Ekman layer rectification

Journal of Physical Oceanography

Volumn 36, Issue 8, 2006, Pages 1646-1659

  McWilliams, James C ^a   Huckle, Edward ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CORIOLIS FREQUENCY; EKMAN LAYER RECTIFICATION; WIND SPEED;

BOUNDARY LAYERS; BUOYANCY; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION; TURBULENCE; TURBULENT FLOW; VISCOSITY; WIND STRESS;

OCEANOGRAPHY;

EKMAN LAYER; SURFACE WIND; TURBULENCE; TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER; VELOCITY PROFILE; WIND-DRIVEN CURRENT;

EID: 33749660342     PISSN: 00223670     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JPO2912.1     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Andren, A., A. R. Brown, J. Graf, P. J. Mason, C.-H. Moeng, F. T. M. Nieuwstadt, and U. Schumann, 1994: Large-eddy simulation of the neutrally stratified boundary layer: A comparison of four computer codes. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 1457-1484.
2. Caldwell, D. R., C. W. van Atta, and K. N. Helland, 1972: A laboratory study of the turbulent Ekman layer. Geophys. Fluid Dyn., 3, 125-160.
3. Chereskin, T. K., 1995: Direct evidence for an Ekman balance in the California Current. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18 261-18 269.
4. Chereskin, T. K., W. D. Wilson, H. L. Bryden, A. Field, and J. Morrison, 1997: Observations of the Ekman balance at 8°30′N in the Arabian Sea during the 1995 southwest monsoon. Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2541-2544.
5. Coleman, G. N., 1999: Similarity statistics from a direct numerical simulation of the neutrally stratified planetary boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 891-900.
6. Coleman, G. N., J. H. Ferziger, and P. R. Spalart, 1990: A numerical study of the turbulent Ekman layer. J. Fluid Mech., 213, 313-348,
7. Crawford, B. B., and W. G. Large, 1996: A numerical investigation of resonant inertial response of the ocean to wind forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 873-891.
8. D'Asaro, E. A., C. C. Eriksen, M. D. Levine, P. P. Niiler, C. A. Paulson, and P. Van Meurs, 1995: Upper ocean inertial currents forced by a strong storm. Part I: Data and comparisons with linear theory. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 2819-2830.
9. Ekman, V. W., 1905: On the influence of the earth's rotation on ocean currents. Arch. Math. Astron. Phys., 2, 1-52.
10. Garwood, R. W., P. C. Gallacher, and P. Müller, 1985a: Wind direction and equilibrium mixed layer depth: General theory. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 1325-1331.
11. Garwood, R. W., P. Müller, and P. C. Gallacher, 1985b: Wind direction and equilibrium mixed layer depth in the tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 1332-1338.
12. Germano, M., U. Piomelli, P. Moin, and W. H. Cabot, 1991: A dynamic subgrid-scale eddy viscosity model. Phys. Fluids, A3, 1760-1765.
13. Large, W. G., and W. B. Crawford, 1995: Observations and simulations of upper-ocean response to wind events during the Ocean Storms Experiment. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 2831-2852.
14. Large, W. G., J. C. McWilliams, and S. C. Doney, 1994: Oceanic vertical mixing: A review and a model with a non-local K-profile boundary layer parameterization. Rev. Geophys., 32, 363-403.
15. Madsen, O. S., 1977: A realistic model of the wind-induced Ekman boundary layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 248-255.
16. McWilliams, J. C., P. P. Sullivan, and C.-H. Moeng, 1997: Langmuir turbulence in the ocean. J. Fluid Mech., 334, 1-30.
17. Niiler, P. P., N. A. Maximenko, and J. C. McWilliams, 2003: Dynamically balanced absolute sea level of the global ocean derived from near-surface velocity observations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2164, doi:10.1029/2003GL018628.
18. Pollard, R. T., and R. C. Millard Jr., 1970: Comparison between observed and simulated wind-generated inertial oscillations. Deep-Sea Res., 17, 813-821.
19. Pollard, R. T., P. B. Rhines, and R. O. R. Y. Thompson, 1973: The deepeing of the wind-mixed layer. Geophys, Fluid Dyn., 3, 381-404
20. Price, J. F., and M. A. Sundermeyer, 1999: Stratified Ekman layers. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 20 467-20 494.
21. Price, J. F., R. A. Weller, and R. R. Schudlich, 1987: Wind-driven ocean currents and Ekman transport. Science, 236, 1534-1538.
22. Ralph, E. A., and P. P. Niiler, 1999: Wind-driven currents in the tropical Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 2121-2129.
23. Sullivan, P. P., J. C. McWilliams, and W. K. Melville, 2004: The oceanic boundary layer driven by wave breaking with stochastic variability. I: Direct numerical simulation of neutrally-stratified shear flow. J. Fluid Mech., 507, 143-174.
24. Terray, E. A., M. A. Donelan, Y. C. Agrawal, W. M. Drennan, K. K. Kahma, A. J. Williams III, P. A. Hwang, and S. A. Kitaigorodskii, 1996: Estimates of kinetic energy dissipation under breaking waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 792-807.
25. van Meurs, P., 1998: Interactions between near-inertial mixed-layer currents and the mesoscale: The importance of spatial variabilities in the vorticity field. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 1363-1388.
26. Weller, R. A., 1981: Observations of the velocity response to wind forcing in the upper ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 86, 1969-1977.
27. Weller, R. A., and A. J. Plueddemann, 1996: Observations of the vertical structure of the oceanic boundary layer. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 8789-8806.
28. Wijffels, S., E. Firing, and H. Bryden, 1994: Direct observations of the Ekman balance at 10°N in the Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1666-1679.
29. Zikanov, O., D. N. Slinn, and M. R. Dhanak, 2003: Large-eddy simulations of the wind-induced turbulent Ekman layer. J. Fluid Mech., 495, 343-368.