Critical incident stress debriefing for law enforcement: Practical models and special applications

International Journal of Emergency Mental Health

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 189-201

  Miller, Laurence ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Critical incident stress; Critical incident stress debriefing; Law enforcement psychotherapy; Peer support programs; Police psychology

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ATTITUDE TO DEATH; CRISIS INTERVENTION; EDUCATION; FEMALE; GROUP THERAPY; HUMAN; LAW ENFORCEMENT; LEGAL LIABILITY; MALE; METHODOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; PEER GROUP; POLICE; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; REVIEW; SOCIAL SUPPORT; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; ATTITUDE TO DEATH; CRISIS INTERVENTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; LAW ENFORCEMENT; LIABILITY, LEGAL; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; PEER GROUP; POLICE; PSYCHOTHERAPY, GROUP; SOCIAL SUPPORT; UNITED STATES;

EID: 33749458469     PISSN: 15224821     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Almedom, A.M. (2005). Resilience, hardiness, sense of coherence, and posttraumatic growth: All paths leading to "light at the end of the tunnel"? Journal of Loss and Trauma, 10, 253-265.
2. Antonovsky, A. (1987). Unraveling the mystery of health: How people manage stress and stay well. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
3. Bisson, J.I. & Deahl, M.P. (1994). Psychological debriefing and prevention of post-traumatic stress: More research is needed. British Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 717-720.
4. Blau, T.H. (1994). Psychological services for law enforcement. New York: Wiley.
5. st century (pp. 169-188). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
6. Bordow, S. & Porritt, D. (1979). An experimental evaluation of crisis intervention. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 1189-1217.
7. Bowman, M. (1997). Individual differences in posttraumatic response: Problems with the adversity-distress connection. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
8. Britt, J.M. (1991). U.S. Secret Service critical incident peer support team. In J.T. Reese, J.M. Horn, & C. Dunning (Eds.), Critical incidents inpolicing (rev. ed.; pp. 55-61). Washington DC: US Government Printing Office.
9. Carlier, I.V.E. & Gersons, B.P.R. (1995). Partial PTSD: The issue of psychological scars and the occurrence of PTSD symptoms. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 183, 107-109.
10. Carlier, I.V.E., Lamberts, R.D. & Gersons, B.P.R. (1997). Risk factors for posttraumatic stress symptomatology in police officers: A prospective analysis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 498-506.
11. Dunning, C. (1999). Postintervention strategies to reduce police trauma: A paradigm shift. In J.M. Violanti & D. Paton (Eds.), Police trauma: Psychological aftermath of civilian combat (pp. 269-289). Springfield: Charles C Thomas.
12. Dyregrov, A. (1989). Caring for helpers in disaster situations: Psychological debriefing. Disaster Management, 2, 25-30.
13. Dyregrov, A. (1997). The process in psychological debriefing. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, 589-605.
14. Everly, G.S. & Boyle, S. (1999). Critical incident stress debriefing (CISD): A meta-analysis. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 1, 165-168.
15. Everly, G.S., Flannery, R.B., & Mitchell, J.T. (2000). Critical incident stress management: A review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 5, 23-40.
16. Everly, G.S. & Mitchell, J.T. (1997). Critical incident stress management (CISM): A new era and standard of care in crisis intervention. Ellicott City: Chevron.
17. Finn, P. & Tomz, J.E. (1999). Reducing stress: An organization-centered approach. In L. Territo & J.D. Sewell (Eds.), Stress management in law enforcement (pp. 373-382). Durham: Carolina Academic Press.
18. Flannery, R.B., Fulton, P., & Tausch, J. (1991). A program to help staff cope with psychological sequelae of assaults by patients. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 42, 935-938.
19. Gentz, D. (1991). The psychological impact of critical incidents on police officers. In J.T. Reese, J.M. Horn & C. Dunning (Eds.), Critical incidents in policing (rev. ed.; pp. 119-121). Washington DC: US Government Printing Office.
20. Henry, V.E. (2004). Death work: Police, trauma, and the psychology of survival. New York: Oxford University Press.
21. Higgins, GO. (1994). Resilient adults: Overcoming a cruel past. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
22. Horn, J.M. (1991). Critical incidents for law enforcement officers. In J.T. Reese, J.M. Horn, & C. Dunning (Eds.), Critical incidents in policing (rev. ed.; pp. 143-148). Washington DC: US Government Printing Office
23. June, D.L. (1999). Introduction to executive protection. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
24. Kirschman, E.F. (1997). I love a cop: What police families need to know. New York: Guilford.
25. Karlsson, I. & Christianson, S.A. (2003). The phenomenology of traumatic experiences in police work. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 26, 419-438.
26. Kobasa, S.C.O., Maddi, S., & Cahn, S. (1982). Hardiness and health: A prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 168-177.
27. Linden, J.I. & Klein, R. (1986). Critical issues in police peer counseling. In J.T. Reese & H.A. Goldstein (Eds.), Psychological services for law enforcement (pp. 137-139). Washington DC: Federal Bureau of Investigation.
28. McMains, M.J. (1991). The management and treatment of postshooting trauma. In J.T. Reese, J. Horn, & C. Dunning (Eds.), Critical incidents in policing (rev. ed.; pp. 191-198). Washington DC: US Government Printing Office.
29. McNally, R.J., Bryant, R.A. & Ehlers, A. (2003). Does early psychological intervention promote recovery from post-traumatic stress? Psychological Science in the Public-Interest, 4, 45-79.
30. McNally, V.J. & Solomon, R.M. (1999). The FBI's critical incident stress management program. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, February, pp. 20-26.
31. Miller, L. (1995). Tough guys: Psychotherapeutic strategies with law enforcement and emergency services personnel. Psychotherapy, 32, 592-600.
32. Miller, L. (1998a). Ego autonomy and the healthy personality: Psychodynamics, cognitive style, and clinicial applications. Psychoanalytic Review, 85, 423-448.
33. Miller, L. (1998b). Shocks to the System: Psychotherapy of Traumatic Disability Syndromes. New York: Norton.
34. Miller, L. (1999). Critical incident stress debriefing: Clinical applications and new directions. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 1, 253-265.
35. Miller, L. (2000). Law enforcement traumatic stress: Clinical syndromes and intervention strategies. Trauma Response, 6(1), 15-20.
36. Miller, L. (2002). Law enforcement stress management: The good, the bad, and the healthy, www.handcuffedhearts.com/Articles/laurencemiller11_21_02.htm.
37. Miller, L. (2003). Police personalities: Understanding and managing the problem officer. The Police Chief, May, pp. 53-60.
38. Miller, L. (2004). Good cop - bad cop: Problem officers, law enforcement culture, and strategies for success. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 19, 30-48.
39. Miller, L. (2005). Critical incident stress: Myths and realities. Law and Order, April, p. 31.
40. Miller, L. (2006). Practical police psychology: Stress management and crisis intervention for law enforcement. Springfield: Charles C Thomas.
41. Miller, L. (in press-a). Police families: Stresses, syndromes, and solutions. American Journal of Family Therapy.
42. rd ed.). New York: Guilford.
43. Mitchell, J.T. (1983). When disaster strikes...The critical incident stress process. Journal of the Emergency Medical Services, 8, 36-39.
44. Mitchell, J.T. (1988). The history, status, and future of critical incident stress debriefings. Journal of the Emergency Medical Services, 13, 41-52.
45. Mitchell, J.T. (1991). Law enforcement applications for critical incident stress teams. In J.T. Reese, J.M. Horn & C. Dunning (Eds.), Critical incidents in policing (rev. ed.; pp. 201-212). Washington DC: US Government Printing Office.
46. Mitchell, J.T. & Bray, G.P. (1990). Emergency services stress: Guidelines for preserving the health and careers of emergency services personnel. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
47. Mitchell, J.T. & Everly, G.S. (1996). Critical incident stress debriefing: Operations manual for the prevention of traumatic stress among emergency services and disaster workers, (rev. ed.). Ellicott City: Chevron.
48. rd ed.). Ellicott City: International Critical Incident Stress Foundation.
49. Mitchell, J. & Levenson, R.L., Jr. (2006). Some thoughts on providing effective mental health critical care for police departments after line-of-duty deaths. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 8, 1-4.
50. Nielsen, E. (1991). Traumatic incident corps: Lessons learned. In J.T. Reese, J.M. Horn & C. Dunning (Eds.), Critical Incidents in Policing (rev. ed.; pp. 221-226). Washington DC: US Government Printing Office.
51. Reese, J.T. (1987). Coping with stress: It's your job. In J.T. Reese (Ed.), Behavioral science in law enforcement (pp. 75-79). Washington DC: Federal Bureau of Investigation.
52. Reese, J.T. (1991). Justifications for mandating critical incident aftercare. In J.T. Reese, J.M. Horn & C. Dunning (Eds.), Critical incidents in policing (rev. ed.; pp. 213-220). Washington DC: US Government Printing Office.
53. Regehr, C. (2001). Crisis debriefings for emergency responders: Reviewing the evidence. Journal of Brief Treatments and Crisis Intervention, 1, 87-100.
54. Regehr, C. & Bober, T. (2004). In the line of fire: Trauma in the emergency services. New York: Oxford University Press.
55. Ruzek, J.I. (2002). Providing brief education and support for emergency response workers: An alternative to debriefing. Military Medicine, 167, 73.
56. Sheehan, D.C., Everly, G.S. & Langlieb, A. (2004). Current best practices: Coping with major critical incidents. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, September, pp. 1-13.
57. Solomon, R.M. (1988). Mental conditioning: The utilization of fear. In J.T. Reese & J.M. Horn (Eds.), Police psychology: Operational assistance (pp. 391-407). Washington DC: US Government Printing Office.
58. Solomon, R.M. (1990). Administrative guidelines for dealing with officers involved in on-duty shooting situations. The Police Chief, February, p. 40.
59. Solomon, R.M. (1991). The dynamics of fear in critical incidents: Implications for training and treatment. In J.T. Reese, J.M. Horn & C. Dunning (Eds.), Critical incidents in policing (rev. ed.; pp. 347-358). Washington DC: US Government Printing Office.
60. Solomon, R.M. (1995). Critical incident stress management in law enforcement. In G.S. Everly (Ed.), Innovations in disaster and trauma psychology: Applications in emergency services and disaster response (pp. 123-157). Ellicott City: Chevron.
61. Solomon, Z. & Benbenishty, R. (1988). The role of proximity, immediacy, and expectance in frontline treatment of combat stress reactions among Israelis in the Lebanon war. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 613-617.
62. Stuhlmiller, C. & Dunning, C. (2000). Challenging the main-stream: From pathogenic to salutogenic models of posttrauma intervention. In J. Violanti, D. Paton & C. Dunning (Eds.), Posttraumatic stress intervention: Challenges, issues, and perspectives (pp. 10-42). Springfield: Charles C Thomas.
63. Tedeschi, R.G. & Calhoun, L.G (1995). Trauma and transformation: Growing in the aftermath of suffering. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
64. Tedeschi, R.G & Kilmer, R.P. (2005). Assessing strengths, resilience, and growth to guide clinical interventions. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36, 230-237.
65. Toch, H. (2002). Stress in policing. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
66. Violanti, J.M. (2000). Scripting trauma: The impact of pathogenic intervention. In J. Violanti, D. Paton & C. Dunning (Eds.), Posttraumatic stress intervention: Challenges, issues, and perspectives (pp. 153-165). Springfield: Charles C Thomas.