Epidemiology of Obesity and Chronic Kidney Disease

Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 325-335

  Ross, Will R ^a   McGill, Janet B ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Chronic kidney disease; Gestational programming; IgA nephropathy; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity; public health; Uric acid nephropathy

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A NEPHROPATHY; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT;

ALBUMINURIA; BIRTH WEIGHT; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, IGA; HUMANS; KIDNEY CALCULI; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; OBESITY; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 33749424934     PISSN: 15485595     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2006.07.012     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Flegal K.M., Carroll M.D., Ogden C.L., et al. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000. JAMA 288 (2002) 1723-1727
2. Ogden C.L., Carroll M.D., Curtin L.R., et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004. JAMA 295 (2006) 1549-1555
3. Strauss R.S. Epidemic increase in childhood overweight, 1986-1998. JAMA 286 (2001) 2845-2848
4. Flegal K.M., Graubard B.I., Williamson D.F., et al. Excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight and obesity. JAMA 293 (2005) 1861-1867
5. Fox C.S., Larson M.G., Leip E.P., et al. Predictors of new-onset kidney disease in a community based population. JAMA 291 (2004) 844-850
6. Grundy S.M. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 140 (2004) 167-174
7. Kramer H., Luke A., Bidani A., et al. Obesity and prevalent and incident CKD: The Hypertension Detection and Follow-Up Program. Am J Kidney Dis 46 (2005) 587-594
8. Hsu C., McCulloch C.E., Iribarren C., et al. Body mass index and risk for end stage renal disease. Ann Intern Med 144 (2006) 21-28
9. Iseki K., Ikemiya Y., Kinjo K., et al. Body mass index and the risk of development of end-stage renal disease in a screened cohort. Kidney Int 65 (2004) 1870-1876
10. Wang W., Lee E.T., Fabsitz R.R., et al. The longitudinal study of hypertension risk factors and their relation to cardiovascular disease. The Strong Heart Study. Hypertension 47 (2006) 403-409
11. Garrison R.J., Kannel W.B., Stokes III J., et al. Incidence and precursors of hypertension in young adults: The Framingham Offspring Study. Prev Med 16 (1987) 234-251
12. Mokdad A.H., Ford E.S., Bowman B.A., et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA 289 (2003) 76-79
13. Segura J., Campo C., Roldan C., et al. Hypertensive renal damage in metabolic syndrome is associated with glucose metabolism disturbances. J Am Soc Nephrol 15 suppl (2004) S37-S42
14. United States Renal Data System: Annual Data Report: 2004 ADR/Atlas. Available at: http://www.usrds.org/adr_2004.htm. Accessed July 7, 2006.
15. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: Evaluation, classification and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 39 suppl 1 (2002) S1-S266
16. Levey A.S., Eckardt K.U., Tsukamoto Y., et al. Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: A position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int 67 (2005) 2089-2100
17. Definition and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus (1999), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
18. Executive summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285 (2001) 2486-2497
19. International Diabetes Federation: The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome. Available at: http://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/Meta_syndrome_definition.pdf. Accessed July 9, 2006.
20. Ford E.S., Giles W.H., and Dietz W.H. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 287 (2002) 356-359
21. Cruz M.L., Weigensberg M.J., Huang T.T., et al. The metabolic syndrome in overweight Hispanic youth and the role of insulin sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 (2004) 108-113
22. Yudkin J.S., Forrest R.D., and Jackson C.A. Microalbuminuria as predictor of vascular disease in non-diabetic subjects: Islington Diabetes Survey. Lancet 2 (1988) 530-533
23. Gerstein H.C., Mann J.F., Yi Q., et al. Albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular events, death and heart failure in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. JAMA 286 (2001) 421-426
24. Hillege H.L., Fidler V., Diercks G.F.H., et al. Urinary albumin excretion predicts cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality in general population. Circulation 106 (2002) 1777-1782
25. Isomaa B., Almgren P., Tuomi T., et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 24 (2001) 683-689
26. Go A.S., Chertow G.M., Fan D., et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events and hospitalization. N Engl J Med 351 (2004) 1296-1305
27. Foley R.N., Murray A.M., Li S., et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risk for cardiovascular disease, renal replacement and death in the United States Medicare population, 1998 to 1999. J Am Soc Nephrol 16 (2005) 489-495
28. Bagby S.P. Obesity-initiated metabolic syndrome and the kidney: A recipe for chronic kidney disease?. J Am Soc Nephrol 15 (2004) 2775-2791
29. El-Atat F.A., Stas S.N., McFarlane S.I., et al. The relationship between hyperinsulinemia, hypertension and progressive renal disease. J Am Sosc Nephrol 15 (2004) 2816-2827
30. Mykkanen L., Zaccaro D.J., Wagenknecht L.E., et al. Microalbuminuria is associated with insulin resistance in nondiabetic subjects: The insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes 47 (1998) 793-800
31. Palaniappan L., Carnethon M., and Fortmann S.P. Association between microalbuminuria and the metabolic syndrome: NHANES III. Am J Hyperten 16 (2003) 952-958
32. Yip J., Mattock M.B., Morocutti A., et al. Insulin resistance in insulin-dependent diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. Lancet 342 (1993) 883-887
33. Groop L., Ekstrand A., Forsblom C., et al. Insulin resistance, hypertension and microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 36 (1993) 642-647
34. Agewall S., Fagerberg B., Attvall S., et al. Microalbuminuria, insulin sensitivity and haemostatic factors in nondiabetic treated hypertensive men. Risk Factor Intervention Study Group. J Intern Med 237 (1995) 195-203
35. Chen J., Muntner P., Hamm L.L., et al. Insulin resistance and risk of chronic kidney disease in non-diabetic US adults. J Am Soc Nephrol 14 (2003) 469-477
36. Chen J., Muntner P., Hamm L.L., et al. The metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in US adults. Ann Intern Med 140 (2004) 167-174
37. Kurella M., Lo J.C., and Chertow G.M. Metabolic syndrome and the risk of chronic kidney disease among nondiabetic adults. J Am Soc Nephrol 16 (2005) 2134-2140
38. Liese A.D., Hense H.-W., Doring A., et al. Microalbuminuria, central adiposity and hypertension in the non-diabetic urban population of the MONICA Augsburg survey 1994/1995. J Hum Hypertens 15 (2001) 799-804
39. Chang Y., Yoo T., Ryu S., et al. Abdominal obesity, systolic blood pressure, and microalbuminuria in normotensive and euglycemic Korean men. Int J Obes (Lond) 300 (2006) 800-804
40. Cirillo M., Senigalliesi L., Laurenzi M., et al. Microalbuminuria in nondiabetic adults. Arch Intern Med 158 (1998) 1933-1939
41. Pinto-Sietsma S.J., Janssen N.G., deZeeuw D., et al. A central body fat distribution is related to renal function impairment, even in lean subjects. Am J Kidney Dis 41 (2003) 733-741
42. Verhave J.C., Hillege H.L., Burgerhof J.G.M., et al. Cardiovascular risk factors are differently associated with urinary albumin excretion in men and women. J Am Soc Nephrol 14 (2003) 1330-1335
43. Hall J.E., Henegar J.R., Dwyer T.M., et al. Is obesity a major cause of chronic kidney disease?. Adv Ren Replace Ther 11 (2004) 41-54
44. Abrass C.K. Overview: Obesity: What does it have to do with kidney disease?. J Am Soc Nephrol 15 (2004) 2768-2772
45. Hall J.E., Brands M.W., Dixon W.N., et al. Obesity-induced hypertension. Hypertension 23 (1993) 292-299
46. Rocchini A.P., Moorehead C.P., DeRemer S., et al. Pathogenesis of weight related changes in blood pressure in dogs. Hypertension 13 (1989) 922-928
47. Rocchini A.P., Moorehead C.P., Wentz E., et al. Obesity-induced hypertension in the dog. Hypertension 9 suppl III (1987) 64-68
48. Bochner Mortenson J., Rickers H., and Balslev I. Renal function and body composition before and after intestinal bypass operation in obese patients. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 40 (1980) 695-702
49. Reisin E., Messerli F.G., Ventura H.O., et al. Renal haemodynamic studies in obesity hypertension. J Hypertens 5 (1987) 397-400
50. Ribstein J., du Cailar G., and Mimran A. Combined renal effects of overweight and hypertension. Hypertensin 26 (1995) 610-615
51. Porter L.E., and Hollemberg N.K. Obesity, salt intake and renal perfusion in healthy humans. Hypertension 32 (1998) 144-148
52. Chagnac A., Weinstein T., Korzets A., et al. Glomerular hemodynamics in severe obesity. Am J Renal Physiol 278 (2000) F817-F822
53. Cohen A.H. Massive obesity and the kidney: A morphologic and statistical study. Am J Pathol 81 (1975) 117-130
54. Kasiske B.L., and Crosson J.T. Renal disease in patients with massive obesity. Arch Intern Med 146 (1986) 1105-1109
55. Weisinger J.R., Kempson R.L., Eldridge F.L., et al. The nephrotic syndrome: A complication of massive obesity. Ann Intern Med 81 (1974) 440-447
56. Verani R.R. Obesity-associated focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: Pathological features of the lesion and relationship with cardiomegaly and hyperlipidemia. Am J Kidney Dis 20 (1992) 629-634
57. Praga M., Hernandez E., Morales E., et al. Clinical features and long-term outcome of obesity-associated focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16 (2001) 1790-1798
58. Jeannette J.C., Charles L., and Grubb W. Glomerulomegaly and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis associated with obesity and sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 10 (1987) 470-472
59. Bailey R.R., Lynn K.L., Burry A.F., et al. Proteinuria, glomerulomegaly, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in a grossly obese man with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Aust NZ J Med 19 (1989) 473-474
60. Kambham N., Markowitz G.S., Valeri A.M., et al. Obesity-related glomerulopathy: An emerging epidemic. Kidney Int 59 (2001) 1498-1509
61. D'Agati V. The many masks of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 46 (1994) 1223-1241
62. Juncos L.A., and Ito S. Disparate effects of insulin on isolated rabbit afferent and efferent arterioles. J Clin Invest 92 (1993) 1981-1985
63. Frystyk J., Skjaerbaek C., Vesto E., et al. Circulating levels of free insulin-like growth factors in obese subjects: The impact of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 15 (1999) 314-322
64. Cusumano A.M., Bodkin N.L., Hansen B.C., et al. Glomerular hypertrophy is associated with hyperinsulinemia and precedes overt diabetes in aging rhesus monkeys. Am J Kidney Dis 40 (2002) 1075-1085
65. Wolf G., Hamann A., Han D.C., et al. Leptin stimulates proliferation and TGF-β expression in renal glomerular endothelial cells: Potential role in glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 56 (1999) 860-872
66. Wolf G., Chen S., Han D.C., et al. Leptin and renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 39 (2002) 1-11
67. Henegar J.R., Bigler S.A., Henegar L.K., et al. Functional and structural changes in the kidney in the early stages of obesity. J Am Soc Nephrol 12 (2001) 1211-1217
68. Zatz R., Dunn B.R., Meyer T.W., et al. Prevention of diabetic glomerulopathy by pharmacological amelioration of glomerular capillary hypertension. J Clin Invest 77 (1986) 1925-1930
69. Donadio J.V., and Grande J.P. Immunoglobulin A nephropathy. N Engl J Med 347 (2002) 738-748
70. Bonnet F., Deprele C., Sassolas A., et al. Excessive body weight as a new independent risk factor for clinical and pathological progression in primary IgA nephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 37 (2001) 720-727
71. Tanaka M., Txugii T., Tahara S., et al. Clinicopathological influence of excess body weight in IgA nephropathy: Comparative study of 68 patients. Nephrology 10 suppl 6 (2005) A435-A436
72. Johnson R.J., Segal M.S., Srinivas T., et al. Essential hypertension, progressive renal disease, and uric acid: A pathogenic link?. J Am Soc Nephrol 16 (2005) 1909-1919
73. Myllymaki J., Honkanen T., Syrjanen J., et al. Uric acid correlates with the severity of histopathological parameters in IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20 (2005) 89-95
74. Syrjanen J., Mustonen J., and Pasternack A. Hypertriglyceridemia and hyperuricaemia are risk factors for progression of IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transpl 15 (2000) 34-42
75. Ohno I., Hosoya T., Gomi H., et al. Serum uric acid and renal prognosis in patients with IgA nephropathy. Nephron 87 (2001) 333-339
76. Taylor E.N., Stampfer M.J., and Gurhan G.C. Obesity, weight gain and the risk of kidney stones. JAMA 293 (2005) 455-462
77. Ekeruo W.O., Tan Y.H., Young M.D., et al. J Urol 172 (2004) 159-163
78. Abate N., Chandalia M., Cabo-Chan A.V., et al. The metabolic syndrome and uric acid nephrolithiasis: Novel features of renal manifestation of insulin resistance. Kidney Int 65 (2004) 386-392
79. Brenner B.M., Garcia D.L., and Anderson S. Glomeruli and blood pressure: Less of one, more the other. Am J Hypertens 1 (1988) 335-347
80. Moore R.A. The total number of glomeruli in the normal human kidney. Anat Rec 48 (1931) 153-168
81. Dunnill M.S., and Halley W. Some observations on the quantitative anatomy of the kidney. J Pathol 110 (1973) 113-121
82. Nyengaard J.R., and Bendtsen T.F. Glomerular number and size in relation to age, kidney weight, and body surface in normal man. Anat Rec 232 (1992) 194-201
83. Hinchliffe S.A., Howard C.V., Lynch M.R., et al. The effect of intrauterine growth retardation on the development of renal nephrons. Br J Obstet Gynecol 99 (1992) 296-301
84. Manalich R., Reyes L., Herrera M., et al. Relationship between weight at birth and the number and size of renal glomeruli in humans: A histomorphometric study. Kidney Int 58 (2000) 770-773
85. Hoy W.E., Douglas-Denton R.N., Hughson M.D., et al. A stereological study of glomerular number and volume: Preliminary findings in a multiracial study of kidneys at autopsy. Kidney Int suppl (2003) S31-S37
86. Schmidt K., Pesce C., Liu Q., et al. Large glomerular size in Pima Indians: Lack of change with diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 3 (1992) 229-235
87. Abdi R., Slakey D., Kittur D., et al. Heterogeneity of glomerular size in normal donor kidneys: Impact of race. Am J Kidney Dis 32 (1998) 43-46
88. Taitz L.S. Infantile overnutrition among artificially fed infants in the Sheffied region. Br Med J 1 (1971) 315-316
89. Shukla A., Forsyth H.A., Anderson C.M., et al. Infantile overnutrition in the first year of life: A field study in Dudley, Worcestershire. Br Med J 4 (1972) 507-515
90. Gallaher M.M., Hauck F.R., Yang-Oshida M., et al. Obesity among Mescalero preschool children: Association with maternal obesity and birthweight. Am J Dis Child 145 (1991) 1262-1265
91. Parsons T.J., Power C., Logan S., et al. Childhood predictors of adult obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 23 suppl (1999) S1-S107
92. Sokol R.J., Brindley B.A., and Dombrowski M.P. Practical diagnosis and management of abnormal labor. In: Scott J.R., DiSaia P.J., Hammond C.B., and Spellacy W.N. (Eds). Danforth's Obstetrics and Gynecology. (ed 7) (1994), JB Lippincott, Phildelphia, PA 521-561
93. Barker D.J., Hales C.N., Fall C.H., et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): Relation to reduced fetal growth. Diabetologia 36 (1993) 62-67
94. Barker D.J., Osmond C., Golding J., et al. Growth in utero, blood pressure in childhood and adult life, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. Br Med J 298 (1989) 564-567
95. Ravelli A.C., van der Meulen J.H., et al. Glucose tolerance in adults after prenatal exposure to famine. Lancet 351 (1998) 173-177
96. Colditz G.A. The Nurses' Health Study: A cohort of women followed since 1976. J Am Med Womens Assoc 50 (1995) 40-44
97. Curhan G.C., Chertow G.M., Willett W.C., et al. Birth weight and adult hypertension and obesity in women. Circulation 94 (1996) 1310-1315