The 'iron roads' and 'the happiness of the working classes': The early development and social significance of the railway excursion

Journal of Transport History

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 1996, Pages

  Reid, Douglas A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HULL   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 0005450658     PISSN: 00225266     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
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References (84)

1. Birmingham Journal, 6 June 1845.
2. For a convenient introduction to this subject see T, R. Gourvish, Railways and the British Economy 1850-1914 (1980), especially pp. 19, 25, 32, 39-40, 57.
3. 'Further extension' in relation to the cheap 'parliamentary trains' established by the 1844 Railway Act see Henry Parris, Government and the Railways in Nineteenth Century Britain (1960), pp. 57, 93-8, 118-19, 141-3; T. C. Barker and C. I. Savage, An Economic History of Transport in Britain (third edition, 1974), pp. 75, 83; Jack Simmons, The Railway in England and Wales, 1830-1914, I, The System and its Working (Leicester, 1978), pp. 37-8.
4. 'Further extension' in relation to the cheap 'parliamentary trains' established by the 1844 Railway Act see Henry Parris, Government and the Railways in Nineteenth Century Britain (1960), pp. 57, 93-8, 118-19, 141-3; T. C. Barker and C. I. Savage, An Economic History of Transport in Britain (third edition, 1974), pp. 75, 83; Jack Simmons, The Railway in England and Wales, 1830-1914, I, The System and its Working (Leicester, 1978), pp. 37-8.
5. 'Further extension' in relation to the cheap 'parliamentary trains' established by the 1844 Railway Act see Henry Parris, Government and the Railways in Nineteenth Century Britain (1960), pp. 57, 93-8, 118-19, 141-3; T. C. Barker and C. I. Savage, An Economic History of Transport in Britain (third edition, 1974), pp. 75, 83; Jack Simmons, The Railway in England and Wales, 1830-1914, I, The System and its Working (Leicester, 1978), pp. 37-8.
6. Harold Perkin, The Age of the Railway (1970), pp. 99-100; Geoffrey Best, Mid-Victorian Britain, 1851-1875 (St Albans, revised edition, 1973), pp. 252-3; Asa Briggs, Victorian People (Harmondsworth, 1965), pp. 43, 46; Alan Delgado, The Annual Outing and other Excursions (1977), pp. 122-6. See also R. J. Morris, 'Leeds and the Crystal Palace', Victorian Studies, XVIII (1970), pp. 292-3, 295-6, 298.
7. Harold Perkin, The Age of the Railway (1970), pp. 99-100; Geoffrey Best, Mid-Victorian Britain, 1851-1875 (St Albans, revised edition, 1973), pp. 252-3; Asa Briggs, Victorian People (Harmondsworth, 1965), pp. 43, 46; Alan Delgado, The Annual Outing and other Excursions (1977), pp. 122-6. See also R. J. Morris, 'Leeds and the Crystal Palace', Victorian Studies, XVIII (1970), pp. 292-3, 295-6, 298.
8. Harold Perkin, The Age of the Railway (1970), pp. 99-100; Geoffrey Best, Mid-Victorian Britain, 1851-1875 (St Albans, revised edition, 1973), pp. 252-3; Asa Briggs, Victorian People (Harmondsworth, 1965), pp. 43, 46; Alan Delgado, The Annual Outing and other Excursions (1977), pp. 122-6. See also R. J. Morris, 'Leeds and the Crystal Palace', Victorian Studies, XVIII (1970), pp. 292-3, 295-6, 298.
9. Harold Perkin, The Age of the Railway (1970), pp. 99-100; Geoffrey Best, Mid-Victorian Britain, 1851-1875 (St Albans, revised edition, 1973), pp. 252-3; Asa Briggs, Victorian People (Harmondsworth, 1965), pp. 43, 46; Alan Delgado, The Annual Outing and other Excursions (1977), pp. 122-6. See also R. J. Morris, 'Leeds and the Crystal Palace', Victorian Studies, XVIII (1970), pp. 292-3, 295-6, 298.
10. Harold Perkin, The Age of the Railway (1970), pp. 99-100; Geoffrey Best, Mid-Victorian Britain, 1851-1875 (St Albans, revised edition, 1973), pp. 252-3; Asa Briggs, Victorian People (Harmondsworth, 1965), pp. 43, 46; Alan Delgado, The Annual Outing and other Excursions (1977), pp. 122-6. See also R. J. Morris, 'Leeds and the Crystal Palace', Victorian Studies, XVIII (1970), pp. 292-3, 295-6, 298.
11. A phrase taken from J. A. R. Pimlott, The Englishman's Holiday (1947, reprinted Hassocks, 1976), p. 78. 'Effectively began the era' because, as Pimlott points out, pleasure steamer traffic on populous estuaries had been established as early as the 1810s, but the long-term role of the pleasure steamer pales into insignificance beside that of the railway.
12. Ibid., pp. 77-8, 87-95, 160-5, 168-9; C. R. Fay, Palace of Industry: a Study of the Great Exhibition and its Fruits (Cambridge, 1951), pp. 76-7; Michael Robbins, The Railway Age (1962), pp. 55-7 and plates 2-5, 7-10, 12; David St John Thomas, A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain, I, The West Country (Newton Abbot, 1966), pp. 45, 51, 104,116; B. Harrison and B. S. Trinder, 'Drink and sobriety in an early Victorian country town: Banbury, 1830-60', English Historical Review, supplement 4 (1969), pp. 49, 59-63; J. R. Kellett, The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (1969), pp. 87-92; Perkin, Age of the Railway, pp. 100-1, 213-14, 226-8; Brian Harrison, Drink and the Victorians (1971), pp. 140, 330; Best, Mid-Victorian Britain, pp. 222-5; John Myerscough, Thomas Cook', in J. F. C. Harrison (ed.), Eminently Victorian (1974), pp. 74-84; Thomas W. Laqueur, Religion and Respectability: Sunday Schools and Working Class Culture, 1780-1850 (1976), pp. 177-9; E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital (1977), p. 240; John Lowerson and John Myerscough, Time to Spare in Victorian England (Hassocks, 1977), pp. 19, 30-3, 50-1, 98, 113; John Walton, The Blackpool Landlady (Manchester, 1978), pp. 15, 18-19, 21, 27-9, 40-2, 169, 188; James Walvin, Leisure and Society (1978), pp. 18-32; Hugh Cunningham, Leisure and the Industrial Revolution, C. 1780-1880 (1980), pp. 157-9, 162-3; Goulven Guilcher, 'Trains de plaisir à l'époque victorienne', Études anglaises, XXXIII (1980)1 pp. 55-63;
13. Ibid., pp. 77-8, 87-95, 160-5, 168-9; C. R. Fay, Palace of Industry: a Study of the Great Exhibition and its Fruits (Cambridge, 1951), pp. 76-7; Michael Robbins, The Railway Age (1962), pp. 55-7 and plates 2-5, 7-10, 12; David St John Thomas, A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain, I, The West Country (Newton Abbot, 1966), pp. 45, 51, 104,116; B. Harrison and B. S. Trinder, 'Drink and sobriety in an early Victorian country town: Banbury, 1830-60', English Historical Review, supplement 4 (1969), pp. 49, 59-63; J. R. Kellett, The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (1969), pp. 87-92; Perkin, Age of the Railway, pp. 100-1, 213-14, 226-8; Brian Harrison, Drink and the Victorians (1971), pp. 140, 330; Best, Mid-Victorian Britain, pp. 222-5; John Myerscough, Thomas Cook', in J. F. C. Harrison (ed.), Eminently Victorian (1974), pp. 74-84; Thomas W. Laqueur, Religion and Respectability: Sunday Schools and Working Class Culture, 1780-1850 (1976), pp. 177-9; E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital (1977), p. 240; John Lowerson and John Myerscough, Time to Spare in Victorian England (Hassocks, 1977), pp. 19, 30-3, 50-1, 98, 113; John Walton, The Blackpool Landlady (Manchester, 1978), pp. 15, 18-19, 21, 27-9, 40-2, 169, 188; James Walvin, Leisure and Society (1978), pp. 18-32; Hugh Cunningham, Leisure and the Industrial Revolution, C. 1780-1880 (1980), pp. 157-9, 162-3; Goulven Guilcher, 'Trains de plaisir à l'époque victorienne', Études anglaises, XXXIII (1980)1 pp. 55-63;
14. Ibid., pp. 77-8, 87-95, 160-5, 168-9; C. R. Fay, Palace of Industry: a Study of the Great Exhibition and its Fruits (Cambridge, 1951), pp. 76-7; Michael Robbins, The Railway Age (1962), pp. 55-7 and plates 2-5, 7-10, 12; David St John Thomas, A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain, I, The West Country (Newton Abbot, 1966), pp. 45, 51, 104,116; B. Harrison and B. S. Trinder, 'Drink and sobriety in an early Victorian country town: Banbury, 1830-60', English Historical Review, supplement 4 (1969), pp. 49, 59-63; J. R. Kellett, The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (1969), pp. 87-92; Perkin, Age of the Railway, pp. 100-1, 213-14, 226-8; Brian Harrison, Drink and the Victorians (1971), pp. 140, 330; Best, Mid-Victorian Britain, pp. 222-5; John Myerscough, Thomas Cook', in J. F. C. Harrison (ed.), Eminently Victorian (1974), pp. 74-84; Thomas W. Laqueur, Religion and Respectability: Sunday Schools and Working Class Culture, 1780-1850 (1976), pp. 177-9; E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital (1977), p. 240; John Lowerson and John Myerscough, Time to Spare in Victorian England (Hassocks, 1977), pp. 19, 30-3, 50-1, 98, 113; John Walton, The Blackpool Landlady (Manchester, 1978), pp. 15, 18-19, 21, 27-9, 40-2, 169, 188; James Walvin, Leisure and Society (1978), pp. 18-32; Hugh Cunningham, Leisure and the Industrial Revolution, C. 1780-1880 (1980), pp. 157-9, 162-3; Goulven Guilcher, 'Trains de plaisir à l'époque victorienne', Études anglaises, XXXIII (1980)1 pp. 55-63;
15. Ibid., pp. 77-8, 87-95, 160-5, 168-9; C. R. Fay, Palace of Industry: a Study of the Great Exhibition and its Fruits (Cambridge, 1951), pp. 76-7; Michael Robbins, The Railway Age (1962), pp. 55-7 and plates 2-5, 7-10, 12; David St John Thomas, A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain, I, The West Country (Newton Abbot, 1966), pp. 45, 51, 104,116; B. Harrison and B. S. Trinder, 'Drink and sobriety in an early Victorian country town: Banbury, 1830-60', English Historical Review, supplement 4 (1969), pp. 49, 59-63; J. R. Kellett, The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (1969), pp. 87-92; Perkin, Age of the Railway, pp. 100-1, 213-14, 226-8; Brian Harrison, Drink and the Victorians (1971), pp. 140, 330; Best, Mid-Victorian Britain, pp. 222-5; John Myerscough, Thomas Cook', in J. F. C. Harrison (ed.), Eminently Victorian (1974), pp. 74-84; Thomas W. Laqueur, Religion and Respectability: Sunday Schools and Working Class Culture, 1780-1850 (1976), pp. 177-9; E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital (1977), p. 240; John Lowerson and John Myerscough, Time to Spare in Victorian England (Hassocks, 1977), pp. 19, 30-3, 50-1, 98, 113; John Walton, The Blackpool Landlady (Manchester, 1978), pp. 15, 18-19, 21, 27-9, 40-2, 169, 188; James Walvin, Leisure and Society (1978), pp. 18-32; Hugh Cunningham, Leisure and the Industrial Revolution, C. 1780-1880 (1980), pp. 157-9, 162-3; Goulven Guilcher, 'Trains de plaisir à l'époque victorienne', Études anglaises, XXXIII (1980)1 pp. 55-63;
16. Ibid., pp. 77-8, 87-95, 160-5, 168-9; C. R. Fay, Palace of Industry: a Study of the Great Exhibition and its Fruits (Cambridge, 1951), pp. 76-7; Michael Robbins, The Railway Age (1962), pp. 55-7 and plates 2-5, 7-10, 12; David St John Thomas, A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain, I, The West Country (Newton Abbot, 1966), pp. 45, 51, 104,116; B. Harrison and B. S. Trinder, 'Drink and sobriety in an early Victorian country town: Banbury, 1830-60', English Historical Review, supplement 4 (1969), pp. 49, 59-63; J. R. Kellett, The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (1969), pp. 87-92; Perkin, Age of the Railway, pp. 100-1, 213-14, 226-8; Brian Harrison, Drink and the Victorians (1971), pp. 140, 330; Best, Mid-Victorian Britain, pp. 222-5; John Myerscough, Thomas Cook', in J. F. C. Harrison (ed.), Eminently Victorian (1974), pp. 74-84; Thomas W. Laqueur, Religion and Respectability: Sunday Schools and Working Class Culture, 1780-1850 (1976), pp. 177-9; E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital (1977), p. 240; John Lowerson and John Myerscough, Time to Spare in Victorian England (Hassocks, 1977), pp. 19, 30-3, 50-1, 98, 113; John Walton, The Blackpool Landlady (Manchester, 1978), pp. 15, 18-19, 21, 27-9, 40-2, 169, 188; James Walvin, Leisure and Society (1978), pp. 18-32; Hugh Cunningham, Leisure and the Industrial Revolution, C. 1780-1880 (1980), pp. 157-9, 162-3; Goulven Guilcher, 'Trains de plaisir à l'époque victorienne', Études anglaises, XXXIII (1980)1 pp. 55-63;
17. Ibid., pp. 77-8, 87-95, 160-5, 168-9; C. R. Fay, Palace of Industry: a Study of the Great Exhibition and its Fruits (Cambridge, 1951), pp. 76-7; Michael Robbins, The Railway Age (1962), pp. 55-7 and plates 2-5, 7-10, 12; David St John Thomas, A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain, I, The West Country (Newton Abbot, 1966), pp. 45, 51, 104,116; B. Harrison and B. S. Trinder, 'Drink and sobriety in an early Victorian country town: Banbury, 1830-60', English Historical Review, supplement 4 (1969), pp. 49, 59-63; J. R. Kellett, The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (1969), pp. 87-92; Perkin, Age of the Railway, pp. 100-1, 213-14, 226-8; Brian Harrison, Drink and the Victorians (1971), pp. 140, 330; Best, Mid-Victorian Britain, pp. 222-5; John Myerscough, Thomas Cook', in J. F. C. Harrison (ed.), Eminently Victorian (1974), pp. 74-84; Thomas W. Laqueur, Religion and Respectability: Sunday Schools and Working Class Culture, 1780-1850 (1976), pp. 177-9; E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital (1977), p. 240; John Lowerson and John Myerscough, Time to Spare in Victorian England (Hassocks, 1977), pp. 19, 30-3, 50-1, 98, 113; John Walton, The Blackpool Landlady (Manchester, 1978), pp. 15, 18-19, 21, 27-9, 40-2, 169, 188; James Walvin, Leisure and Society (1978), pp. 18-32; Hugh Cunningham, Leisure and the Industrial Revolution, C. 1780-1880 (1980), pp. 157-9, 162-3; Goulven Guilcher, 'Trains de plaisir à l'époque victorienne', Études anglaises, XXXIII (1980)1 pp. 55-63;
18. Ibid., pp. 77-8, 87-95, 160-5, 168-9; C. R. Fay, Palace of Industry: a Study of the Great Exhibition and its Fruits (Cambridge, 1951), pp. 76-7; Michael Robbins, The Railway Age (1962), pp. 55-7 and plates 2-5, 7-10, 12; David St John Thomas, A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain, I, The West Country (Newton Abbot, 1966), pp. 45, 51, 104,116; B. Harrison and B. S. Trinder, 'Drink and sobriety in an early Victorian country town: Banbury, 1830-60', English Historical Review, supplement 4 (1969), pp. 49, 59-63; J. R. Kellett, The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (1969), pp. 87-92; Perkin, Age of the Railway, pp. 100-1, 213-14, 226-8; Brian Harrison, Drink and the Victorians (1971), pp. 140, 330; Best, Mid-Victorian Britain, pp. 222-5; John Myerscough, Thomas Cook', in J. F. C. Harrison (ed.), Eminently Victorian (1974), pp. 74-84; Thomas W. Laqueur, Religion and Respectability: Sunday Schools and Working Class Culture, 1780-1850 (1976), pp. 177-9; E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital (1977), p. 240; John Lowerson and John Myerscough, Time to Spare in Victorian England (Hassocks, 1977), pp. 19, 30-3, 50-1, 98, 113; John Walton, The Blackpool Landlady (Manchester, 1978), pp. 15, 18-19, 21, 27-9, 40-2, 169, 188; James Walvin, Leisure and Society (1978), pp. 18-32; Hugh Cunningham, Leisure and the Industrial Revolution, C. 1780-1880 (1980), pp. 157-9, 162-3; Goulven Guilcher, 'Trains de plaisir à l'époque victorienne', Études anglaises, XXXIII (1980)1 pp. 55-63;
19. Ibid., pp. 77-8, 87-95, 160-5, 168-9; C. R. Fay, Palace of Industry: a Study of the Great Exhibition and its Fruits (Cambridge, 1951), pp. 76-7; Michael Robbins, The Railway Age (1962), pp. 55-7 and plates 2-5, 7-10, 12; David St John Thomas, A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain, I, The West Country (Newton Abbot, 1966), pp. 45, 51, 104,116; B. Harrison and B. S. Trinder, 'Drink and sobriety in an early Victorian country town: Banbury, 1830-60', English Historical Review, supplement 4 (1969), pp. 49, 59-63; J. R. Kellett, The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (1969), pp. 87-92; Perkin, Age of the Railway, pp. 100-1, 213-14, 226-8; Brian Harrison, Drink and the Victorians (1971), pp. 140, 330; Best, Mid-Victorian Britain, pp. 222-5; John Myerscough, Thomas Cook', in J. F. C. Harrison (ed.), Eminently Victorian (1974), pp. 74-84; Thomas W. Laqueur, Religion and Respectability: Sunday Schools and Working Class Culture, 1780-1850 (1976), pp. 177-9; E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital (1977), p. 240; John Lowerson and John Myerscough, Time to Spare in Victorian England (Hassocks, 1977), pp. 19, 30-3, 50-1, 98, 113; John Walton, The Blackpool Landlady (Manchester, 1978), pp. 15, 18-19, 21, 27-9, 40-2, 169, 188; James Walvin, Leisure and Society (1978), pp. 18-32; Hugh Cunningham, Leisure and the Industrial Revolution, C. 1780-1880 (1980), pp. 157-9, 162-3; Goulven Guilcher, 'Trains de plaisir à l'époque victorienne', Études anglaises, XXXIII (1980)1 pp. 55-63;
20. Ibid., pp. 77-8, 87-95, 160-5, 168-9; C. R. Fay, Palace of Industry: a Study of the Great Exhibition and its Fruits (Cambridge, 1951), pp. 76-7; Michael Robbins, The Railway Age (1962), pp. 55-7 and plates 2-5, 7-10, 12; David St John Thomas, A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain, I, The West Country (Newton Abbot, 1966), pp. 45, 51, 104,116; B. Harrison and B. S. Trinder, 'Drink and sobriety in an early Victorian country town: Banbury, 1830-60', English Historical Review, supplement 4 (1969), pp. 49, 59-63; J. R. Kellett, The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (1969), pp. 87-92; Perkin, Age of the Railway, pp. 100-1, 213-14, 226-8; Brian Harrison, Drink and the Victorians (1971), pp. 140, 330; Best, Mid-Victorian Britain, pp. 222-5; John Myerscough, Thomas Cook', in J. F. C. Harrison (ed.), Eminently Victorian (1974), pp. 74-84; Thomas W. Laqueur, Religion and Respectability: Sunday Schools and Working Class Culture, 1780-1850 (1976), pp. 177-9; E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital (1977), p. 240; John Lowerson and John Myerscough, Time to Spare in Victorian England (Hassocks, 1977), pp. 19, 30-3, 50-1, 98, 113; John Walton, The Blackpool Landlady (Manchester, 1978), pp. 15, 18-19, 21, 27-9, 40-2, 169, 188; James Walvin, Leisure and Society (1978), pp. 18-32; Hugh Cunningham, Leisure and the Industrial Revolution, C. 1780-1880 (1980), pp. 157-9, 162-3; Goulven Guilcher, 'Trains de plaisir à l'époque victorienne', Études anglaises, XXXIII (1980)1 pp. 55-63;
21. Ibid., pp. 77-8, 87-95, 160-5, 168-9; C. R. Fay, Palace of Industry: a Study of the Great Exhibition and its Fruits (Cambridge, 1951), pp. 76-7; Michael Robbins, The Railway Age (1962), pp. 55-7 and plates 2-5, 7-10, 12; David St John Thomas, A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain, I, The West Country (Newton Abbot, 1966), pp. 45, 51, 104,116; B. Harrison and B. S. Trinder, 'Drink and sobriety in an early Victorian country town: Banbury, 1830-60', English Historical Review, supplement 4 (1969), pp. 49, 59-63; J. R. Kellett, The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (1969), pp. 87-92; Perkin, Age of the Railway, pp. 100-1, 213-14, 226-8; Brian Harrison, Drink and the Victorians (1971), pp. 140, 330; Best, Mid-Victorian Britain, pp. 222-5; John Myerscough, Thomas Cook', in J. F. C. Harrison (ed.), Eminently Victorian (1974), pp. 74-84; Thomas W. Laqueur, Religion and Respectability: Sunday Schools and Working Class Culture, 1780-1850 (1976), pp. 177-9; E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital (1977), p. 240; John Lowerson and John Myerscough, Time to Spare in Victorian England (Hassocks, 1977), pp. 19, 30-3, 50-1, 98, 113; John Walton, The Blackpool Landlady (Manchester, 1978), pp. 15, 18-19, 21, 27-9, 40-2, 169, 188; James Walvin, Leisure and Society (1978), pp. 18-32; Hugh Cunningham, Leisure and the Industrial Revolution, C. 1780-1880 (1980), pp. 157-9, 162-3; Goulven Guilcher, 'Trains de plaisir à l'époque victorienne', Études anglaises, XXXIII (1980)1 pp. 55-63;
22. Ibid., pp. 77-8, 87-95, 160-5, 168-9; C. R. Fay, Palace of Industry: a Study of the Great Exhibition and its Fruits (Cambridge, 1951), pp. 76-7; Michael Robbins, The Railway Age (1962), pp. 55-7 and plates 2-5, 7-10, 12; David St John Thomas, A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain, I, The West Country (Newton Abbot, 1966), pp. 45, 51, 104,116; B. Harrison and B. S. Trinder, 'Drink and sobriety in an early Victorian country town: Banbury, 1830-60', English Historical Review, supplement 4 (1969), pp. 49, 59-63; J. R. Kellett, The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (1969), pp. 87-92; Perkin, Age of the Railway, pp. 100-1, 213-14, 226-8; Brian Harrison, Drink and the Victorians (1971), pp. 140, 330; Best, Mid-Victorian Britain, pp. 222-5; John Myerscough, Thomas Cook', in J. F. C. Harrison (ed.), Eminently Victorian (1974), pp. 74-84; Thomas W. Laqueur, Religion and Respectability: Sunday Schools and Working Class Culture, 1780-1850 (1976), pp. 177-9; E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital (1977), p. 240; John Lowerson and John Myerscough, Time to Spare in Victorian England (Hassocks, 1977), pp. 19, 30-3, 50-1, 98, 113; John Walton, The Blackpool Landlady (Manchester, 1978), pp. 15, 18-19, 21, 27-9, 40-2, 169, 188; James Walvin, Leisure and Society (1978), pp. 18-32; Hugh Cunningham, Leisure and the Industrial Revolution, C. 1780-1880 (1980), pp. 157-9, 162-3; Goulven Guilcher, 'Trains de plaisir à l'époque victorienne', Études anglaises, XXXIII (1980)1 pp. 55-63;
23. Ibid., pp. 77-8, 87-95, 160-5, 168-9; C. R. Fay, Palace of Industry: a Study of the Great Exhibition and its Fruits (Cambridge, 1951), pp. 76-7; Michael Robbins, The Railway Age (1962), pp. 55-7 and plates 2-5, 7-10, 12; David St John Thomas, A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain, I, The West Country (Newton Abbot, 1966), pp. 45, 51, 104,116; B. Harrison and B. S. Trinder, 'Drink and sobriety in an early Victorian country town: Banbury, 1830-60', English Historical Review, supplement 4 (1969), pp. 49, 59-63; J. R. Kellett, The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (1969), pp. 87-92; Perkin, Age of the Railway, pp. 100-1, 213-14, 226-8; Brian Harrison, Drink and the Victorians (1971), pp. 140, 330; Best, Mid-Victorian Britain, pp. 222-5; John Myerscough, Thomas Cook', in J. F. C. Harrison (ed.), Eminently Victorian (1974), pp. 74-84; Thomas W. Laqueur, Religion and Respectability: Sunday Schools and Working Class Culture, 1780-1850 (1976), pp. 177-9; E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital (1977), p. 240; John Lowerson and John Myerscough, Time to Spare in Victorian England (Hassocks, 1977), pp. 19, 30-3, 50-1, 98, 113; John Walton, The Blackpool Landlady (Manchester, 1978), pp. 15, 18-19, 21, 27-9, 40-2, 169, 188; James Walvin, Leisure and Society (1978), pp. 18-32; Hugh Cunningham, Leisure and the Industrial Revolution, C. 1780-1880 (1980), pp. 157-9, 162-3; Goulven Guilcher, 'Trains de plaisir à l'époque victorienne', Études anglaises, XXXIII (1980)1 pp. 55-63;
24. Ibid., pp. 77-8, 87-95, 160-5, 168-9; C. R. Fay, Palace of Industry: a Study of the Great Exhibition and its Fruits (Cambridge, 1951), pp. 76-7; Michael Robbins, The Railway Age (1962), pp. 55-7 and plates 2-5, 7-10, 12; David St John Thomas, A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain, I, The West Country (Newton Abbot, 1966), pp. 45, 51, 104,116; B. Harrison and B. S. Trinder, 'Drink and sobriety in an early Victorian country town: Banbury, 1830-60', English Historical Review, supplement 4 (1969), pp. 49, 59-63; J. R. Kellett, The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (1969), pp. 87-92; Perkin, Age of the Railway, pp. 100-1, 213-14, 226-8; Brian Harrison, Drink and the Victorians (1971), pp. 140, 330; Best, Mid-Victorian Britain, pp. 222-5; John Myerscough, Thomas Cook', in J. F. C. Harrison (ed.), Eminently Victorian (1974), pp. 74-84; Thomas W. Laqueur, Religion and Respectability: Sunday Schools and Working Class Culture, 1780-1850 (1976), pp. 177-9; E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital (1977), p. 240; John Lowerson and John Myerscough, Time to Spare in Victorian England (Hassocks, 1977), pp. 19, 30-3, 50-1, 98, 113; John Walton, The Blackpool Landlady (Manchester, 1978), pp. 15, 18-19, 21, 27-9, 40-2, 169, 188; James Walvin, Leisure and Society (1978), pp. 18-32; Hugh Cunningham, Leisure and the Industrial Revolution, C. 1780-1880 (1980), pp. 157-9, 162-3; Goulven Guilcher, 'Trains de plaisir à l'époque victorienne', Études anglaises, XXXIII (1980)1 pp. 55-63;
25. Ibid., pp. 77-8, 87-95, 160-5, 168-9; C. R. Fay, Palace of Industry: a Study of the Great Exhibition and its Fruits (Cambridge, 1951), pp. 76-7; Michael Robbins, The Railway Age (1962), pp. 55-7 and plates 2-5, 7-10, 12; David St John Thomas, A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain, I, The West Country (Newton Abbot, 1966), pp. 45, 51, 104,116; B. Harrison and B. S. Trinder, 'Drink and sobriety in an early Victorian country town: Banbury, 1830-60', English Historical Review, supplement 4 (1969), pp. 49, 59-63; J. R. Kellett, The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (1969), pp. 87-92; Perkin, Age of the Railway, pp. 100-1, 213-14, 226-8; Brian Harrison, Drink and the Victorians (1971), pp. 140, 330; Best, Mid-Victorian Britain, pp. 222-5; John Myerscough, Thomas Cook', in J. F. C. Harrison (ed.), Eminently Victorian (1974), pp. 74-84; Thomas W. Laqueur, Religion and Respectability: Sunday Schools and Working Class Culture, 1780-1850 (1976), pp. 177-9; E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital (1977), p. 240; John Lowerson and John Myerscough, Time to Spare in Victorian England (Hassocks, 1977), pp. 19, 30-3, 50-1, 98, 113; John Walton, The Blackpool Landlady (Manchester, 1978), pp. 15, 18-19, 21, 27-9, 40-2, 169, 188; James Walvin, Leisure and Society (1978), pp. 18-32; Hugh Cunningham, Leisure and the Industrial Revolution, C. 1780-1880 (1980), pp. 157-9, 162-3; Goulven Guilcher, 'Trains de plaisir à l'époque victorienne', Études anglaises, XXXIII (1980)1 pp. 55-63;
26. Ibid., pp. 77-8, 87-95, 160-5, 168-9; C. R. Fay, Palace of Industry: a Study of the Great Exhibition and its Fruits (Cambridge, 1951), pp. 76-7; Michael Robbins, The Railway Age (1962), pp. 55-7 and plates 2-5, 7-10, 12; David St John Thomas, A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain, I, The West Country (Newton Abbot, 1966), pp. 45, 51, 104,116; B. Harrison and B. S. Trinder, 'Drink and sobriety in an early Victorian country town: Banbury, 1830-60', English Historical Review, supplement 4 (1969), pp. 49, 59-63; J. R. Kellett, The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (1969), pp. 87-92; Perkin, Age of the Railway, pp. 100-1, 213-14, 226-8; Brian Harrison, Drink and the Victorians (1971), pp. 140, 330; Best, Mid-Victorian Britain, pp. 222-5; John Myerscough, Thomas Cook', in J. F. C. Harrison (ed.), Eminently Victorian (1974), pp. 74-84; Thomas W. Laqueur, Religion and Respectability: Sunday Schools and Working Class Culture, 1780-1850 (1976), pp. 177-9; E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital (1977), p. 240; John Lowerson and John Myerscough, Time to Spare in Victorian England (Hassocks, 1977), pp. 19, 30-3, 50-1, 98, 113; John Walton, The Blackpool Landlady (Manchester, 1978), pp. 15, 18-19, 21, 27-9, 40-2, 169, 188; James Walvin, Leisure and Society (1978), pp. 18-32; Hugh Cunningham, Leisure and the Industrial Revolution, C. 1780-1880 (1980), pp. 157-9, 162-3; Goulven Guilcher, 'Trains de plaisir à l'époque victorienne', Études anglaises, XXXIII (1980)1 pp. 55-63;
27. Ibid., pp. 77-8, 87-95, 160-5, 168-9; C. R. Fay, Palace of Industry: a Study of the Great Exhibition and its Fruits (Cambridge, 1951), pp. 76-7; Michael Robbins, The Railway Age (1962), pp. 55-7 and plates 2-5, 7-10, 12; David St John Thomas, A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain, I, The West Country (Newton Abbot, 1966), pp. 45, 51, 104,116; B. Harrison and B. S. Trinder, 'Drink and sobriety in an early Victorian country town: Banbury, 1830-60', English Historical Review, supplement 4 (1969), pp. 49, 59-63; J. R. Kellett, The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (1969), pp. 87-92; Perkin, Age of the Railway, pp. 100-1, 213-14, 226-8; Brian Harrison, Drink and the Victorians (1971), pp. 140, 330; Best, Mid-Victorian Britain, pp. 222-5; John Myerscough, Thomas Cook', in J. F. C. Harrison (ed.), Eminently Victorian (1974), pp. 74-84; Thomas W. Laqueur, Religion and Respectability: Sunday Schools and Working Class Culture, 1780-1850 (1976), pp. 177-9; E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital (1977), p. 240; John Lowerson and John Myerscough, Time to Spare in Victorian England (Hassocks, 1977), pp. 19, 30-3, 50-1, 98, 113; John Walton, The Blackpool Landlady (Manchester, 1978), pp. 15, 18-19, 21, 27-9, 40-2, 169, 188; James Walvin, Leisure and Society (1978), pp. 18-32; Hugh Cunningham, Leisure and the Industrial Revolution, C. 1780-1880 (1980), pp. 157-9, 162-3; Goulven Guilcher, 'Trains de plaisir à l'époque victorienne', Études anglaises, XXXIII (1980)1 pp. 55-63;
28. Ibid., pp. 77-8, 87-95, 160-5, 168-9; C. R. Fay, Palace of Industry: a Study of the Great Exhibition and its Fruits (Cambridge, 1951), pp. 76-7; Michael Robbins, The Railway Age (1962), pp. 55-7 and plates 2-5, 7-10, 12; David St John Thomas, A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain, I, The West Country (Newton Abbot, 1966), pp. 45, 51, 104,116; B. Harrison and B. S. Trinder, 'Drink and sobriety in an early Victorian country town: Banbury, 1830-60', English Historical Review, supplement 4 (1969), pp. 49, 59-63; J. R. Kellett, The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (1969), pp. 87-92; Perkin, Age of the Railway, pp. 100-1, 213-14, 226-8; Brian Harrison, Drink and the Victorians (1971), pp. 140, 330; Best, Mid-Victorian Britain, pp. 222-5; John Myerscough, Thomas Cook', in J. F. C. Harrison (ed.), Eminently Victorian (1974), pp. 74-84; Thomas W. Laqueur, Religion and Respectability: Sunday Schools and Working Class Culture, 1780-1850 (1976), pp. 177-9; E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital (1977), p. 240; John Lowerson and John Myerscough, Time to Spare in Victorian England (Hassocks, 1977), pp. 19, 30-3, 50-1, 98, 113; John Walton, The Blackpool Landlady (Manchester, 1978), pp. 15, 18-19, 21, 27-9, 40-2, 169, 188; James Walvin, Leisure and Society (1978), pp. 18-32; Hugh Cunningham, Leisure and the Industrial Revolution, C. 1780-1880 (1980), pp. 157-9, 162-3; Goulven Guilcher, 'Trains de plaisir à l'époque victorienne', Études anglaises, XXXIII (1980)1 pp. 55-63;
29. Stephen and Eileen Yeo (eds.), Popular Culture and Class Conflict, 1590-1914 (Brighton, 1981), pp. 91, 194-5; R. D. Storch (ed.), Popular Culture and Custom in Nineteenth Century England (1982), pp. 58, 88, 103, 112-13, 117, 119, 132, 138, 146; J. M. Golby and A. W. Purdue, The Civilisation of the Crowd. Popular Culture in England, 1750-1900 (1984), pp. 98, 135-8; Jack Simmons, The Railway in Town and Country, 1830-1914 (Newton Abbot, 1986), pp. 86-91, 133-6, 250-1, 253, 266-7; F. M. L. Thompson, The Rise of Respectable Society: a Social History of Victorian Britain, 1830-1900 (1988), pp. 260-2; see also references at notes 8 and 9 below. The best academic discussion is the most recent Jack Simmons The Victorian Railway (1991), chapters 12-13. Arthur and Elizabeth Jordan, Away for the Day: the Railway Excursion in Britain, 1830 to the Present Day (Kettering, 1991) is widely-researched and well illustrated but not analytically rigorous.
30. Stephen and Eileen Yeo (eds.), Popular Culture and Class Conflict, 1590-1914 (Brighton, 1981), pp. 91, 194-5; R. D. Storch (ed.), Popular Culture and Custom in Nineteenth Century England (1982), pp. 58, 88, 103, 112-13, 117, 119, 132, 138, 146; J. M. Golby and A. W. Purdue, The Civilisation of the Crowd. Popular Culture in England, 1750-1900 (1984), pp. 98, 135-8; Jack Simmons, The Railway in Town and Country, 1830-1914 (Newton Abbot, 1986), pp. 86-91, 133-6, 250-1, 253, 266-7; F. M. L. Thompson, The Rise of Respectable Society: a Social History of Victorian Britain, 1830-1900 (1988), pp. 260-2; see also references at notes 8 and 9 below. The best academic discussion is the most recent Jack Simmons The Victorian Railway (1991), chapters 12-13. Arthur and Elizabeth Jordan, Away for the Day: the Railway Excursion in Britain, 1830 to the Present Day (Kettering, 1991) is widely-researched and well illustrated but not analytically rigorous.
31. Stephen and Eileen Yeo (eds.), Popular Culture and Class Conflict, 1590-1914 (Brighton, 1981), pp. 91, 194-5; R. D. Storch (ed.), Popular Culture and Custom in Nineteenth Century England (1982), pp. 58, 88, 103, 112-13, 117, 119, 132, 138, 146; J. M. Golby and A. W. Purdue, The Civilisation of the Crowd. Popular Culture in England, 1750-1900 (1984), pp. 98, 135-8; Jack Simmons, The Railway in Town and Country, 1830-1914 (Newton Abbot, 1986), pp. 86-91, 133-6, 250-1, 253, 266-7; F. M. L. Thompson, The Rise of Respectable Society: a Social History of Victorian Britain, 1830-1900 (1988), pp. 260-2; see also references at notes 8 and 9 below. The best academic discussion is the most recent Jack Simmons The Victorian Railway (1991), chapters 12-13. Arthur and Elizabeth Jordan, Away for the Day: the Railway Excursion in Britain, 1830 to the Present Day (Kettering, 1991) is widely-researched and well illustrated but not analytically rigorous.
32. Stephen and Eileen Yeo (eds.), Popular Culture and Class Conflict, 1590-1914 (Brighton, 1981), pp. 91, 194-5; R. D. Storch (ed.), Popular Culture and Custom in Nineteenth Century England (1982), pp. 58, 88, 103, 112-13, 117, 119, 132, 138, 146; J. M. Golby and A. W. Purdue, The Civilisation of the Crowd. Popular Culture in England, 1750-1900 (1984), pp. 98, 135-8; Jack Simmons, The Railway in Town and Country, 1830-1914 (Newton Abbot, 1986), pp. 86-91, 133-6, 250-1, 253, 266-7; F. M. L. Thompson, The Rise of Respectable Society: a Social History of Victorian Britain, 1830-1900 (1988), pp. 260-2; see also references at notes 8 and 9 below. The best academic discussion is the most recent Jack Simmons The Victorian Railway (1991), chapters 12-13. Arthur and Elizabeth Jordan, Away for the Day: the Railway Excursion in Britain, 1830 to the Present Day (Kettering, 1991) is widely-researched and well illustrated but not analytically rigorous.
33. Stephen and Eileen Yeo (eds.), Popular Culture and Class Conflict, 1590-1914 (Brighton, 1981), pp. 91, 194-5; R. D. Storch (ed.), Popular Culture and Custom in Nineteenth Century England (1982), pp. 58, 88, 103, 112-13, 117, 119, 132, 138, 146; J. M. Golby and A. W. Purdue, The Civilisation of the Crowd. Popular Culture in England, 1750-1900 (1984), pp. 98, 135-8; Jack Simmons, The Railway in Town and Country, 1830-1914 (Newton Abbot, 1986), pp. 86-91, 133-6, 250-1, 253, 266-7; F. M. L. Thompson, The Rise of Respectable Society: a Social History of Victorian Britain, 1830-1900 (1988), pp. 260-2; see also references at notes 8 and 9 below. The best academic discussion is the most recent Jack Simmons The Victorian Railway (1991), chapters 12-13. Arthur and Elizabeth Jordan, Away for the Day: the Railway Excursion in Britain, 1830 to the Present Day (Kettering, 1991) is widely-researched and well illustrated but not analytically rigorous.
34. Stephen and Eileen Yeo (eds.), Popular Culture and Class Conflict, 1590-1914 (Brighton, 1981), pp. 91, 194-5; R. D. Storch (ed.), Popular Culture and Custom in Nineteenth Century England (1982), pp. 58, 88, 103, 112-13, 117, 119, 132, 138, 146; J. M. Golby and A. W. Purdue, The Civilisation of the Crowd. Popular Culture in England, 1750-1900 (1984), pp. 98, 135-8; Jack Simmons, The Railway in Town and Country, 1830-1914 (Newton Abbot, 1986), pp. 86-91, 133-6, 250-1, 253, 266-7; F. M. L. Thompson, The Rise of Respectable Society: a Social History of Victorian Britain, 1830-1900 (1988), pp. 260-2; see also references at notes 8 and 9 below. The best academic discussion is the most recent Jack Simmons The Victorian Railway (1991), chapters 12-13. Arthur and Elizabeth Jordan, Away for the Day: the Railway Excursion in Britain, 1830 to the Present Day (Kettering, 1991) is widely-researched and well illustrated but not analytically rigorous.
35. Stephen and Eileen Yeo (eds.), Popular Culture and Class Conflict, 1590-1914 (Brighton, 1981), pp. 91, 194-5; R. D. Storch (ed.), Popular Culture and Custom in Nineteenth Century England (1982), pp. 58, 88, 103, 112-13, 117, 119, 132, 138, 146; J. M. Golby and A. W. Purdue, The Civilisation of the Crowd. Popular Culture in England, 1750-1900 (1984), pp. 98, 135-8; Jack Simmons, The Railway in Town and Country, 1830-1914 (Newton Abbot, 1986), pp. 86-91, 133-6, 250-1, 253, 266-7; F. M. L. Thompson, The Rise of Respectable Society: a Social History of Victorian Britain, 1830-1900 (1988), pp. 260-2; see also references at notes 8 and 9 below. The best academic discussion is the most recent Jack Simmons The Victorian Railway (1991), chapters 12-13. Arthur and Elizabeth Jordan, Away for the Day: the Railway Excursion in Britain, 1830 to the Present Day (Kettering, 1991) is widely-researched and well illustrated but not analytically rigorous.
36. Victoria County History, A History of the County of Warwick, VII, The City of Birmingham, ed. W. B. Stephens (1964), pp. 38, 41.
37. Clement E. Stretton, The History of the Midland Railway (1901), pp. 42-6, 57; W. W.Tomlinson, The North Eastern Railway: its Rise and Development (1914), pp. 372-4; Pimlott, Englishman's Holiday, pp. 90-1; Perkin, Age of the Railway, pp. 222.
38. Clement E. Stretton, The History of the Midland Railway (1901), pp. 42-6, 57; W. W.Tomlinson, The North Eastern Railway: its Rise and Development (1914), pp. 372-4; Pimlott, Englishman's Holiday, pp. 90-1; Perkin, Age of the Railway, pp. 222.
39. Clement E. Stretton, The History of the Midland Railway (1901), pp. 42-6, 57; W. W.Tomlinson, The North Eastern Railway: its Rise and Development (1914), pp. 372-4; Pimlott, Englishman's Holiday, pp. 90-1; Perkin, Age of the Railway, pp. 222.
40. Clement E. Stretton, The History of the Midland Railway (1901), pp. 42-6, 57; W. W.Tomlinson, The North Eastern Railway: its Rise and Development (1914), pp. 372-4; Pimlott, Englishman's Holiday, pp. 90-1; Perkin, Age of the Railway, pp. 222.
41. Charles E. Lee, Passenger Class Distinctions (1946), pp. 8-9; T. R. Gourvish, Mark Huish and the London & North Western Railway: a Study of Management (Leicester, 1972), p. 69; Philip S. Bagwell, The Transport Revolution from 1700 (1974), p. 127; Delgado, The Annual Outing, p. 59; Simmons, Victorian Railway, p. 272.
42. Charles E. Lee, Passenger Class Distinctions (1946), pp. 8-9; T. R. Gourvish, Mark Huish and the London & North Western Railway: a Study of Management (Leicester, 1972), p. 69; Philip S. Bagwell, The Transport Revolution from 1700 (1974), p. 127; Delgado, The Annual Outing, p. 59; Simmons, Victorian Railway, p. 272.
43. Charles E. Lee, Passenger Class Distinctions (1946), pp. 8-9; T. R. Gourvish, Mark Huish and the London & North Western Railway: a Study of Management (Leicester, 1972), p. 69; Philip S. Bagwell, The Transport Revolution from 1700 (1974), p. 127; Delgado, The Annual Outing, p. 59; Simmons, Victorian Railway, p. 272.
44. Charles E. Lee, Passenger Class Distinctions (1946), pp. 8-9; T. R. Gourvish, Mark Huish and the London & North Western Railway: a Study of Management (Leicester, 1972), p. 69; Philip S. Bagwell, The Transport Revolution from 1700 (1974), p. 127; Delgado, The Annual Outing, p. 59; Simmons, Victorian Railway, p. 272.
45. Charles E. Lee, Passenger Class Distinctions (1946), pp. 8-9; T. R. Gourvish, Mark Huish and the London & North Western Railway: a Study of Management (Leicester, 1972), p. 69; Philip S. Bagwell, The Transport Revolution from 1700 (1974), p. 127; Delgado, The Annual Outing, p. 59; Simmons, Victorian Railway, p. 272.
46. For Cook see W. Fraser Rae, The Business of Travel (1891), pp. 20-5; Pimlott, Englishman's Holiday, pp. 91, 168-9, John Pudney, The Thomas Cook Story (1953), pp. 52-8; Jack Simmons, 'Thomas Cook of Leicester', Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society, XLIX (1973-4), pp. 18-32. See also note 64 below.
47. For Cook see W. Fraser Rae, The Business of Travel (1891), pp. 20-5; Pimlott, Englishman's Holiday, pp. 91, 168-9, John Pudney, The Thomas Cook Story (1953), pp. 52-8; Jack Simmons, 'Thomas Cook of Leicester', Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society, XLIX (1973-4), pp. 18-32. See also note 64 below.
48. For Cook see W. Fraser Rae, The Business of Travel (1891), pp. 20-5; Pimlott, Englishman's Holiday, pp. 91, 168-9, John Pudney, The Thomas Cook Story (1953), pp. 52-8; Jack Simmons, 'Thomas Cook of Leicester', Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society, XLIX (1973-4), pp. 18-32. See also note 64 below.
49. For Cook see W. Fraser Rae, The Business of Travel (1891), pp. 20-5; Pimlott, Englishman's Holiday, pp. 91, 168-9, John Pudney, The Thomas Cook Story (1953), pp. 52-8; Jack Simmons, 'Thomas Cook of Leicester', Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society, XLIX (1973-4), pp. 18-32. See also note 64 below.
50. [James Jaffray], 'Hints for a history of Birmingham' (1855-56), chapter XXXXIV, in Birmingham Reference Library 174534; J. T. Bunce, 'Birmingham life sixty years ago', Birmingham Weekly Post, 6 May 1899. See also Gourvish, Mark Huish, p. 69.
51. [James Jaffray], 'Hints for a history of Birmingham' (1855-56), chapter XXXXIV, in Birmingham Reference Library 174534; J. T. Bunce, 'Birmingham life sixty years ago', Birmingham Weekly Post, 6 May 1899. See also Gourvish, Mark Huish, p. 69.
52. [James Jaffray], 'Hints for a history of Birmingham' (1855-56), chapter XXXXIV, in Birmingham Reference Library 174534; J. T. Bunce, 'Birmingham life sixty years ago', Birmingham Weekly Post, 6 May 1899. See also Gourvish, Mark Huish, p. 69.
53. Birmingham Journal, 12 June 1841.
54. Up to 1842 a duty of 5 per cent was charged on individual tickets, thereafter it was charged on total passenger revenue, allowing railway companies to decrease the price of excursion tickets and attract new passengers, thereby (assuming little increase in marginal costs) increasing total revenue (Gourvish, Mark Huish, pp. 39, 69). After 1850 it was remitted altogether (Parris, Government and the Railways, p. 119).
55. Up to 1842 a duty of 5 per cent was charged on individual tickets, thereafter it was charged on total passenger revenue, allowing railway companies to decrease the price of excursion tickets and attract new passengers, thereby (assuming little increase in marginal costs) increasing total revenue (Gourvish, Mark Huish, pp. 39, 69). After 1850 it was remitted altogether (Parris, Government and the Railways, p. 119).
56. Birmingham Journal, 16 June 1849.
57. Children's Employment Commission (Trade and Manufactures), Appendix to the Second Report of the Commissioners, I, Reports and Evidence from Sub-commissioners, Parl. Papers, 1843 [432] XV, pp. F129, f152; Morning Chronicle, 16 December 1850, 6 January 1851.
58. Children's Employment Commission (Trade and Manufactures), Appendix to the Second Report of the Commissioners, I, Reports and Evidence from Sub-commissioners, Parl. Papers, 1843 [432] XV, pp. F129, f152; Morning Chronicle, 16 December 1850, 6 January 1851.
59. See also the discussions in Eric Hopkins, Birmingham: the first Manufacturing Town in the World, 1760-1840 (1989), pp. 152-4, and E. H. Hunt, Regional Wage Variations in Britain, 1850-1914 (Oxford, 1973), pp. 33-4, 47, 157-8.
60. See also the discussions in Eric Hopkins, Birmingham: the first Manufacturing Town in the World, 1760-1840 (1989), pp. 152-4, and E. H. Hunt, Regional Wage Variations in Britain, 1850-1914 (Oxford, 1973), pp. 33-4, 47, 157-8.
61. Excursions 16, 17, 19, 22, 24, 27, 28 in Table I. For St Monday see Douglas A. Reid, 'The decline of Saint Monday, 1766-1876', Past and Present, 71 (1976), p. 78.
62. Excursion 8; for the Birmingham Spring Fair see Douglas A. Reid, 'Interpreting the festival calendar: wakes and fairs as carnivals', in Storch, Popular Culture, p. 138.
63. Excursions 13, 14; 1, 9.
64. Excursions 3, 21, 26, Dennis Brailsford, 'England 1775-1815: a time for play', in Ian Blanchard (ed.), Labour and Leisure in Historical Perspective, the thirteenth to twentieth centuries (Stuttgart, 1994), pp. 103-4.
65. Excursions 11, 12, 18, 29.
66. Excursions 3, 6, 7, 10, 15, 20, 23, 25.
67. Excursions 4, 5; Reid, 'Decline', pp. 79-80.
68. Excursions 2, 6, 7, 10, 15, 20, 23, 25. For clues to early accommodation at Blackpool see Walton, Blackpool Landlady, p. 16, and passim for the flowering of the board-and-lodging system. For travellers' lodging houses in London in 1851 see Delgado, Annual Outing, pp. 122-3.
69. Excursions 2, 6, 7, 10, 15, 20, 23, 25. For clues to early accommodation at Blackpool see Walton, Blackpool Landlady, p. 16, and passim for the flowering of the board-and-lodging system. For travellers' lodging houses in London in 1851 see Delgado, Annual Outing, pp. 122-3.
70. P. H. J. H. Gosden, The Friendly Societies in England, 1815-75 (Manchester, 1961), pp. 75-6. A thousand members of the London Carpenters' Benevolent Society are recorded as having undertaken an excursion to Brighton in a chartered train on Whit Monday 1844 (Francis Sheppard, London, 1808-70: the Infernal Wen, 1971, p. 134).
71. P. H. J. H. Gosden, The Friendly Societies in England, 1815-75 (Manchester, 1961), pp. 75-6. A thousand members of the London Carpenters' Benevolent Society are recorded as having undertaken an excursion to Brighton in a chartered train on Whit Monday 1844 (Francis Sheppard, London, 1808-70: the Infernal Wen, 1971, p. 134).
72. Excursions 8, 11, 12, 16, 17, 21, 22, 26.
73. Excursions 2, 7, 15, 23.
74. Gosden, Friendly Societies, pp. 115-37, 169-70.
75. Ibid., pp. 88-93. See the example of James Day in the text at note 69 below.
76. VCH Warwickshire, pp. 227-8.
77. Times, 2 June 1842, Birmingham Journal, 4 June 1842.
78. Times, 2 June 1842, Birmingham Journal, 4 June 1842.
79. See Derek Fraser, Urban Politics in Victorian England (1979 edition), p. 245, for the politics of the Birmingham Journal
80. See Derek Fraser, Urban Politics in Victorian England (1979 edition), p. 245, for the politics of the Birmingham Journal
81. Birmingham Journal, 4 June 1842. The Congregationalist R. W. Dale stayed at Douglas, Isle of Man, for two weeks in the summer of 1851, meeting 'many old friends-for it was a popular resort of Birmingham people' (A. W. W. Dale, Life of R. W. Dale of Birmingham, 1898, p. 67).
82. Birmingham Journal, 4 June 1842. The Congregationalist R. W. Dale stayed at Douglas, Isle of Man, for two weeks in the summer of 1851, meeting 'many old friends-for it was a popular resort of Birmingham people' (A. W. W. Dale, Life of R. W. Dale of Birmingham, 1898, p. 67).
83. See Hopkins, Birmingham, pp. 40-61, 77-8.
84. S. J. Pratt, Harvest-Home: consisting of Supplementary Gleanings . . . (1805), I, p. 385, n. 1; Douglas A Reid,