Exhumation history of a garnet pyroxenite-bearing mantle section from a continent-ocean transition (Northern Apennine Ophiolites, Italy)

Journal of Petrology

Volumn 47, Issue 10, 2006, Pages 1943-1971

  Montanini, Alessandra ^a   Tribuzio, R ^b,c   Anczkiewicz, R ^d,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PARMA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PAVIA   (Italy)

^c CNR   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^e POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (Poland)

Author keywords

Garnet pyroxenite; Mantle exhumation; Non volcanic margin; Ophiolite; Sm Nd and Lu Hf geochronology

Indexed keywords

CLINOPYROXENE; EXHUMATION; GARNET GROUP; JURASSIC; MAFIC ROCK; MANTLE; OPHIOLITE; PERIDOTITE; PYROXENITE;

APENNINES; EURASIA; EUROPE; ITALY; SOUTHERN EUROPE;

EID: 33749606333     PISSN: 00223530     EISSN: 14602415     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/petrology/egl032     Document Type: Article

References (154)

1. Adam, J., Green, T. H. & Day, R.A. (1992). An experimental study of two garnet pyroxenite xenoliths from the Bullenmerri and Gnotuk Maars of western Victoria, Australia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 111, 505-514.
2. Agrinier, P., Mevel, C. & Girardeau, J. (1988). Hydrothermal alteration of the peridotites cored at the ocean/continent boundary of the Iberian margin: Petrologic and stable isotope evidence. In: Boillot, G. Winterer, E. L., et al. (eds) Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results, 103. College Station, TX: Ocean Drilling Program, pp. 225-233.
3. Allen, D. E. & Seyfried, W. E.,Jr (2003). Compositional controls on vent fluids from ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems at midocean ridges: an experimental study at 400°C, 500 bars. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 67, 1531-1542.
4. 2+-Mg exchange geothermometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 115, 467-473.
5. Alt, J. C. & Shanks, W. C. (1998). Sulphur in serpentinized oceanic peridotites: Serpentinization processes and microbial sulfate reduction. Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 9917-9929.
6. Anczkiewicz, R., Platt, P., Thirlwall, M. F. & Wakabayashi, J. (2004). Franciscan subduction off to a slow start: Evidence from high precision Lu-Hf garnet ages on high grade blocks. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 225, 147-161.
7. Apted, M. J. & Liou, J. G. (1983). Phase relations among greenschist-epidote amphibolite and amphibolite in a basaltic system. American Journal of Science 283, 328-354.
8. Arnold, J., Jacoby, W. R., Schmeling, H. & Schott, B. (2001). Continental collision and the dynamic and thermal evolution of the Variscan orogenic crustal root-numerical models. Journal of Geodynamics 31, 273-291.
9. Barrett, J. J. & Spooner, E. F. C. (1977). Ophiolitic breccias associated with allochthonous oceanic crustal rocks in the East Ligurian Apennines, Italy-a comparison with observations from rifted oceanic ridges. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 35, 79-91.
10. Beccaluva, L., Macciotta, G., Piccardo, G. B. & Zeda, O. (1984). Petrology of lherzolitic rocks from the Northern Apennine ophiolites. Lithos 17, 299-316.
11. Bedini, R. M., Blichert-Toft, J., Boyet, M. & Albarède, F. (2004). Isotopic constraints on the cooling of the continental lithosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 223, 99-111.
12. Bernini, M., Vescovi, P. & Zanzucchi, G. (1997). Schema strutturale dell'Appennino settentrionale. Ateneo Parmense Acta Naturalia 33, 43-54.
13. Bertotti, G. (1991). Early Mesozoic extension and Alpine shortening in the western Southern Alps: The geology of the area between Lugano and Menaggio (Lombardy, Northern Italy). Memorie della Società Geologica di Padova 43, 17-123.
14. Bertotti, G., Picotti, V., Bernoulli, D. & Castellarin, A. (1993). From rifting to drifting: Tectonic evolution of the South-Alpine upper crust from the Triassic to the Early Cretaceous. Sedimentary Geology 86, 53-76.
15. Bertotti, G., Seward, D., Wijbrans, J., Ter Voorde, M. & Urford, A. J. (1999). Crustal thermal regime prior to, during, and after rifting: A geochronological and modeling study of the Mesozoic South Alpine rifted margin. Tectonics 18, 185-200.
16. Beslier, M. O., Cornen, G. & Girardeau, J. (1996). Tectonometamorphic evolution of peridotites from the ocean/continent transition of the Iberia Abyssal Plain. In: Sawyer, D. S., Whitmarsh, R. B. Klaus, A., et al. (eds) Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results, 149. College Station, TX: Ocean Drilling Program, pp. 397-411.
17. Bill, M., O'Dogherty, L., Guex, J., Baumgartner, P. O. & Masson, H. (2001). Radiolarite ages in Alpine-Mediterranean ophiolites: Constraints on the oceanic spreading and the Tethys-Atlantic connection. Geological Society of America Bulletin 113, 129-143.
18. Blichert-Toft, J. & Albarède, F. (1997). The Lu-Hf isotope geochemistry of chondrites and the evolution of the mantle-crust system. Earth Planetary Scence Letters 148, 243-258.
19. Blichert-Toft, J., Albarède, F. & Kornprobst, J. (1999). Lu-Hf isotope systematics of garnet pyroxenites from Beni Bousera, Morocco: implications for basalt origin. Science 283, 1303-1306.
20. Boillot, G., Feraud, G., Recq, M. & Girardeau, J. (1989). Undercrusting by serpentinite beneath rifted margins. Nature 6242, 523-525.
21. Boland, J. N. & Van Roermund, H. L. M. (1983). Mechanisms of exsolution in omphacites from high-temperature type B eclogites. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 9, 30-37.
22. Bonatti, E. & Hamlyn, P.R. (1981). Oceanic ultramafic rocks. In: Emiliani, C. (ed.) The Sea. New York: John Wiley, pp. 241-283.
23. Bowling, J. C. & Harry, D. L. (2001). Geodynamic models of continental extension and the formation of non-volcanic rifted continental margins. In: Wilson, R. C. L., Withmarsh, R. B., Taylor, B. & Froitzheim, N. (eds) Non-Volcanic Rifting of Continental Margins: A Comparison of Evidence from Land and Sea. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 187, 511-536.
24. Brey, G. P. & Kohler, T. (1990). Geothermometry in four-phase lherzolites II. New thermobarometers, and practical assesment of existing thermobarometers. Journal of Petrology 31, 1353-1378.
25. Brun, J. P. & Beslier, M. O. (1996). Mantle exhumation at passive margins. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 142, 161-173.
26. Burg, J. P., Bodinier, J. L., Chaudry, S., Hussain, S. & Dawood, H. (1998). Infra-arc mantle-crust transition and intra-arc mantle diapirs in the Kohistan Complex (Pakistani Himalaya): Petro-structural evidence. Terra Nova 10, 74-80.
27. Caruso, L. & Chernosky, J. V.,Jr (1979). The stability of lizardite. Canadian Mineralogist 17, 757-769.
28. Chiari, M., Marcucci, M. & Principi, G. (2000). The age of the radiolarian cherts associated with the ophiolites in the Apennines (Italy) and Corsica (France): A revision. Ofioliti 25, 141-146.
29. Comas, M. C., Sànchez-Gòmez, G., Cornen, E. & de Kaenel, E. (1996). Serpentinized peridotite breccia and olistostromes on basement highs from the Iberia Abyssal Plain: Implications for tectonic margin evolution. In: Sawyer, D. S., Whitmarsh, R. B., Klaus, A., et al. (eds) Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results, 149. College Station, TX: Ocean Drilling Program, pp. 577-591.
30. Cornen, G., Beslier, M. & Girardeau, J. (1996). Petrologic characteristics of the ultramafic rocks from the ocean/continent transition in the Iberia Abyssal Plain. In: Sawyer, D. S., Whitmarsh, R. B. & Klaus, A. et al. (eds) Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results, 149. College Station, TX: Ocean Drilling Program, pp. 377-395.
31. Cortesogno, L., Galbiati, B. & Principi, G. (1987). Note alla 'Carta geologica delle ofioliti del Bracco' e ricostruzione della paleogeografia Giurassico-Cretacica. Ofioliti 12, 261-342.
32. 176Lu nucleus. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 43, 69-76.
33. Dal Piaz, G. V. (1993). Evolution of Austro-alpine and Upper Penninic basement in the North-Western Alps from Variscan convergence to post-Variscan extension. In: Von Raumer, J. F. & Neubauer, F. (eds) Pre-Mesozoic Geology in the Alps. New York: Springer-Verlag, 327-344.
34. Davies, G. R., Nixon, P. H., Pearson, D. G. & Obata, M. (1993). Tectonic implications of graphitized diamonds from the Ronda peridotite massif, soutrhern Spain. Geology 21, 471-474.
35. de Ronde, A. A., Heilbronner, R., Stuenitz, H. & Tullis, J. (2004). Spatial correlation of deformation and mineral reaction in experimentally deformed plagioclase-olivine aggregates. Tectonophysics 27, 93-109.
36. Desmurs, L., Manatschal, G. & Bernoulli, D. (2001). The Steinmann trinity revisited: Exhumation and magmatism along an ocean-continent transition: The Platta nappe, eastern Switzerland. In: Wilson, R. C. L., Withmarsh, R. B., Taylor, B. & Froitzheim, N. (eds) Non-Volcanic Rifting of Continental Margins: A Comparison of Evidence from Land and Sea. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 187, 235-266.
37. Dijkstra, A.H., Drury M.R., Vissers R.L.M., Newman, J. & Van Roermund H.L.M. (2004). Shear zones in the upper mantle: Evidence from alpine- and ophiolite-type peridotite massifs. In: Alsop, G.I., & Holdsworth, R.E. (eds.): Flow processes in Faults and Shear zones. Geological Society London Special Publication 224, 11-24.
38. Eggins, S. M. (1992). Petrogenesis of Hawaiian tholeiites: 1, phase equilibria constraints. Contributions to Mineraogy and Petrology 110, 387-397.
39. Ellis, D. J. & Green, D. H. (1979). An experimental study of the effect of Ca upon garnet-clinopyroxene Fe-Mg exchange equilibria. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 71, 13-22.
40. Evans, B. W., Johannes, W., Otterodoom, H. & Tromsdorff, V. (1976). Stability of chrysotile and antigorite in the serpentine multisystem. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 56, 9-93.
41. Evans, B.W. (1982). Phase relations of metamorphic amphiboles; natural occurrence and theory; Amphiboles in metamorphosed ultramafic rocks. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 9B, 98-113.
42. Evans, B.W. (2004). The serpentinite multisystem revisited: Chrysotile is metastable. International Geology Review 46, 479-506.
43. Frederiksen, S. & Braun, J. (2001). Numerical modelling of strain localisation during extension of the continental lithosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 188, 241-251.
44. Frost, B. R. (1985). On the stability of sulfides, oxides and native metals in serpentine. Journal of Petrology 26, 31-63.
45. Furusho, M. & Kanagawa, K. (1999). Transformation-induced strain localization in a lherzolite mylonite from the Hidaka metamorphic belt of central Hokkaido, Japan. Tectonophysics 313, 411-432.
46. Ganguly, J., Tirone, M. & Hervig, R. L. (1988). Diffusion kinetics of samarium and neodymium in garnet, and a method for determining cooling rates of rocks. Science 281, 805-807.
47. 2. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 87, 87-97.
48. Godard, G. & Martin, S. (2000). Petrogenesis of kelyphites in garnet peridotites: A case study from the Ulten zone, Italian Alps. Journal of Geodynamics 30, 117-145.
49. Green, D. H. & Ringwood, A. E. (1967). An experimental investigation of the gabbro to eclogite transformation and its petrological applications. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 31, 767-833.
50. Handy, M. R. & Stünitz, H. (2002). Strain localization by fracturing and reaction weakening-a mechanism for initiating exhumation of subcontinental mantle beneath rifted margins. In: De Meer, S., Drury, M. R., de Bresser, J. H. P. & Pennock, G. M. (eds) Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 200, 387-407.
51. Handy, M. R. & Zingg, A. (1991). The tectonic and rheological evolution of an attenuated cross section of the continental crust: Ivrea crustal section, southern Alps, northwestern Italy and southern Switzerland. Geological Society of America Bulletin 103, 236-253.
52. Hermann, J., Müntener, O. & Günther, D. (2001). Differentiation of mafic magma in a continental crust-to-mantle transition zone. Journal of Petrology 42, 189-206.
53. Hirschmann, M. M. & Stolper, E. M. (1996). A possible role for garnet pyroxenite in the origin of the garnet signature in MORB. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 124, 185-208.
54. Holland, T. & Blundy, J. D. (1994). Non-ideal interactions in calcic amphiboles and bearing on amphibole-plagioclase thermometry. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 116, 433-447.
55. Hoogerduijn Strating, E. H., Rampone, E., Piccardo, G. B., Drury, M. & Vissers, R. L. M. (1993). Subsolidus emplacement of mantle peridotite during incipient oceanic rifting and opening of the Mesozoic Tethys (Voltri Massif, NW Italy). Journal of Petrology 34, 901-927.
56. Hopkinson, L., Beard, J. S. & Boulter, C. A. (2004). The hydrothermal plumbing of a serpentinite-hosted detachment: Evidence from the West Iberia non-volcanic rifted continental margin. Marine Geology 204, 1-15.
57. Irving, A. J. (1974). Geochemical and high pressure experimental studies on garnet pyroxenite and pyroxene granulite xenoliths from the Delegate basaltic pipes. Australia. Journal of Petrology 15, 1-40.
58. Jacobsen, S. B. & Wasserburg, G. J. (1980). Sm-Nd isotopic evolution of chondrites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 50, 139-155.
59. Joanny, V., Van Roermund, H. L. M. & Lardeaux, J. M. (1991). The clinopyroxene/plagioclase symplectite in retrograde eclogites: A potential geothermobarometer. Geologische Rundschau 80, 303-320.
60. Johnson, K. T. M. (1998). Experimental determination of partition coefficients for rare earth and high-field-strength elements between clinopyroxene, garnet and basaltic melt at high pressures. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 133, 60-68.
61. Kennedy, C. S. & Kennedy, G. C. (1976). The equilibrium boundary between graphite and diamond. Journal of Geophysical Research 81, 2467-2470.
62. Kimball, K.L., & Evans, C.A. (1988). Hydrothermal alteration of peridotite from the Galicia Margin, Iberian Peninsula. In: Boillot, G., Winterer, E. L., et al. (eds) Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results, 103. College Station, TX: Ocean Drilling Program, pp. 241-251.
63. 2 and thermodynamic modelling. Lithos 77, 639-646.
64. Kornprobst, J., Piboule, M., Roden, M. & Tabit, A. (1990). Corundum-bearing garnet clinopyroxenites at Beni Bousera (Morocco): original plagioclase-rich gabbros recrystallized at depth within the mantle? Journal of Petrology 31, 717-745.
65. Krogh, E. J. (1988). The garnet-clinopyroxene Fe-Mg geothermometer-a reinterpretation of existing experimental data. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 99, 44-48.
66. 2+-Mg geothermometer: An updated calibration. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 18, 211-219.
67. Lardeaux, J. M. & Spalla, M. I. (1991). From granulites to eclogites in the Sesia zone (Italian Western Alps): A record of opening and closure of the Piedmont ocean. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 9, 35-58.
68. Leake, B.E., Woolley, A.R., Arps, C.E.S., Birch, W.D., Gilbert, M.C., Grice, J.D., Hawthorne, F.C., Kato, A., Kisch, H.J., Krivovichev, V.G., Linthout, K., Laird, J., Mandarino, J.A., Maresch, W.V., Nickel, E.H., Rock, N.M.S., Schumacher, J.C., Smith, D.C., Stephenson, N.C.N., Ungaretti, L., Whittaker, E.J.W. & Guo, Y.Z. (1997). Nomenclature of amphiboles: Report of the subcommittee on amphiboles of the international mineralogical association, commission on new minerals and mineral names. American Mineralogist 82, 1019-1037.
69. Lemoine, M., Tricart, P. & Boillot, G. (1987). Ultramafic and gabbroic ocean floor of the Ligurian Tethys (Alps, Corsica, Apennine): In search of a genetic model. Geology 15, 622-625.
70. Lenoir, X., Garrido, C. J., Bodinier, J. L., Dautria, J. M. & Gervilla, F. (2001). The recrystallization front of the Ronda peridotite: Evidence for melting and thermal erosion of subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the Alboran Basin. Journal of Petrology 42, 141-158.
71. Liou, J. G., Kuniyoshi, S. & Ito, K. (1974). Experimental studies of the phase relations between greenschist and amphibolite in a basaltic system. American Journal of Science 274, 613-632.
72. Ludwig, K. R. (2003). Isoplot/Ex version 3.0. A Geochronological Toolkit for Microsoft Excel. Berkeley Geochronology Center Special Publication 2003. 1A, 47.
73. Manatschal, G. (2004). New models for evolution of magma-poor rifted margins based on a review of data and concepts from West Iberia and Alps. International Journal of Earth Sciences 93, 432-466.
74. Manatschal, G. & Bernoulli, D. (1999). Architecture and tectonic evolution of nonvolvcanic margins: Present-day Galicia and ancient Adria. Tectonics 18, 1099-1119.
75. Manatschal, G., Froitzheim, N., Rubenach, M. & Turrin, B. D. (2001). The role of detcahment faulting in the formation of an ocean-continent transition: Insights from the Iberia Abyssal plain. In: Wilson, R. C. L., Withmarsh, R. B., Taylor, B. & Froitzheim, N. (eds) Non-Volcanic Rifting of Continental Margins: A Comparison of Evidence from Land and Sea. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 187, 405-428.
76. Marroni, M., Molli, G., Montanini, A. & Tribuzio, R. (1998). The association of continental crust rocks with ophiolites in the Northern Apennines (Italy): Implications for the continent-ocean transition in the Western Tethys. Tectonophysics 292, 43-66.
77. Marroni, M., Molli, G., Montanini, A., Ottria, G., Pandolfi, L. & Tribuzio, R. (2002). The External Ligurian units (Northern Apennine, Italy): From rifting to convergence of a fossil ocean-continent transition zone. Ofioliti 27, 119-131.
78. Martini, I.P., Rau, A. & Tongiorgi, M. (1986). Syntectonic sedimentation in a Middle triassic rift, Northern Apennines, Italy. Sedimentary Geology 47, 191-219.
79. McCandless, T. E. & Gurney, J. J. (1989). Sodium in garnet and potassium in clinopyroxene: Criteria for classifying mantle eclogites. In: Ross, J. (ed.) Kimberlites and Related Rocks. Special Publication of the Geologiacal Society of Australia 2, 827-832.
80. Meli, S., Montanini, A., Thoni, M. & Frank, W. (1996). Age of mafic granulite blocks from the External Liguride Units (northern Apennine, Italy). Memorie di Scienze Geologiche di Padova 48, 65-72.
81. Messiga, B. & Bettini, E. (1990). Reactions behaviour during kelyphite and symplectite formation: A key study of mafic granulites and eclogites from the Bohemian Massif. European Journal of Mineralogy 2, 125-144.
82. Mével, C. (2003). Serpentinization of abyssal peridotites at mid-ocean ridges. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 335, 825-852.
83. Michon, L. & Merle, O. (2003). Mode of lithospheric extension: conceptual models from analogue modelling. Tectonics 22, 1028. doi 10.1029/2002TC001435
84. Montanini, A. (1997). Mafic granulites in the Cretaceous sedimentary mélanges from the northern Apennine (Italy): Petrology and tectonic implications. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 77, 43-64.
85. Montanini, A. & Tribuzio, R. (2001). Gabbro-derived and felsic granulites from the Northern Apennines (Italy): Evidence for emplacement of tholeiitic basalts in the post-Variscan lower crust. Journal of Petrology 42, 2259-2277.
86. Montanini, A. & Tribuzio, R. (2003). Igneous to metamorphic evolution of mafic rocks from a fossil ocean-continent transition (External Liguride ophiolites, Italy). Geophysical Research Abstracts 5, EAE03-A-06549.
87. Montanini, A., Tribuzio, R., Beneventi, M. & Bersani, D. (2005). Insights into the origin of mantle graphite from a new occurence in garnet pyroxenites from the External Liguride peridotites (Northern Apennine, Italy). Peridotite Workshop 2005, Lanzo (Torino) 27-30 September. Ofioliti 30, 200.
88. Morishita, T. & Arai, S. (2003). Evolution of spinel-pyroxene symplectite in spinel-lherzolites from the Horoman Complex, Japan. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 144, 509-522.
89. Müntener, O. & Hermann, J. (1996). The Val Malenco lower crust-upper mantle complex and its field relations (Italian Alps). Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 763, 475-500.
90. Müntener, O. & Hermann, J. (2001). The role of lower crust and continental upper mantle during formation of nonvolcanic passive margins: Evidence from the Alps. In: Wilson, R. C. L., Withmarsh, R. B., Taylor, B. & Froitzheim, N. (eds) Non-Volcanic Rifting of Continental Margins: A Comparison of Evidence from Land and Sea. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 187, 267-288.
91. Müntener, O. & Piccardo, G. B. (2003). Melt migration in ophiolites: the message from Alpine-Apennine peridotites and implications for embryonic ocean basins. In: Dilek, Y. & Robinson, P. T. (eds) Ophiolites in the Earth History. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 218, 69-89.
92. Müntener, O., Hermann, J. & Trommsdorff, V. (2000). Cooling history and exhumation of lower crustal granulite and upper mantle (Malenco, eastern Central Alps). Journal of Petrology 41, 175-200.
93. Müntener, O., Pettke, T., Desmurs, L., Meier, M. & Schaltegger, U. (2004). Refertilization of mantle peridotite in embryonic ocean basins: trace element and Nd-isotopic evidence and implications for crust-mantle relationships. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 221, 293-308.
94. 2O-deficient, continuous net transfer reaction. Tectonophysics 303, 193-222.
95. 3 (SMACCR) and their bearing on spinel/garnet lherzolite relationships. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 155, 259-287.
96. Niida, K. & Green, D. H. (1999). Stability and chemical composition of pargasitic amphibole in MORB pyrolite under upper mantle conditions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 135, 18-40.
97. Obata, M. (1994). Material transfer and local equilibria in a zoned kelyphite from a garnet pyroxenite, Ronda, Spain. Journal of Petrology 35, 271-287.
98. O'Brien, P. J. (1997). Garnet zoning and reaction textures in overprinted eclogites, Bohemian Massif, European Variscides: A record of their thermal history during exhumation. Lithos 41, 119-133.
99. O'Hanley, D. S. (1996). Serpentinites. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 277 pp.
100. O'Hanley, D. S., Chernovsky, J. V.,Jr & Wicks, F. J. (1989). The stability of lizardite and chrysotile. Canadian Mineralogist 27, 483-493.
101. O'Hara, M. J., Richardson, S. W. & Wilson, G. (1971). Garnetperidotite stability and occurrence in crust and mantle. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 32, 48-68.
102. O'Neill, H. S. C. (1981). The transition between spinel lherzolite and garnet lherzolite, and its use as a geobarometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 77, 185-194.
103. Palandri, J. L. & Reed, M. H. (2004). Geochemical models of metasomatism in ultramafic systems: Serpentinization, rodingitization and sea floor carbonate chimney precipitation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68, 1115-1133.
104. Pearson, D. G. & Nixon, P. H. (1996). Diamonds in young orogenic belts: graphitised diamonds from Beni Bousera, N. Morocco, a comparison with kimberlite-derived diamond occurrences and implications for diamond genesis and exploration. African Geosciences Review 3, 295-316.
105. Pearson, D. G. & Nowell, G. M. (2004). Re-Os and Lu-Hf isotope constraints on the origin and age of pyroxenites from the Beni Bousera Peridotite Massif: Implications for mixed peridotite-pyroxenite mantle sources. Journal of Petrology 45, 439-455.
106. Pearson, D. G., Davies, G. R. & Nixon, P. H. (1993). Geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of diamond facies pyroxenites from the Beni Bousera peridotite massif, North Morocco. Journal of Petrology 34, 125-172.
107. Peltonen, P., Kinnunen, K. A. & Huhma, H. (2002). Petrology of two diamondiferous eclogite xenoliths from the Lahtojoki kimberlite pipe, eastern Finland. Lithos 63, 151-164.
108. Peressini, G., Mazzucchelli, M., Rivalenti, G. & Hoffmann, A. W. (2004). Triassic emplacement of the External Gabbro Unit of the Finero mafic complex: U-Pb SHRIMP zircon ages and their implication for the Ivrea-Verbano zone, Western Italian Alps. Geophysical Research Abstracts 6, 05072.
109. Pertermann, M. & Hirschmann, M. M. (2003). Anhydrous partial melting experiments on MORB-like eclogite: Phase relations, phase compositions and mineral-melt partitioning of major elements at 2-3 GPa. Journal of Petrology 44, 2173-2201.
110. Peters, T. (1968). Distribution of Mg, Fe, Al, Ca and Na in coexisting olivine, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene in the Totalp serpentinite (Davos, Switzerland) and in the Alpine metamorphosed Malenco serpentinite (N. Italy). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 18, 65-75.
111. Piccardo, G. B. (1976). Petrologia del massiccio lherzolitico di Suvero (La Spezia). Ofioliti 1, 279-317.
112. Piccardo, G. B., Rampone, E. & Vannucci, R. (1990). Upper mantle evolution during continental rifting and ocean formation: Evidence from peridotite bodies of the Western Alpine-Northern Apennine system. Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France 156, 326-333.
113. Piccardo, G. B., Müntener, O., Zanetti, A. & Pettke, T. (2004a). Ophiolitic peridotites of the Alpine-Apennine system: Mantle processes and geodynamic relevance. International Geological Review 46, 1119-1159.
114. Piccardo, G. B., Müntener, O. & Zanetti, A. (2004b). Alpine-Apennine ophiolitic peridotites: New concepts on their composition and evolution. Ofioliti 26, 193-200.
115. Poggi, E., Piccardo, G. B. & Zanetti, A. (2005). Melt percolation and impregnation in peridotites from a fossil rifted margin: Evidence from the Mt. Nero peridotite (External Ligurides, Northern Apennine, Italy). Geophysical Research Abstracts 7, 00464.
116. Rampone, E. & Piccardo, G. B. (2000). The ophiolite-oceanic lithosphere analogue: New insights from the Northern Apennines (Italy). In: Dilek, J., Moores, E., Elthon, D. & Nicolas, A. (eds) Ophiolites and Oceanic Crust: New Insights from Field Studies and Ocean Drilling Program. Geological Society of America Special Papers 349, 21-34.
117. Rampone, E., Piccardo, G. B., Vannucci, R., Bottazzi, P. & Ottolini, L. (1993). Subsolidus reactions monitored by trace element partitioning: the spinel- to plagioclase-facies transition in mantle peridotites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 115, 1-17.
118. Rampone, E., Hoffmann, A. W., Piccardo, G. B., Vannucci, R., Bottazzi, P. & Ottolini, L. (1995). Petrology, mineral and isotope geochemistry of the External Liguride peridotites (northern Apennines, Italy). Journal of Petrology 36, 81-105.
119. Rampone, E., Romairone, A., Abouchami, W., Piccardo, G. B. & Hoffmann, A. W. (2005). Chronology, petrology and isotope geochemistry of the Erro-Tobbio peridotites (Ligurian Alps, Italy): Records of Late Palaeozoic lithospheric extension. Journal of Petrology 46, 799-827.
120. Ricci, C. A. & Serri, G. (1975). Evidenza geochimica sulla diversa affinità petrogenetica delle rocce basiche comprese nella serie a facies toscana. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana 94, 1187-1198.
121. Röhm, A. H. E., Snieder, R., Goes, S. & Trampert, J. (2000). Thermal structure of continental upper mantle inferred from S-wave velocity and surface heat flow. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 181, 395-407.
122. Salters, V. J. M. & Dick, H. J. B. (2001). Mineralogy of the mid-oceanridge basalt source from neodymium isotopic composition of abyssal peridotites. Nature 418, 68-72.
123. Scherer, E. E., Cameron, K. L. & Blichert-Toft, J. (2001). Lu-Hf garnet geochronology: Closure temperature relative to the Sm-Nd system and the effects of trace mineral inclusions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64, 3414-3432.
124. Schmidt, M.W. & Poli, S. (1998). Experimentally based water budgets for dehydrating slabs and consequences for arc magma generation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 163, 361-379.
125. Schott, B. & Schmeling, H. (1998). Delamination and detachment of a litospheric root. Tectonophysics 296, 225-247.
126. Sibson, R. H. (1987). Earthquake rupturing as a mineralizing agent in hydrothermal systems. Geology 15, 701-704.
127. Simakov, S. (2006). Redox state of eclogites and peridotites from subcratonic upper mantle and a connection with diamond genesis. Contributions to Mineralogy and Mineralogy, 151, 282-296.
128. Simakov, S. & Taylor, L. A. (2000). Geobarometry for mantle eclogites: solubility of Ca-Tschermak in clinopyroxene. International Geological Review 42, 534-544.
129. Skelton, A. D. L. & Valley, J. W. (2000). The relative timing of serpentinization and mantle exhumation at the ocean-continent transition, Iberia: Constraints from oxygen isotopes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 178, 127-138.
130. Snow, J. E., Schmidt, G. & Rampone, E. (2000). Os isotopes and highly siderophile elements (HSE) in the Ligurian ophiolites, Italy. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 175, 119-132.
131. Stähle,V., Frenzel, G., Michard A. & Schneider, W. (1990). Zircon syenite pegmatites in the Finero peridotite (Ivrea zone): Evidence for a synite from a mantle source. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 101, 196-205.
132. Stähle, V., Frenzel, G., Hess, J.C., Saupé, F., Schmidt, S.Th. & Schneider, W. (2001). Permian metabasalts and Triassic alkaline dykes in the northern Ivrea Zone: Clues to the post-Variscan geodynamic evolution of the Southern Alps. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 81, 1-21.
133. Taylor, L. A. & Neal, C. R. (1989). Eclogites with oceanic crustal and eclogites, Udachnaya kimberlite pipe, Yakutia, Siberia: Evidence of mantle signatures from the Bellsbank kimberlite, South Africa, Part I: Mineralogy, petrography and whole-rock chemistry. Journal of Geology 118, 91-100.
134. Terranova, R. & Zanzucchi, G. (1984). Relationships between ophiolites and flysch sequences in the Mt. Penna-Mt. Ragola area. Ofioliti 6, 287-292.
135. Thirlwall, M. F. & Anczkiewicz, R. (2004). Multidynamic isotope ratio analysis using MC-ICP-MS and the causes of secular drift in Hf, Nd and Pb isotope ratios. International Journal of Mass Spectroscopy 235, 9-81.
136. Thompson, R. N. (1974). Some high-pressure pyroxenes. Mineralogical Magazine 39, 768-787.
137. Treves, B. E. & Harper, G. D. (1994). Exposure of serpentinites on the ocean floor; sequence of faulting and hydrofracturing in the Northern Apennine ophicalcites. In: Principi, G. (ed.) Sedimentary Cover of Ophiolitic and Oceanic Sequences. Ofioliti 19, 435-466.
138. Tribuzio, R., Thirlwall, M. F. & Messiga, B. (1999). Petrology, mineral and isotope geochemistry of the Sondalo gabbroic complex (Central Alps, Northern Italy): Implications for the origin of post-Variscan magmatism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 136, 48-62.
139. Tribuzio, R., Tiepolo, M. & Vannucci, R. (2000). Evolution of gabbroic rocks from the Northern Apennine ophiolites (Italy): Comparison with the lower oceanic crust from modern slowspreading ridges. In: Dilek, J., Moores, E., Elthon, D. & Nicolas, A. (eds) Ophiolites and Oceanic Crust: New Insights from Field Studies and Ocean Drilling Program. Geological Society of America, Special Papers 349, pp. 129-138.
140. Tribuzio, R., Thirlwall, M. & Vannucci, R. (2004). Origin of the gabbro-peridotite association form the Northern Apennine ophiolites (Italy). Journal of Petrology 45, 1109-1124.
141. Tribuzio, R., Montanini, A. & Thirlwall, M. F. (2005). Geochemistry of garnet pyroxenite layers from the External Liguride mantle peridotites (Northern Apennine, Italy): Evidence for recycling of crustal material in a ophiolitic mantle sequence. Peridotite Workshop 2005, Lanzo (Torino), 27-30 September. Ofioliti 30, 222.
142. Tumiati, S., Thöni, M., Nimis, P., Martin, S. & Mair, V. (2003). Mantle-crust interactions during Variscan subduction in the Eastern Alps (Nonsberg-Ulten zone): Geochronology and new petrological constraints. Earth Planetary Science Letters 210, 509-526.
143. Ulmer, P. & Trommsdorff, V. (1999). Phase relations of hydrous mantle subducting to 300 km. In: Fei, Y., Bertka, C.M. & Mysen, B.O. (eds) Mantle Petrology: Field Observations and High Pressure Experimentation: A Tribute to Francis R. Boyd, Geochemical Society Special Publication 6, 259-281.
144. Van der Wal, V. & Vissers, R. L. M. (1996). Structural petrology of the Ronda peridotite, SW Spain: Deformation history. Journal of Petrology 37, 23-43.
145. Van Orman, J. A., Grove, T. L., Shimizu, N. & Layne, G. D. (2002). Rare earth element diffusion in a natural pyrope single crystal at 2.8 GPa. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 142, 416-424.
146. 40Ar dating of multiply zoned amphibole generations (Malenco, Italian Alps). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 140, 363-381.
147. Vissers, R. L. M., Drury, M. R., Hoogerduijn Strating, E. H. & Van der Wal, D. (1991). Shear zones in the upper mantle: A case of study in an Alpine lherzolite massif. Geology 19, 990-993.
148. Vissers, R. L. M., Drury, M. R., Hoogerduijn, S, trating, E. H., Spiers, C. J. & van der Wal, D. (1995). Mantle shear zones and their effect on lithosphere strength during continental breakup. Tectonophysics 249, 155-171.
149. Voshage, H., Hofmann, A. W., Mazzucchelli, M., Rivalenti, G., Sinigoi, S., Raczek, I. & Demarchi, G. (1990). Isotopic evidence from the Ivrea Zone for a hybrid lower crust formed by magmatic underplating. Nature 347, 731-736.
150. Webb, S. A. C. & Wood, B. J. (1986). Spinel-pyroxene-garnet relationship and their dependence on Cr/Al ratio. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 92, 471-480.
151. Wells, P. R. A. (1977). Pyroxene thermometry in simple and complex systems. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 62, 129-139.
152. White, A. J. R. (1964). Clinopyroxenes from eclogites and basic granulites. American Mineralogist 49, 883-888.
153. Whitmarsh, R. B., Manatschal, G. & Minshull, T. A. (2001). Evolution of magma-poor continental margins from rifting to seafloor spreading. Nature 413, 150-154.
154. Yaxley, G. M. & Brey, G. P. (2003). Phase relations of carbonate-bearing eclogite assemblages from 2.5 to 5.5 GPa: Implications for petrogenesis of carbonatites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 146, 606-619.