The steamboat and popular tourism

Journal of Transport History

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 61-77

  Armstrong, John ^a   Williams, David M ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Early tourism; Excursion traffic; Leisure travel; Resort development; Steam shipping

Indexed keywords

BOATING; LEISURE INDUSTRY; RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY; TRANSPORTATION HISTORY; TRAVEL DEMAND;

EID: 33749488399     PISSN: 00225266     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7227/TJTH.26.1.4     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. The problem of defining 'mass' tourism has led us to eschew the word, especially as tourism experts like Burkart and Medlik define mass tourism as occurring in the twentieth century, and Wright confines it to the post-Second World War period. A. J. Burkart and S. Medlik, Tourism Past, Present and Future (London, 1981), p. 44;
2. Sue Wright, 'Sun, sea, sand and self expression: mass tourism as an individual experience' in Hartmut Berghof (ed.), The Making of Modern Tourism: the Cultural History of the British Experience, 1600-2000 (Basingstoke, 2002), pp. 181-202. We have used the phrase 'popular tourism', as individual excursion boats carried hundreds of passengers and at some resorts several boats called in one day.
3. Edmund Swinglehurst, Cook's Tours: the Story of Popular Travel (Poole, 1982), pp. 7-13.
4. J. Simmonds, 'Thomas Cook of Leicester', The Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society, Transactions 49 (1973-74), p. 18.
5. Piers Brendon, Thomas Cook: 150 Years of Popular Tourism (London, 1991), p. 8.
6. See also Douglas Reid, 'The iron roads and the happiness of the working class: the early development and social significance of the railway excursion', Journal of Transport History 17, 1 (1996), 57-73.
7. J. Pimlott, The Englishman's Holiday (London, 1947), p. 78.
8. Jack Simmons noted the role of the steamship as of 'greater importance than has usually been recognised'. See The Victorian Railway (London, 1991), p. 272.
9. Likewise a recent writer on tourism in Scotland observes, 'the railways were quick to follow the lead given by the steamship companies'. See Alastair J. Durie, 'Tourism and the railways in Scotland: the Victorian and Edwardian experience' in A. K. B. Evans and J. V. Gough (eds), The Impact of the Railway on Society in Britain (Aldershot, 2003), p. 200.
10. Maurice W. Kirby, The Origins of Railway Enterprise: the Stockton & Darlington Railway, 1821-1863 (Cambridge, 1993).
11. Thomas J. Donaghy, Liverpool & Manchester Railway Operations, 1831-1845 (Newton Abbot, 1972).
12. Brian D. Osborne, The Ingenious Mr Bell (Glendarvel, 1995), p. 19.
13. W. T. Jackman, The Development of Transportation in Modern England (Cambridge, 1916) I, pp. 454-7.
14. See John Armstrong and David Williams, 'The steamboat, safety and the State: government reaction to new technology in a period of laissez-faire', Mariner's Minor 89, 2 (2003), 167-84.
15. The Times, 16 July 1830, p. 1, col. a;
16. The Times, 11 August 1833, p. 1, col. a.
17. Sarah Palmer, 'Experience, experiment and economics: factors in the construction of early merchant steamships' in Keith Matthews and Gerald Panting (eds), Ships and Shipbuilding in the North Atlantic Region (Newfoundland, 1978), pp. 235-6.
18. See Armstrong and Williams, 'The steamboat, safety and the State'.
19. Glasgow Chronicle, 14 August 1812.
20. Gordon Jackson and Charles Munn, 'Trade, commerce and finance' in W. Hamish Fraser and Irene Maver (eds), Glasgow II (Manchester, 1996), p. 52.
21. John Kennedy, The History of Steam Navigation (Liverpool, 1903), p. 27.
22. Joe Fisher, The Glasgow Encyclopaedia (Edinburgh, 1994), pp. 360-1.
23. Kennedy, The History of Steam Navigation, p. 29.
24. Kennedy, The History of Steam Navigation, Ibid., p. 31.
25. D. Gemmill, Topography of the River and Frith of Clyde, from Glasgow; being a concise Description of the principle Towns, Villages, Fortifications, Gentlemen's Seats, and Watering Places, on the River and Frith of Clyde, with historical Disquisitions respecting the Country and national Manners of the ancient Caledonians. Intended as a Guide to accompany the Navigation of the Clyde by the Steam Boats (Greenock, 1818).
26. The Steam Boat Companion: and Stranger's guide to the Western Islands and Highlands of Scotland (Glasgow, 1820).
27. Quoted in Alistair J. Durie, 'The development of the Scottish coastal resorts in the central lowlands, c. 1770-1880: from Gulf Stream to Golf Stream', Local Historian 24 (1994), 206-16.
28. J. Cleland, Historical Account of the Steam Engine (Glasgow, 1825), pp. 38-15,
29. quoted in Jackson and Munn, 'Trade, commerce and finance', p. 58.
30. The Times, 26 October 1825, p. 3, col. a.
31. Jackson and Munn, 'Trade, commerce and finance', p. 59.
32. Kennedy, The History of Steam Navigation, p. 30.
33. Fisher, Glasgow Encyclopaedia, p. 360.
34. Jackman, The Development of Transportation, p. 455.
35. John K. Walton, The English Seaside Resort: a Social History, 1750-1914 (Leicester, 1983).
36. John Whyman, The Early Kentish Seaside, 1736-1840, Kentish Sources VIII (Stroud, 1995), pp. 49-59;
37. Dennis Baker, 'The marketing of corn in the first half of the eighteenth century: north-east Kent", Agricultural History Review 18, 2 (1970), 126-50;
38. John Chartres, 'Trade and shipping in the Port of London: Wiggins Key in the later seventeenth century', Journal of Transport History, third series, 1, 1 (1980), pp. 29-47.
39. John Whyman, 'Water communications to Margate and Gravesend as coastal resorts before 1840', Southern History 3 (1981), 121.
40. John Whyman, Southern History, Ibid., p. 122.
41. John Whyman, Southern History, Ibid., pp. 122-7.
42. John Whyman, Southern History, Ibid., pp. 129-30.
43. Water Itinerary, or, An Excursion from London to Margate (1818).
44. University of London Library, poster of 'The London Engineer Margate steam yacht' (London, 1822).
45. We have located over fifty advertisements for excursions of various sorts between 1825 and 1834.
46. The Times, 25 May 1825, p. 1, col. a.
47. Whyman, 'Water communications', p. 130.
48. Whyman, 'Water communications', Ibid., p. 127.
49. Whyman, 'Water communications', Ibid., pp. 124 and 130.
50. The Times, 4 June 1832, p. 2, col. 1.
51. The Times, 16 July 1825, p. 1, col a.
52. The Times, 11 July 1825, p. 2, col. f; 4 July 1827, p. 2, col. f.
53. The Times, 22 July 1830, p. 1, col. a.
54. The Times, 12 June 1826, p. 1, col. a.
55. The Times, 10 June 1829, p. 1, col. b, 10 June 1830, p. 1, col. b, and 18 July 1831, p. 1, col. c.
56. The Times, 27 June 1829, p. 1, col. a.
57. The Times, 19 August 1829, p. 2, col. e.
58. The Times, 13 July 1830, p. 1, col. b.
59. The Times, 12 June 1826, p. 1, col. a.
60. F. T. O'Brien, Early Solent Steamers: a History of Local Steam Navigation (Newton Abbot, 1973), p. 30.
61. F. T. O'Brien, Early Solent Steamers: A History of Local Steam Navigation, Ibid., p. 145.
62. F. T. O'Brien, Early Solent Steamers: A History of Local Steam Navigation, Ibid., p. 181.
63. F. T. O'Brien, Early Solent Steamers: A History of Local Steam Navigation, Ibid., pp. 16-19.
64. F. T. O'Brien, Early Solent Steamers: A History of Local Steam Navigation, Ibid.,p. 118.
65. F. T. O'Brien, Early Solent Steamers: A History of Local Steam Navigation, Ibid., p. 37.
66. F. T. O'Brien, Early Solent Steamers: A History of Local Steam Navigation, Ibid., p. 170.
67. Bruce May, 'The rise of Ilfracombe as a seaside resort in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries', in Stephen Fisher (ed.), West Country Maritime and Social History: Some Essays (Exeter, 1980), pp. 137-59.
68. John Travis, 'The rise of the Devon seaside resorts, 1750-1900' in Michael Duffy et al. (eds), The New Maritime History of Devon II, From the late Eighteenth Century to the Present Day (London, 1994), pp. 136-44.
69. Graham Farr, West Country Passenger Steamers (Prescot, 1967), pp. 207-9;
70. Alastair J. Durie, Scotland for the Holidays: a History of Tourism in Scotland, 1780-1939 (East Lothian, 2003), p. 53;
71. F. B. May, 'Victorian and Edwardian Ilfracombe' in John K. Walton and James Walvin (eds), Leisure in Britain, 1780-1939 (Manchester, 1983), pp. 199-200.
72. F. B. May, Leisure in Britain, 1780-1939 Ibid., p. 212;
73. Rodney Legg, The Steep Holm Guide (Wincanton, 1985), pp. 18-20;
74. Stan and Joan Rendell, Steep Holm's Pioneers (Weston-super-Mare, 2003), pp. 40-5.
75. P. L. Cottrell, 'The steamship on the Mersey, 1815-1880' in P. L. Cottrell and D. H. Ald-croft (eds), Shipping, Trade and Commerce (Leicester, 1981), p. 138.
76. Kennedy, History of Steam Navigation, pp. 24-5;
77. C. L. D. Duckworth and G. E. Langmuir, West Coast Steamers, second edition (Prescot, 1956), pp. 22-8, 30-2 and 36-9.
78. Duckworth and Langmuir, West Coast Steamers, p. 42.
79. See also Anthony M. Miller, The Inviting Shore: a Social History of New Brighton 1, 1830-1939 (Birkenhead, 1996).
80. F. C. Thornley, Steamers of North Wales (Prescot, 1952), p. 4.
81. Lewis Lloyd, The Port of Caernarfon, 1793-1900 (published privately, Caernarfon, 1989), pp. 216-20.
82. Aled Eames, Ships and Seamen of Anglesey (London, 1981), pp. 421-2.
83. G. A. Usher, 'An Anglesey disaster', Transactions of the Anglesey Antiquarian Society (1955), pp. 2-11.
84. The Times, 22 August, 1831, p. 5.
85. F. H. Pearson, The Early History of Hull Steam Shipping, new edition (Goole, 1984), p. 7.
86. The Times, 16 July 1825, p. 1, col. a; 24 September 1829, p. 1, col. a.
87. Kennedy, The History of Steam Navigation, p. 35.
88. Whyman, 'Water communications', p. 123.
89. Whyman, 'Water communications', Ibid., pp. 123-5.
90. Whyman, The Earl Kentish Seaside, p. 64.
91. Whyman, 'Water communications', p. 131.
92. John Whyman, Aspects of Holidaymaking and Resort Development within the Isle of Thanet, with particular Reference to Margate, c 1736 to c 1840 (New York, 1981), p. 564.
93. Fisher, Glasgow Encyclopaedia, p. 361.
94. Jackson and Munn, 'Trade, commerce and finance', p. 59;
95. John Wigley, The Rise and Fall of the Victorian Sunday (Manchester, 1980);
96. Callum G. Brown, The Death of Christian Britain: Understanding Secularisation, 1800-2000 (London, 2001).
97. John Whyman, Aspects of Holidaymaking and Resort Development, pp. 561-3.
98. P.P., Select Committee on the Observance of the Sabbath Day 1831-32 (697), VII, Report, p. 21.
99. Cyril Bainbridge, Pavilions on the Sea: a History of the Seaside Pleasure Pier (1986), p. 201
100. Whyman, The Early Kentish, p. 86.
101. Bainbridge, Pavilions on the Sea, pp. 35-7.
102. Bainbridge, Pavilions on the Sea, Ibid., p. 39.
103. Simmons, The Victorian Railway, p. 295.
104. Laurent Tissot, 'How did the British conquer Switzerland? Guidebooks, railways, travel agencies, 1850-1914', Journal of Transport History 16, 1 (1995), 21-54.
105. Water Itinerary, see note 36.
106. Thomas Nicholls, The Steam Boat Companion (London, 1823).
107. John Evans, Companion for the Steam-packet, in Excursions to Chepstow, Newport, Swansea, Ilfracombe, Tenby and their Vicinities (Bristol, 1824).
108. J. Pring, The Tourists' Guide to the Shores of the Menai Straits (Bangor, 1832).
109. A Week at Margate, or, Economy of Time and Money showing a Traveller to the Isle of Thanet how to Dispose of both to Advantage (London, 1825).
110. A New Picturesque Steam-packet Companion to Greenwich, Gravesend, the Nore, Herne Bay, Margate and Ramsgate (London, 1838);
111. R. C. Osborne, New Margate Guide, or Steam Packet Companion (Margate, 1840).