메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 12, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 15-32

Diagnosis and management of delirium

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; ANTIPARKINSON AGENT; ARIPIPRAZOLE; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CARDIOVASCULAR AGENT; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CORTICOSTEROID; GASTROINTESTINAL AGENT; HALOPERIDOL; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; MIANSERIN; MUSCLE RELAXANT AGENT; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NEUROTRANSMITTER; OLANZAPINE; ONDANSETRON; OPIATE; PHYSOSTIGMINE; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; SEDATIVE AGENT; THIORIDAZINE; TRAZODONE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALPROIC ACID; ZIPRASIDONE;

EID: 33749665789     PISSN: 10802371     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1212/01.CON.0000290498.73645.50     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (8)

References (42)
  • 2
    • 0033623968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of the 5-HT3-receptor antagonist ondansetron for the treatment of postcardiotomy delirium
    • ▶ Bayindir O, Akpinar B, Can E, et al. The use of the 5-HT3-receptor antagonist ondansetron for the treatment of postcardiotomy delirium. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2000;14:288-292. A study of ondansetron for delirium found a single dose of 8 mg to be effective.
    • (2000) J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth , vol.14 , pp. 288-292
    • Bayindir, O.1    Akpinar, B.2    Can, E.3
  • 3
    • 85047690226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adjunctive valproic acid for delirium and/or agitation on a consultation-liaison service: A report of six cases
    • ▶ Bourgeois JA, Koike AK, Simmons JE, et al. Adjunctive valproic acid for delirium and/or agitation on a consultation-liaison service: a report of six cases. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005;17:232-238. Six cases with complex or prolonged delirium received intravenous (IV) or by mouth (PO) valproate adjunctively to help manage delirium and agitation.
    • (2005) J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci , vol.17 , pp. 232-238
    • Bourgeois, J.A.1    Koike, A.K.2    Simmons, J.E.3
  • 4
    • 0036097548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The delirium experience: Delirium recall and delirium-related distress in hospitalized patients with cancer, their spouses/caregivers, and their nurses
    • ▶ Breitbart W, Gibson C, Tremblay A. The delirium experience: delirium recall and delirium-related distress in hospitalized patients with cancer, their spouses/caregivers, and their nurses. Psychosomatics 2002a;43:183-194. Patients' memories of delirium episodes are frequently distressing. Delirium episodes are also distressing to family members.
    • (2002) Psychosomatics , vol.43 , pp. 183-194
    • Breitbart, W.1    Gibson, C.2    Tremblay, A.3
  • 5
    • 0030955090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale
    • ▶ Breitbart W, Rosenfeld B, Roth A, et al. The Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale. J Pain Symptom Manage 1997;13:128-137. Two studies of medically hospitalized patients were conducted to assess the reliability and validity of a new measure of delirium severity.
    • (1997) J Pain Symptom Manage , vol.13 , pp. 128-137
    • Breitbart, W.1    Rosenfeld, B.2    Roth, A.3
  • 6
    • 0036097170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An open trial of olanzapine for the treatment of delirium in hospitalized cancer patients
    • ▶ Breitbart W, Tremblay A, Gibson C. An open trial of olanzapine for the treatment of delirium in hospitalized cancer patients. Psychosomatics 2002b;43:175-182. A trial of olanzapine for delirium in cancer found it effective; 30% of patients experienced sedation. Olanzapine is an alternative to haloperidol.
    • (2002) Psychosomatics , vol.43 , pp. 175-182
    • Breitbart, W.1    Tremblay, A.2    Gibson, C.3
  • 8
    • 6344291183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium in acute stroke: A preliminary study of the role of anticholinergic medications
    • ▶ Caeiro L, Ferro JM, Claro MI, et al. Delirium in acute stroke: a preliminary study of the role of anticholinergic medications. Eur J Neurol 2004; 11:699-704. A study that showed increased risk of delirium post-cerebrovascular accident in patients with use of anticholinergics.
    • (2004) Eur J Neurol , vol.11 , pp. 699-704
    • Caeiro, L.1    Ferro, J.M.2    Claro, M.I.3
  • 9
    • 0029737483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium induced by lithium and risperidone combination
    • ▶ Chen B, Cardasis W. Delirium induced by lithium and risperidone combination. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:1233-1234. A case report of delirium in the context of risperidone and lithium treatment in an elderly patient.
    • (1996) Am J Psychiatry , vol.153 , pp. 1233-1234
    • Chen, B.1    Cardasis, W.2
  • 10
    • 0037367251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An empirical study of different diagnostic criteria for delirium among elderly medical inpatients
    • ▶ Cole MG, Dendukuri N, McCusker J, Han L. An empirical study of different diagnostic criteria for delirium among elderly medical inpatients. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2003;15:200-207. Comparison study showed that more-inclusive delirium diagnostic criteria (eg, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria) more accurately capture hypoactive-delirium cases.
    • (2003) J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci , vol.15 , pp. 200-207
    • Cole, M.G.1    Dendukuri, N.2    McCusker, J.3    Han, L.4
  • 11
    • 0034962365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Referral pattern of neurological patients to psychiatric consultation-liaison services in 33 European hospitals
    • ▶ de Jonge P, Huyse FJ, Herzog T, et al. Referral pattern of neurological patients to psychiatric consultation-liaison services in 33 European hospitals. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2001;23:152-157. A European study of referral patterns to consultation-liaison psychiatry in Europe showed that a significant percentage of neurology patients referred for psychiatric consultation present with cognitive and other ''organic'' impairment.
    • (2001) Gen Hosp Psychiatry , vol.23 , pp. 152-157
    • De Jonge, P.1    Huyse, F.J.2    Herzog, T.3
  • 12
    • 0034100066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute confusional states during treatment with risperidone
    • ▶ Doig A, Sembhi S, Livingston G. Acute confusional states during treatment with risperidone. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000;15:534-535. Case report of delirium apparently resulting from risperidone treatment in an elderly male.
    • (2000) Int J Geriatr Psychiatry , vol.15 , pp. 534-535
    • Doig, A.1    Sembhi, S.2    Livingston, G.3
  • 13
    • 16644389537 scopus 로고
    • Delirium, a syndrome of cerebral insufficiency
    • ▶ Engel GL, Romano J. Delirium, a syndrome of cerebral insufficiency. 1959. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2004;16:526-538. Classic article of phenomenology and pathophysiology of delirium.
    • (1959) J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci , vol.16 , pp. 526-538
    • Engel, G.L.1    Romano, J.2
  • 14
    • 11144340901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychotogenic drugs and delirium pathogenesis: The central role of the thalamus
    • ▶ Gaudreau JD, Gagnon P. Psychotogenic drugs and delirium pathogenesis: the central role of the thalamus. Med Hypotheses 2005;64:471-475. A provocative model for delirium pathophysiology relating multiple neurotransmitter system alterations with thalamic "gating" model.
    • (2005) Med Hypotheses , vol.64 , pp. 471-475
    • Gaudreau, J.D.1    Gagnon, P.2
  • 15
    • 0035150202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antipsychotic drugs: Prolonged QTc interval, torsade de pointes, and sudden death
    • ▶ Glassman AH, Bigger JT Jr. Antipsychotic drugs: prolonged QTc interval, torsade de pointes, and sudden death. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:1774-1782. Major review of the issues of antipsychotic drugs and QT corrected for heart rate (QTc) prolongation, torsade des pointes, and sudden cardiac death.
    • (2001) Am J Psychiatry , vol.158 , pp. 1774-1782
    • Glassman, A.H.1    Bigger Jr., J.T.2
  • 16
    • 3042549215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A double-blind trial of risperidone and haloperidol for the treatment of delirium
    • ▶ Han CS, Kim YK. A double-blind trial of risperidone and haloperidol for the treatment of delirium. Psychosomatics 2004;45:297-301. A study that showed risperidone was equally effective as haloperidol in the treatment of delirium.
    • (2004) Psychosomatics , vol.45 , pp. 297-301
    • Han, C.S.1    Kim, Y.K.2
  • 17
    • 0842312953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of sedation in mechanically ventilated patients
    • ▶ Hogarth DK, Hall J. Management of sedation in mechanically ventilated patients. Curr Opin Crit Care 2004;10:40-46. A review of multiple agents of interest in sedation of critically ill patients, overlaps with delirium management; compares several different medication classes.
    • (2004) Curr Opin Crit Care , vol.10 , pp. 40-46
    • Hogarth, D.K.1    Hall, J.2
  • 18
    • 0036152552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult
    • ▶ Jacobi J, Fraser GL, Coursin DB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult. Crit Care Med 2002;30:119-141. Extensive review of several different classes of medications for sedation and analgesia in the intensive care unit setting.
    • (2002) Crit Care Med , vol.30 , pp. 119-141
    • Jacobi, J.1    Fraser, G.L.2    Coursin, D.B.3
  • 19
    • 0038149626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-acting injectable risperidone: Efficacy and safety of the first long-acting atypical antipsychotic
    • ▶ Kane JM, Eerdekens M, Lindenmayer JP, et al. Long-acting injectable risperidone: efficacy and safety of the first long-acting atypical antipsychotic. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:1125-1132. An early study of long-acting risperidone, dosing, and clinical effectiveness.
    • (2003) Am J Psychiatry , vol.160 , pp. 1125-1132
    • Kane, J.M.1    Eerdekens, M.2    Lindenmayer, J.P.3
  • 20
    • 0036188136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ziprasidone treatment of delirium
    • ▶ Leso L, Schwartz TL. Ziprasidone treatment of delirium. Psychosomatics 2002;43:61-62. A case report of ziprasidone for delirium in a patient at risk for movement disorder from other antipsychotics.
    • (2002) Psychosomatics , vol.43 , pp. 61-62
    • Leso, L.1    Schwartz, T.L.2
  • 21
    • 0035915713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium: Optimising management
    • ▶ Meagher DJ. Delirium: optimising management. BMJ 2001;322:144-149. A recent major review of diagnosis and management of delirium written by a consultant psychiatrist.
    • (2001) BMJ , vol.322 , pp. 144-149
    • Meagher, D.J.1
  • 22
    • 2942711562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risperidone in the treatment of delirium: Results from a prospective open-label trial
    • ▶ Mittal D, Jimerson NA, Neely EP, et al. Risperidone in the treatment of delirium: results from a prospective open-label trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:662-667. Study that found risperidone effective and safe as monotherapy for delirium, including no cases experiencing movement disorders.
    • (2004) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.65 , pp. 662-667
    • Mittal, D.1    Jimerson, N.A.2    Neely, E.P.3
  • 23
    • 2342465494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risperidone in the treatment of patients with delirium
    • ▶ Parellada E, Baeza I, de Pablo J, Martinez G. Risperidone in the treatment of patients with delirium. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:348-353. Study of risperidone as monotherapy for delirium with good clinical efficacy and safety; no patients experienced extrapyramidal symptoms (EPSs).
    • (2004) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.65 , pp. 348-353
    • Parellada, E.1    Baeza, I.2    De Pablo, J.3    Martinez, G.4
  • 24
    • 0031947114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium in elderly patients treated with risperidone: A report of three cases
    • ▶ Ravona-Springer R, Dolberg OT, Hirschmann S, Grunhaus L. Delirium in elderly patients treated with risperidone: a report of three cases. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1998;18:171-172. Case series of apparent risperidone-induced delirium in three elderly patients.
    • (1998) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.18 , pp. 171-172
    • Ravona-Springer, R.1    Dolberg, O.T.2    Hirschmann, S.3    Grunhaus, L.4
  • 25
    • 0034756866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence, detection and treatment of anxiety, depression, and delirium in the adult critical care unit
    • ▶ Rincon HG, Granados M, Unutzer J, et al. Prevalence, detection and treatment of anxiety, depression, and delirium in the adult critical care unit. Psychosomatics 2001;42:391-396. Prospective study found delirium in 7% of intensive care unit admissions.
    • (2001) Psychosomatics , vol.42 , pp. 391-396
    • Rincon, H.G.1    Granados, M.2    Unutzer, J.3
  • 26
    • 0036336232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium. Pragmatic guidance for managing a common, confounding, and sometimes lethal condition
    • ▶ Samuels SC, Evers MM. Delirium. Pragmatic guidance for managing a common, confounding, and sometimes lethal condition. Geriatrics 2002;57:33-38. Concise review of diagnosis and management of delirium from a geriatrics perspective.
    • (2002) Geriatrics , vol.57 , pp. 33-38
    • Samuels, S.C.1    Evers, M.M.2
  • 27
    • 2442489731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How do delirium and dementia increase length of stay of elderly general medical inpatients?
    • ▶ Saravay SM, Kaplowitz M, Kurek J, et al. How do delirium and dementia increase length of stay of elderly general medical inpatients? Psychosomatics 2004;45:235-242. Study showed that elderly patients with delirium and dementia have increased length of stay substantially due to cognitive symptoms that precede behavioral problems.
    • (2004) Psychosomatics , vol.45 , pp. 235-242
    • Saravay, S.M.1    Kaplowitz, M.2    Kurek, J.3
  • 28
    • 0028280094 scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric comorbidity and length of stay in the general hospital. A critical review of outcome studies
    • ▶ Saravay SM, Lavin M. Psychiatric comorbidity and length of stay in the general hospital. A critical review of outcome studies. Psychosomatics 1994;35:233-252. Major review of psychiatric consultation-liaison outcome studies showed that cognitively impaired patients (with both delirium and dementia) have longer hospital length of stay.
    • (1994) Psychosomatics , vol.35 , pp. 233-252
    • Saravay, S.M.1    Lavin, M.2
  • 29
    • 0344982230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective, open-label, flexible-dose study of quetiapine in the treatment of delirium
    • ▶ Sasaki Y, Matsuyama T, Inoue S, et al. A prospective, open-label, flexible-dose study of quetiapine in the treatment of delirium. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;63:1316-1321. A study of quetiapine for delirium (mean dose 44.9 mg/d) showed clinical effectiveness and favorable safety profile.
    • (2003) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.63 , pp. 1316-1321
    • Sasaki, Y.1    Matsuyama, T.2    Inoue, S.3
  • 30
    • 3442876461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric aspects of Parkinson's disease - An update
    • ▶ Schrag A. Psychiatric aspects of Parkinson's disease - an update. J Neurol 2004;251:795-804. A comprehensive review of psychiatric comorbidity in Parkinson's disease.
    • (2004) J Neurol , vol.251 , pp. 795-804
    • Schrag, A.1
  • 31
    • 0036091838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of delirium
    • ▶ Schwartz TL, Masand PS. The role of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of delirium. Psychosomatics 2002;43:171-174. A review of the growing literature on atypical antipsychotics for delirium and their relative safety and effectiveness.
    • (2002) Psychosomatics , vol.43 , pp. 171-174
    • Schwartz, T.L.1    Masand, P.S.2
  • 32
    • 0031681225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Olanzapine in the treatment of delirium
    • ▶ Sipahimalani A, Masand PS. Olanzapine in the treatment of delirium. Psychosomatics 1998;39:422-430. A study of olanzapine versus haloperidol for delirium showed clinical efficacy and a favorable safety experience for olanzapine, while the majority of the haloperidol patients experienced EPS or sedation.
    • (1998) Psychosomatics , vol.39 , pp. 422-430
    • Sipahimalani, A.1    Masand, P.S.2
  • 33
    • 0031972229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risperidone-induced delirium
    • ▶ Tavcar R, Dernovsek MZ. Risperidone-induced delirium. Can J Psychiatry 1998;43:194. A case report of delirium following risperidone use in an elderly female patient.
    • (1998) Can J Psychiatry , vol.43 , pp. 194
    • Tavcar, R.1    Dernovsek, M.Z.2
  • 34
    • 0035407739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of quetiapine in delirium: Case reports
    • ▶ Torres R, Mittal D, Kennedy R. Use of quetiapine in delirium: case reports. Psychosomatics 2001;42:347-349. A case series of two patients with delirium successfully treated with quetiapine.
    • (2001) Psychosomatics , vol.42 , pp. 347-349
    • Torres, R.1    Mittal, D.2    Kennedy, R.3
  • 35
    • 0034167698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is there a final common neural pathway in delirium? Focus on acetylcholine and dopamine
    • ▶ Trzepacz PT. Is there a final common neural pathway in delirium? Focus on acetylcholine and dopamine. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 2000;5:13-148. Acetylcholine deficiency and dopamine excess - absolute and/or relative to each other-appear to be critical in the final common pathway of delirium.
    • (2000) Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry , vol.5 , pp. 13-148
    • Trzepacz, P.T.1
  • 36
    • 0034984728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of the Delirium Rating Scale-revised-98: Comparison with the delirium rating scale and the cognitive test for delirium
    • ▶ Trzepacz PT, Mittal D, Torres R, et al. Validation of the Delirium Rating Scale-revised-98: comparison with the delirium rating scale and the cognitive test for delirium. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001;13:229-242. Validation of the modified version of the Delirium Rating Scale for clinical use in delirium diagnosis and monitoring.
    • (2001) J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci , vol.13 , pp. 229-242
    • Trzepacz, P.T.1    Mittal, D.2    Torres, R.3
  • 37
    • 0034795320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anticholinergic effects of medication in elderly patients
    • ▶ Tune LE. Anticholinergic effects of medication in elderly patients. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:11-14. Review of the cognitive toxicity following anticholinergic medications in elderly patients.
    • (2001) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.62 , pp. 11-14
    • Tune, L.E.1
  • 38
    • 0345255942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium in children and adolescents
    • ▶ Turkel SB, Tavare CJ. Delirium in children and adolescents. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2003;15:431-435. Study showed that the phenomenology of delirium in children resembles that in adults, although psychosis and disorientation are less characteristic. Lengths of stay and mortality are high in patients with delirium.
    • (2003) J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci , vol.15 , pp. 431-435
    • Turkel, S.B.1    Tavare, C.J.2
  • 40
    • 0003485638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Food and Drug Administration Psychopharmacological Drugs Advisory Committee. [cited March 7, 2006]. Available from
    • ▶ US Food and Drug Administration Psychopharmacological Drugs Advisory Committee. Briefing document for Zeldox capsules (Ziprasidone HCl). [online] 2000 [cited March 7, 2006]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/ ohrms/dockets/ac/00/backgrd/3619b1a.pdf. Study outlining QTc prolongation intervals with several antipsychotics.
    • (2000) Briefing Document for Zeldox Capsules (Ziprasidone HCl). [Online]
  • 41
    • 1942505360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium: Current trends in prevention and treatment
    • ▶ Weber JB, Coverdale JH, Kunik ME. Delirium: current trends in prevention and treatment. Intern Med J 2004;34:115-121. Comprehensive review of diagnosis and management of delirium from a general medical perspective, including reviews of clinical trials for prevention and treatment.
    • (2004) Intern Med J , vol.34 , pp. 115-121
    • Weber, J.B.1    Coverdale, J.H.2    Kunik, M.E.3
  • 42
    • 4344630011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous ziprasidone for treatment of delirium in the intensive care unit
    • ▶ Young CC, Lujan E. Intravenous ziprasidone for treatment of delirium in the intensive care unit. Anesthesiology 2004;101:794-795. Case report of intravenous use of ziprasidone in a patient in the intensive care unit.
    • (2004) Anesthesiology , vol.101 , pp. 794-795
    • Young, C.C.1    Lujan, E.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.