 1985; 4: 41-67.
28. Polich JM, Ellickson PL, Reuter P, Kahan JP. Strategies for controlling Alcohol Drug Use. Santa Monica, California: The Rand Corporation 1984.
29. Kolansky H, Moore WT. Effects of marihuana on adolescents and young adults. JAMA 1971; 216: 486-492.
30. Lantner IL. Marijuana abuse by children and teenagers: a pediatrician's view. In: National Institute on Drug Abuse (Ed): Marijuana and Youth: Clinical Observations on Motivation and Learning. Rockville, Maryland: National Institute on Drug Abuse 1982.
31. Milman DH. Psychological effects of cannabis in adolescence. In: National Institute on Drug Abuse (Ed) Marijuana and Youth: Clinical Observations on Motivation and Learning. Rockville, Maryland: National Institute on Drug Abuse 1982.
32. Smith DE, Seymour RB. Clinical perspectives on the toxicity of marijuana: 1967-1981. In National Institute on Drug Abuse (Ed) Marijuana and Youth: Clinical Observations on Motivation and Learning. Rockville, Maryland: National Institute on Drug Abuse 1982.
33. Malhotra A, Basu D. Cannabis use and performance. In: Mohan D, Pal H (Eds) Cannabis: Health damage? New Delhi: All India Institute of Medical Sciences 1997.
34. Jones RT. Human effects. In: Marijuana and Health. Eighth Annual Report to the U.S. Congress from the Secretary of Health and Human Services. Rockville, Maryland: National Institute on Drug Abuse 1980.
35. Kolansky H, Moore WT. Clinical effects of marijuana on the young. Int J Psychiatry 1972; 10: 55-67.
36. Lundqvist T. Chronic cannabis use and the sense of coherence. Life Sci. 1995; 56: 2145-2150.
37. Schwartz RH, Gruenewald PJ, Klitzner M, Fedio P. Short term memory impairment in cannabis-dependent adolescents. Am J Dis Child 1989; 143: 1214-1219.
38. Varma VK, Malhotra AK, Dang R, Das K, Nehra R. Cannabis and cognitive functions: a prospective study. Drug Alcohol Depend 1988; 21: 147-152.
39. Jones RT, Benowitz N, Bachman J. Clinical studies of cannabis tolerance and dependence. Ann NY Acad Sci 1976; 282: 221-239.
40. Chait LD. Subjective and behavioral effects of marijuana the morning after smoking. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1990; 100: 328-333.
41. Pope HG, Gruber AJ, Yurgelun-Todd D. The residual neuropsychological effects of cannabis: the current status of research. Drug Alcohol Dependency 1996; 38: 25-43.
42. Block RI, Farnham S, Braverman K, Ghoneim MM. Long-term marijuana use and subsequent effects on learning and cognitive functions related to school achievements- Preliminary study. In: Spencer JW, Boren JJ (Eds) Residual Effects of Abused Drugs on Behavior, NIDA Research Monograph 101. Rockville, Maryland: National Institute on Drug Abuse 1990: pp 96-102.
43. Block RI, Ghoneim MM. Effects of chronic marijuana use on human cognition. Psychopharmacol 1993; 110: 537-555.
44. Ellis GM, Mann MA, Judson BA, Schramm NT, Tashchian A. Excretion pattern of cannabinoid metabolites after last use in a group of chronic users. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1985; 38: 572-576.
45. Cridland JS, Rottanberg D, Robins AH. Apparent half-life of excretion of cannabinoids in man. Hum Toxicol 1983; 2: 641-644.
46. Heustis MA, Mitchell JM, Cone EJ. Detection times of marijuana metabolites in urine by immunoassay and GC-MS. J Anal Toxicol 1995; 19: 443-449.
47. Amia T, Bahri T. Effects of substance abuse on visuographic function. Percept Motor Skills 1994; 78: 235-241.
48. Kouri E, Pope HG Jr, Yurgelun-Todd D, Gruber S. Attributes of heavy versus occasional marijuana smokers in a college population. Biol Psychiatry 1995; 38: 475-481.
49. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Press Release: Federal Study Links Wide Range of Behavior Problems in Marijuana use by Teens. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 1998. Also available online at: http://www.samhsa.gov/press/980922fs.htm. Last assessed on September 13, 2006.
50. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Infofax: Marijuana: National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), 2001. Also available Online: http://www.nida.nih.gov/ Infofax/marijuana.html]. Last assessed on September 13, 2006
51. Bolla KI, Brown K, Eldeth D, Tate K, Cadet JL. Dose-related neurocognitive effects of marijuana use. Neurology 2002; 59: 1337-1343.
52. Maag JW, Irwin DM, Reid R, Vasa SF. Prevalence and predictors of substance use: a comparison between adolescents with or without learning disabilities. J Learning Disabilities 1994; 27: 223-234.
53. Rob M, Reynolds I, Finayson PF. Adolescent marijuana use: risk factors and implications. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1990; 24: 45-56.
54. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Beautrais AL. Cannabis and educational achievement. Addiction 2003; 98: 1681-1692.
55. Tonkin RS. Adolescent Health Survey II Fact Sheet: Marijuana Use Among BC Youth. Burnaby: McCreary Centre Society 2001.
56. Tonkin RS: Marijuana use in adolescence. Paediatr Child Health 2002; 7: 73-75.
57. Whitney SB, Conti JN. Adolescent drug abuse: problem and prospectus. Medical Law 1990; 9: 972-985.
58. McGee R, Williams S, Poulton R, Moffitt T. A longitudinal study of cannabis use and mental health from adolescence to early adulthood. Addiction 2000; 95: 491-503.
59. Patton GC, Coffey C, Carlin JB, Degenhardt L, Lynskey M, Hall W. Cannabis use and mental health in young people: cohort study. BMJ 2002; 325: 1195-1198.
60. Rey JM, Sawyer MG, Raphael B, Patton GC, Lynskey M. Mental health of teenagers who use cannabis. Results of an Australian survey. Br J Psychiatry 2002; 180: 216-221.
61. Block RI. Does heavy marijuana use impair human cognition and brain function? JAMA 1996; 275: 560-561.