Control of Tropical Plant Virus Diseases

Advances in Virus Research

Volumn 67, Issue , 2006, Pages 245-295

  Thresh, J M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GREENWICH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DISEASE TRANSMISSION; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; PATHOGENICITY; PLANT DISEASE; PLANT VIRUS; REVIEW; TROPIC CLIMATE; VIROLOGY; VIRUS INFECTION;

PLANT DISEASES; PLANT VIRUSES; TROPICAL CLIMATE; VIRUS DISEASES;

EID: 33749257987     PISSN: 00653527     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-3527(06)67007-3     Document Type: Review

References (190)

1. A'Brook J. The effects of planting date and spacing on the incidence of groundnut rosette disease and of the vector, Aphis craccivora Koch, at Mokwa, northern Nigeria. Ann. Appl. Biol. 54 (1964) 199-208
2. Ahohuendo B.C., and Sarkar S. Partial control of the spread of African cassava mosaic virus in Benin by intercropping. Z. Pflanzenkr. Pflanzensch. 102 (1995) 249-256
3. Akano A.O., Dixon A.G.O., Mba C., Barrera E., and Fregene M. Genetic mapping of a dominant gene conferring resistance to cassava mosaic disease. Theor. Appl. Genet. 105 (2002) 521-525
4. Ali M. Breeding cotton varieties for resistance to the cotton leaf curl virus. Pak. J. Phytopathol. 9 (1997) 1-7
5. Alvarez P.A., and Abud-Antún A.J. Report de República Dominica. CEIBA 36 (1995) 39-47
6. Ampofo S.T. The current cocoa swollen shoot virus disease situation in Ghana. "Proceedings 1st International Cocoa Pests and Diseases Seminar. Accra, Ghana, 1995," (1997) 175-178
7. In: Anderson P.K., and Morales F.J. (Eds). "Whitefly and Whitefly-Borne Viruses in the Tropics: Building a Knowledge Base for Global Action," (2005), CIAT, Colombia 286
8. Anonymous. Quarantine Implications: Cassava Program 1987-1991. Working document No. 116 (1992), CIAT, Colombia
9. Anonymous. How Akwa Ibom overcame a crisis in cassava production. Cassava Newsl. 17 2 (1993) 9-10
10. Atiri G.I., and Varma A. Some climatic considerations in the epidemiology and control of two okra viruses in southern Nigeria. "Proceedings CTA/IFS Seminar on the Influence of Climate on the Production of Tropical Crops," 23-28 September 1991, Burkina Faso (1991) 328-335
11. Attafuah A. Occurrence of cacao viruses in wild plant species in Ghana. Ghana J. Sci. 5 (1965) 97-101
12. Azzam O., and Chancellor T.C.B. The biology, epidemiology and management of rice tungro disease in Asia. Plant Dis. 86 (2002) 88-100
13. Bajet N.B., Daquioag R.D., and Hibino H. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to diagnose tungro. J. Plant Prot. Trop. 2 (1985) 125-129
14. Bawden F.C. "Plant Viruses and Virus Diseases," (1950), Chronica Botanica Company, Waltham, MA, USA 335
15. Bawden F.C. The spread and control of plant virus diseases. Ann. Appl. Biol. 42 (1955) 140-147
16. Beck B.D.A. Historical perspectives of cassava breeding in Africa. In: Hahn S.K., and Ker A.D.R. (Eds). "Root Crops in Eastern Africa". Proceedings of a Workshop held in Kigali, Rwanda, 1980 (1982), IDRC, Ottawa, Canada 13-18
17. Bedford I.D., Briddon R.W., Markham P.G., Brown J.K., and Rossell R.C. A new species of Bemisia or biotype of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) as a future pest of European agriculture. "Plant Health and the European Single Market,". BCPC Monograph No. 54 (1993) 381-386
18. Bennett C.W. Origin and distribution of new or little-known virus diseases. Plant Dis. Rep. Suppl. 211 (1952) 43-46
19. Bentley J.M., and Thiele G. Farmer knowledge and management of crop disease. Agr. Human Values 16 (1999) 75-81
20. Bos L. Wild plants in the ecology of virus diseases. In: Maramorosch K., and Harris K.F. (Eds). "Plant Diseases and Vectors: Ecology and Epidemiology" (1981), Academic Press, New York 1-33
21. Bos L. New plant virus problems in developing countries: A corollary of agricultural modernization. Adv. Virus Res. 38 (1992) 349-407
22. Brown J.K. The status of Bemisia tabaci Genn. as a plant pest and virus vector in agro-ecosystems worldwide. FAO Plant Prot. Bull. 42 (1994) 3-32
23. Bua A., Sserubombwe W.D., Alicai T., Baguma Y.K., Omongo C.A., Akullo D., Tumwesigye S., Apok A., and Thresh J.M. The incidence and severity of cassava mosaic virus disease and the varieties of cassava grown in Uganda: 2003. Roots (2005) (in press)
24. Cabunagan R., Flores Z.M., Hibino H., Muis A., Talanca H., Sudjak S.M., and Bastian A. Sporadic occurrence of tungro (RTV) in rice resistant to rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) in rice germplasm. Int. Rice Research Newsletter 18 (1989) 287
25. Calvert L.A., and Thresh J.M. The viruses and virus diseases of cassava. In: Hillocks R.J., Thresh J.M., and Bellotti A.C. (Eds). "Cassava: Biology, Production and Utilization" (2002), CABI, Wallingford, UK 237-260 pp. 332
26. Chancellor T.C.B. Groundnut rosette disease management. Final Technical Report on Project R7445 (ZA0317) to Crop Protection Programme (2002), Department for International Development, London
27. In: Chancellor T.C.B., and Thresh J.M. (Eds). "Epidemiology and Management of Rice Tungro Disease," (1997), Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, UK 108
28. Chancellor T.C.B., Teng P.S., and Heong K.L. Rice Tungro Disease Epidemiology and Vector Ecology. IRRI Discussion Paper Series No. 19 (1996), IRRI, Manila
29. Cho J.J., Mau R.F.L., German T.L., Hartmann R.W., Yudin L.S., Gonsalves D., and Provvidenti R. A multidisciplinary approach to management of tomato spotted wilt virus in Hawaii. Plant Dis. 73 (1989) 375-383
30. Cockcroft L. Current and projected trends in African agriculture: Implications for research strategy. In: Hughes J.d.'A., and Odu B.O. (Eds). "Plant Virology in sub-Saharan Africa" (2003), IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria 172-188
31. Colvin J., Fishpool L.D.C., Fargette D., Sherington J., and Fauquet C. Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) trap catches in a cassava field in Côte d'Ivoire in relation to environmental factors and the distribution of African cassava mosaic disease. Bull. Entomol. Res. 88 (1998) 369-378
32. Cornwell P.B. Movements of the vectors of virus diseases of cacao in Ghana I. Canopy movement in and between trees. Bull. Entomol. Res. 49 (1958) 613-630
33. Costa A.S., and Muller G.W. Tristeza control by cross protection: A U.S.-Brazil cooperative success. Plant Dis. 64 (1980) 538-541
34. Cours G. Le manioc à Madagascar. Mèmoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar, Série B, Biologie Végétale 3 (1951) 203-400
35. Cours G., Fargette D., Otim-Nape G.W., and Thresh J.M. The epidemic of cassava mosaic virus disease in Madagascar in the 1930s-1940s; lessons for the current situation in Uganda. Trop. Sci. 37 (1997) 238-248
36. Dade H.A. Cassava Mosaic. Paper 28. Year Book. Bulletin 23 (1930), Department of Agriculture, Gold Coast 245-247
37. Dahal G. Transmission of tungro-associated viruses by field and selected colonies of Nephotettix virescens distant and their mode of feeding on selected rice cultivars (1988), University of Philippines, Lõs Banos Ph. D. thesis
38. Damsteegt V.D. A naturally occurring corn virus epiphytotic. Pl. Dis. Reptr. 60 (1976) 858-861
39. Davies J.C. Use of menazon insecticide to for control of rosette disease of groundnut in Uganda. Trop. Agric. Trin. 52 (1975) 359-367
40. Davies J.C. The incidence of rosette disease in groundnut in relation to plant density and its effect on yield. Ann. Appl. Biol. 82 (1976) 489-501
41. DeVries J., and Toenniessen G. "Securing the Harvest: Biotechnology, Breeding and Seed Systems for African Crops," (2001), CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK 208
42. Dittrich V., Hassan S.O., and Ernst G.H. Sudanese cotton and the whitefly: A case study of the emergence of a new primary pest. Crop. Prot. 4 (1985) 161-176
43. Ebbels D.L. A historical review of certification schemes for vegetatively-propagated crops in England and Wales. ADAS Quarterly Review 32 (1979) 21-58
44. Ebbels D.L. "Principles of Plant Health and Quarantine." (2003), CAB Int., UK
45. Eberwine J.W., and Hagood E.S. Effects of johnson grass (Sorghum halepense) control on the severity of virus diseases of corn (Zea mays). Weed Technol. 9 (1995) 73-79
46. Egabu J., Osiru D.S.O., Adipala E., and Thresh J.M. The influence of plant population on cassava mosaic disease epidemiology in central Uganda. Afr. Crop Sci. J. 5 (2002) 439-443
47. Entwistle P.F. "Pests of Cacao," (1972), Longman, London 779
48. Evans A.C. Groundnut rosette disease in Tanganyika. I. Field studies. Ann. Appl. Biol. 41 (1954) 189-206
49. Faccioli G., and Marani F. Virus elimination by meristem tip culture and tip micrografting. Chapter 27,. In: Hadidi, et al. (Ed) (1998) 346-380 (1998)
50. Fargette D., and Fauquet C. A preliminary study on the influence of intercropping maize and cassava on the spread of African cassava mosaic virus by whiteflies. Asp. Appl. Biol. 17 (1988) 195-202
51. Fargette D., Fauquet C., and Thouvenel J.-C. Field studies on the spread of African cassava mosaic. Ann. Appl. Biol. 106 (1985) 285-294
52. Fargette D., Fauquet C., Grenier E., and Thresh J.M. The spread of African cassava mosaic virus into and within cassava fields. J. Phytopathol. 130 (1990) 289-302
53. Fargette D., Muniyappa V., Fauquet C.M., N'Guessan P., and Thouvenel J.-C. Comparative epidemiology of three tropical whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses. Biochimie 75 (1993) 547-554
54. Fargette D., Colon L.T., Bouveau R., and Fauquet C. Components of resistance of cassava to African cassava mosaic virus. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 102 (1996) 645-654
55. Farrell J.A.K. Effects of groundnut sowing date and plant spacing on rosette virus disease in Malawi. Bull. Entomol. Res. 66 (1976) 159-171
56. Farrell J.A.K. Effects of intersowing with beans on the spread of groundnut rosette virus by Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera, Aphididae) in Malawi. Bull. Entomol. Res. 66 (1976) 331-333
57. Fauquet, C., and Beachy, R. N. (undated). Cassava viruses and genetic engineering. International Cassava-Trans Project. CTA, Wageningen. p. 30
58. Ferreira S.A., Pitz K.Y., Manshardt R., Zee F., Fitch M., and Gonsalves D. Virus coat protein transgenic papaya provides practical control of Papaya ringspot virus in Hawaii. Plant Dis. 86 (2002) 101-105
59. Fondong V.N., Thresh J.M., and Zok S. Spatial and temporal spread of cassava mosaic virus disease in cassava grown alone and when intercropped with maize and/or cowpea. J. Phytopathol. 150 (2002) 365-374
60. Foster J.A., and Hadidi A. Exclusion of plant viruses. Chapter 16. In: Hadidi, et al. (Ed) (1998) 208-229 1998
61. Fregene M., and Puonti-Kaerlas J. Cassava biotechnology. In: Hillocks R.J., Thresh J.M., and Bellotti A.C. (Eds). "Cassava Biology, Production and Utilization" (2002), CABI, Wallingford, UK 179-207
62. Frison E.A., and Putter C.A.J. FAO/IBPGR Technical Guidelines for Safe Movement of Germplasm (1989), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/National Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Rome
63. Fulton R. Practices and precautions in the use of cross protection for plant virus disease control. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 24 (1986) 67-81
64. Gámez R., and Moreno R.A. Epidemiology of beetle-borne viruses of grain legumes in Central America. In: Plumb R.T., and Thresh J.M. (Eds). "Plant Virus Epidemiology" (1983), Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, UK 103-113
65. García-Arenal F., and McDonald B.A. An analysis of the durability of resistance to plant viruses. Phytopathology 93 (2003) 941-952
66. Garnsey S.M., Gottwald T.R., and Yokomi R.K. Control strategies for citrus tristeza virus. Chapter 48. In: Hadidi, et al. (Ed) (1998) 639-658 1998
67. Ghosh A., John V.T., and Rao J.R.K. Studies on grassy stunt disease of rice in India. Pl. Dis. Reptr. 63 (1979) 523-525
68. Giha O.H., and Nour M.A. Epidemiology of cotton leafcurl virus in the Sudan. Cotton Growers Rev. 46 (1969) 105-118
69. Gonsalves D. Control of papaya ringspot virus in papaya: A case study. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 36 (1998) 415-437
70. Gorter G.J.M.A. "Studies on the Spread and Control of the Streak Disease of Maize,". Science Bulletin 341 (1953), Department of Agriculture and Forestry, Union of South Africa 20
71. Hadley P., Lee T., and Thresh J.M. The University of Reading cocoa quarantine project. Cocoa Growers' Bull. 42 (1989) 5-11
72. Hamed A.A., and Makkouk K.M. Occurrence and management of Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus in chickpea fields in northern Sudan. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 41 (2002) 193-198
73. Hanna A.D., and Heatherington W. Arrest of the swollen-shoot virus disease of cacao in the Gold Coast by controlling the mealybug vectors with the systemic insecticide Dimefox. Ann. Appl. Biol. 45 (1957) 473-480
74. Harrison B.D. Virus variation in relation to resistance-breaking in plants. Euphytica 124 (2002) 181-192
75. Hayes T.R. Groundnut rosette disease in the Gambia. Trop. Agric. Trin. 19 (1932) 211-217
76. Heinrichs E.A., and Rapusas H. Correlation of resistance to the green leafhopper Nephotettix virescens (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) with tungro virus infection in rice varieties having different genes for resistance. Environ. Entomol. 12 (1983) 201-205
77. Hewitt W.B., and Chiarappa L. "Plant Health and Quarantine in International Transfer of Genetic Resources." (1977), CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio
78. Hibino H. Biology and epidemiology of rice viruses. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 34 (1996) 249-274
79. Hibino H., and Cabauatan R.C. Rice tungro associated viruses and their relation to host plants and vector leafhoppers. Tropical Agriculture Research Series, No. 19 (1986), Tropical Agriculture Research Centre, Japan 173-181
80. Hibino H., Cabuatan P.Q., Omura T., and Tsuchizaki T. Rice grassy-stunt virus strain causing tungro-like symptoms in the Philippines. Plant Dis. 69 (1985) 538-541
81. Hibino H., Daquioag R.D., Cabauatan P.Q., and Dahal G. Resistance to rice tungro spherical virus in rice. Plant Dis. 72 (1988) 843-847
82. Hibino H., Daquioag R.D., Mesina E.M., and Aguiero V.M. Resistance in rice to tungro-associated viruses. Plant Dis. 74 (1990) 923-926
83. Hillocks R.J., Thresh J.M., Tomas J., Botao M., Macia R., and Zavier R. Cassava brown streak disease in northern Mozambique. Int. J. Pest Manag. 48 (2002) 179-182
84. Hollings M. Disease control through virus-free stock. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 3 (1965) 367-396
85. Holt J., Chancellor T.C.B., Reynolds D.R., and Tiongco E.R. Risk assessment for rice planthopper and tungro disease outbreaks. Crop Prot. 15 (1996) 359-368
86. Hopkins J.C.F. Leafcurl of tobacco in Southern Rhodesia. Rhodesia Agric. J. 29 (1932) 680-686
87. In: Hughes J.d.'A., and Odu B.O. (Eds). "Plant Virology in Sub-Saharan Africa," (2003), IITA, Nigeria 589
88. Hughes J.d.'A., and Ollennu L.A.A. Mild strain protection of cacao in Ghana against cacao swollen shoot virus-a review. Plant Pathol. 43 (1994) 442-457
89. Jameson J.D. Cassava mosaic disease in Uganda. East Afric. Agric. For. J. 29 (1964) 208-213
90. Jennings D.L. Breeding for resistance to African cassava mosaic geminivirus in East Africa. Trop. Sci. 34 (1994) 110-122
91. Kahn R.P. A concept of pest risk analysis. EPPO Bull. 9 (1979) 119-130
92. Kahn R.P. "Plant Protection and Quarantine." Volumes 1-3 (1989), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida 226 240, 265
93. Kenmore P.E., Cariño F.O., Perez C.A., Dych V.A., and Gutierrez A.P. Population regulation of the rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål) within rice fields in the Philippines. J. Plant Prot. Trop. 1 (1984) 19-37
94. Kenmore P.E., Litsinger J.A., Bandong J.P., Santiago A.C., and Salac M.M. Philippine rice farmers and insecticides: Thirty years of growing dependency and new options for change. In: Tait J., and Napompeth B. (Eds). "Management of Pests and Pesticides: Farmers' Perceptions and Practices." (1987), Westview Press, Boulder and London 98-108
95. Khush G.S. Breeding for resistance in rice. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 287 (1977) 296-308
96. Khush G.S. Breeding rice for resistance to insects. Prot. Ecol. 7 (1984) 147-165
97. Lal R. Managing world soils for food security and environmental quality. Adv. Agron. 74 (2001) 155-192
98. Legg J.P., and Thresh J.M. Cassava virus diseases in Africa. In: Hughes J.d.'A., and Odu B.O. (Eds). "Plant Virology in Sub-Saharan Africa" (2003), IITA, Ibadan 517-552
99. Lister R.M., and Thresh J.M. The history and control of cacao swollen shoot disease in Nigeria. "Proceedings of Cacao Conference, London," (1957), Cacao, Chocolate and Confectionery Alliance 132-142
100. Loevinsohn M.E. Insecticide use and increased mortality in rural Central Luzon, Philippines. Lancet (1987) 1359-1362 June 13
101. Manwan I., Sama S., and Rizvi S.A. Use of varietal rotation in the management of tungro disease in Indonesia. Indones. Agric. Res. Dev. J. 7 (1985) 43-48
102. Matteson P.C. Insect pest management in tropical Asian irrigated rice. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 45 (2000) 549-574
103. Mignouna H.D., and Dixon A.G.O. Genetic relationships among cassava clones with varying levels of resistance to African cassava mosaic disease using RAPD markers. Afr. J. Root Tuber Crops 2 (1997) 28-32
104. Mink G.I., Wample R., and Howell W.E. Heat treatment of perennial plants to eliminate phytoplasmas, viruses and viroids while maintaining plant survival. Chapter 26. In: Hadidi, et al. (Ed) (1998) 332-345 (1998)
105. Morales F.J., and Anderson P.K. The emergence and dissemination of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses in Latin America. Arch. Virol. 146 (2001) 415-441
106. Mwanga R.O.M., Obwoya C.N.O., Otim-Nape G.W., and Odongo B. Sweet potato improvement in Uganda. In: Alvarez M.N., and Asiedu R. (Eds). "Proceedings: 4th Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Root Crops Workshop" (1991), IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria 59-67
107. Naidu R.A., Kimmins F.M., Deom C.M., Subrahmanyam P., Chiyembekeza A.J., and van der Merwe P.J.A. Groundnut rosette: A virus disease affecting groundnut production in sub-Saharan Africa. Plant Dis. 83 (1999) 700-709
108. Ndowora T., Dahal G., LaFleur D., Harper G., Hull R., Olszewski N.E., and Lockhart B. Evidence that badnavirus infection in Musa can originate from integrated pararetroviral sequences. Virology 255 (1999) 214-220
109. Nichols R.F.W. Breeding cassava for virus resistance. East Afr. Agric. J. 12 (1947) 184-194
110. Nozaki M., Wong H.S., and Ho N.K. A new double-cropping system proposed to overcome instability of rice production in the Muda irrigation area of Malaysia. Jpn. Agric. Res. Q. 18 (1984) 60-68
111. Nweke F.I., Ugwu B.O., and Dixon A.G.O. "Spread and Performance of Improved Cassava Varieties in Nigeria,". Working Paper No. 15. Collaborative Study of Cassava in Africa (1996), IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria 34
112. Nweke F.I., Spencer D.S.C., and Lynam J.K. "The Cassava Transformation," (2002), Michigan State University Press, East Lansing 273
113. Oliveira M.R.V., Henneberry T.J., and Anderson P. History, current status and collaborative projects for Bemisia tabaci. Crop Prot. 20 (2001) 709-723
114. Ollennu L.A.A., Owusu G.K., and Thresh J.M. The control of cocoa swollen shoot disease in Ghana. Cocoa Growers' Bull. 42 (1989) 25-35
115. Otim-Nape G.W., and Thresh J.M. The recent epidemic of cassava mosaic virus diseases in Uganda. In: Cooke M.B., Gareth Jones D., and Kaye B. (Eds). "The Epidemiology of Plant Diseases". 2nd Ed. (2006), Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands 521-549
116. Otim-Nape G.W., Bua A., and Baguma Y. Accelerating the transfer of improved production technologies: Controlling African cassava mosaic virus disease epidemics in Uganda. Afr. Crop Sci. J. 2 (1994) 479-495
117. Otim-Nape G.W., Bua A., Thresh J.M., Baguma Y., Ogwal S., Ssemakula G.N., Acola G., Byabakama B., Colvin J., Cooter R.J., and Martin A. "The Current Pandemic of Cassava Mosaic Virus Disease in East Africa and its Control," (2000), NARO, NRI, DFID, Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, UK 100
118. Otim-Nape G.W., Alicai T., and Thresh J.M. Changes in the incidence and severity of cassava mosaic virus disease, varietal diversity and cassava production in Uganda. Ann. Appl. Biol. 138 (2001) 313-327
119. Ou S.H. Exploring tropical rice diseases: A reminiscence. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 22 (1984) 1-10
120. Owor B., Legg J.P., Okao-Okuja G., Obonyo R., Kyamanywa S., and Ogenga-Latigo M.W. Field studies of cross protection with cassava mosaic geminiviruses in Uganda. J. Phytopathol. 152 (2004) 243-249
121. Padgham D.E., Kimmins F.M., and Ranga Rao G.V. Resistance in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to Aphis craccivora (Koch). Ann. Appl. Biol. 117 (1990) 285-294
122. Page W.W., Smith M.C., Holt J., and Kyetere D. Intercrops, Cicadulina spp., and maize streak virus disease. Ann. Appl. Biol. 135 (1999) 385-393
123. Perring T.M., Gruenhagen N.M., and Farrar C.A. Management of plant viral diseases through chemical control of insect vectors. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 44 (1999) 457-481
124. Pita J.S., Fondong V.N., Sangaré A., Otim-Nape G.W., Ogwal S., and Fauquet C.M. Recombination, pseudorecombination and synergism of geminiviruses are determinant keys to the epidemic of severe cassava mosaic disease in Uganda. J. Gen. Virol. 82 (2001) 655-665
125. Polston J.E., and Anderson P.K. The emergence of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses in tomato in the western hemisphere. Plant Dis. 81 (1997) 1358-1369
126. Posnette A.F. Control measures against swollen shoot virus disease of cacao. Trop. Agric. Trin. 20 (1943) 116-123
127. Posnette A.F. Virus diseases of cacao in West Africa. I. Cacao viruses 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D. Ann. Appl. Biol. 34 (1947) 388-402
128. Posnette A.F., and Todd J.McA. Virus diseases of cacao in West Africa. VIII. The search for virus-resistant cacao. Ann. Appl. Biol. 38 (1951) 785-800
129. Posnette A.F., and Todd J.McA. Virus diseases of cacao in West Africa IX. Strain variation and interference in virus 1A. Ann. Appl. Biol. 43 (1955) 433-453
130. Powell-Abel P., Nelson R.S., De B., Hoffmann N., Rogers S.G., Fraley R.T., and Beachy R.N. Delay of disease development in transgenic plants that express the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein gene. Science 232 (1986) 738-743
131. Putter C.A.J. The management of epidemic levels of endemic diseases under tropical subsistence farming conditions. In: Palti J., and Kranz J. (Eds). "Comparative Epidemiology: A Tool for Better Disease Management" (1980), Pudoc, Wageningen, Netherlands 93-103 122 pp
132. Raccah B. Non-persistent viruses: Epidemiology and control. Adv. Virus Res. 31 (1986) 387-429
133. Reckhaus P.M., and Andriamasintseheno H.F. Rice yellow mottle virus in Madagascar and its epidemiology in the northwest of the island. J. Plant Dis. Prot. 104 (1997) 289-295
134. Reddy D.V.R., Amin P.W., McDonald D., and Ghanekar A.M. Epidemiology and control of groundnut bud necrosis and other diseases of legume crops in India caused by tomato spotted wilt virus. In: Plumb R.T., and Thresh J.M. (Eds). "Plant Virus Epidemiology" (1983), Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, UK 93-102
135. Rivera C.T., and Ou S.H. Leafhopper transmission of "tungro" disease of rice. Plant Dis. Rep. 49 (1965) 127-131
136. Rose D.J.W. Distances flown by Cicadulina spp. (Hem., Cicadellidae) in relation to distribution of maize streak disease in Rhodesia. Bull. Entmol. Res. 62 (1973) 497-505
137. Ruangsook B., and Khush G.S. Genetic analysis of resistance to green leafhopper Nephotettix virescens (Distant) in some selected rice varieties. Crop Prot. 6 (1987) 244-249
138. Salati R., Nahkla M.K., Rojas M.R., Guzman P., Jaquez J., Maxwell D.P., and Gilbertson R.L. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus in the Dominican Republic: Characterization of an infectious clone, virus monitoring in whiteflies and identification of reservoir hosts. Phytopathology 92 (2002) 457-496
139. Sama S., Hasanuddin A., Manwan I., Cabunagan R.C., and Hibino H. Integrated management of rice tungro disease in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Crop Prot. 10 (1991) 34-40
140. Satapathy M.K. Chemical control of insect and nematode vectors of plant viruses. Chapter 14. In: Hadidi, et al. (Ed) (1998) 188-195 (1998)
141. Satapathy M.K., Chancellor T.C.B., Teng P.S., Tiongco E.R., and Thresh J.M. Effect of introduced sources of inoculum on tungro disease spread in different rice varieties. In: Chancellor T.C.B., and Thresh J.M. (Eds). "Epidemiology and Management of Rice Tungro Disease" (1997), Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, UK 11-21
142. Sauger L., and Catherinet M. La rosette chlorotique de l'arachide et les lignées selectionnées. Agron. Trop. 9 (1954) 28-36
143. Shaw M.J.P. Insect-borne diseases of tobacco in Rhodesia and the role of the tobacco-free period. Rhodesia Agric. J. 76 (1976) 87-90
144. Simons J.N., and Zitter T.A. Use of oils to control aphid-borne viruses. Plant Dis. 64 (1980) 542-546
145. Smith M.C., Holt J., Kenyon L., and Foot C. Quantitative epidemiology of banana bunch top virus disease and its control. Plant Pathol. 47 (1998) 177-187
146. Smithson J.B., and Lenné J.M. Varietal mixtures: A viable strategy for sustainable productivity in subsistence agriculture. Ann. Appl. Biol. 128 (1996) 127-158
147. Sõgawa K. Rice tungro and its vectors in tropical Asia. Rev. Plant Prot. Res. 9 (1976) 21-46
148. Sserubombwe W.S., Thresh J.M., Otim-Nape G.W., and Osiru D.O.S. Progress of cassava mosaic virus disease and whitefly vector populations in single and mixed stands of four cassava varieties grown under epidemic conditions in Uganda. Ann. Appl. Biol. 138 (2001) 161-170
149. Sserubombwe W.S., Bua A., Baguma Y.K., Alicai T., Omongo C.A., Akullo D., Tumwesigye S., Apok A., and Thresh J.M. The relative productivity of local and improved cassava mosaic disease-resistant varieties of cassava in Uganda in 1999 and 2003. Roots 9 2 (2005) 15-20
150. Sseruwagi P., Rey M.E.C., Brown J.K., and Legg J.P. The cassava mosaic geminiviruses occurring in Uganda following the 1990s epidemic of severe cassava mosaic disease. Ann. Appl. Biol. 145 (2004) 113-121
151. Sseruwagi P., Sserubombwe W.S., Legg J.P., Ndunguru J., and Thresh J.M. Methods of surveying the incidence and severity of cassava mosaic disease and whitefly vector populations on cassava in Africa: A review. Virus Res. 100 (2004) 129-142
152. Sta. Cruz F.C., Boulton M.I., Hull R., and Azzam O. Agroinoculation allows the screening of rice for resistance to rice tungro bacilliform virus. J. Phytopathol. 147 (1999) 653-659
153. Storey H.H., and Bottomley A.M. The rosette disease of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Ann. Appl. Biol. 15 (1928) 26-45
154. Storey H.H., and Nichols R.F.W. Studies of the mosaic diseases of cassava. Ann. Appl. Biol. 25 (1938) 790-806
155. Subrahmanyam P., van der Merwe P.J.A., Chiyembekeza A.J., and Chandra S. Integrated management of groundnut rosette disease. Afr. Crop Sci. J. 10 (2002) 99-110
156. Summers E.M., Brandes E.W., and Rands R.D. "Mosaic of Sugarcane in the United States, with Special Reference to Strains of the Virus,". Technical Bulletin 955 (1948), USDA, Washington 104
157. Taliansky M.E., Robinson D.J., and Murant A.F. Groundnut rosette disease virus complex: Biology and molecular biology. Adv. Virus Res. 55 (2000) 357-400
158. Tarr S.A.J. "Leaf Curl Disease of Cotton." (1951), Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew
159. Theuri J.M., Bock K.R., and Woods R.D. Distribution, host range and some properties of a virus disease of sunflower. Trop. Pest Manag. 33 (1987) 202-206
160. Thresh J.M. "The Spread of Virus Disease in Cacao,". Technical Bulletin No. 5 (1958), West African Cacao Research Institute, Tafo, Ghana 36
161. Thresh J.M. Gradients of plant virus diseases. Ann. Appl. Biol. 82 (1976) 381-406
162. Thresh J.M. The role of weeds and wild plants in the epidemiology of plant virus diseases. In: Thresh J.M. (Ed). "Pests, Pathogens and Vegetation" (1981), Pitman, London 53-70 517 pp
163. Thresh J.M. Cropping practices and virus spread. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 20 (1982) 193-218
164. Thresh J.M. Progress curves of plant virus disease. Adv. Appl. Biol. 8 (1983) 1-85
165. Thresh J.M. Eradication as a virus disease control measure. In: Clifford B.C., and Lester E. (Eds). "Control of Plant Disease: Costs and Benefits" (1988), Blackwell, Oxford 155-194
166. Thresh J.M. The ecology of tropical plant viruses. Plant Pathol. 40 (1991) 324-339
167. Thresh J.M. The impact of plant virus diseases in developing countries. In: Loebenstein G., and Thottappilly G. (Eds). "Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Major Crops in Developing Countries" (2003), Kluwer Academic, London 1-30
168. Thresh J.M., and Cooter R.J. Strategies for controlling cassava mosaic virus disease in Africa. Plant Pathol. 54 (2005) 587-614
169. Thresh J.M., and Lister R.M. Coppicing experiments on the spread and control of cacao swollen shoot-disease in Nigeria. Ann. Appl. Biol. 48 (1960) 65-74
170. Thresh J.M., and Owusu G.K. The control of cocoa swollen shoot disease in Ghana: An evaluation of eradication procedures. Crop Prot. 5 (1986) 41-52
171. Thresh J.M., Owusu G.K., and Ollennu L.A.A. Cocoa swollen shoot: An archetypal crowd disease. J. Plant Dis. Prot. 95 (1988) 428-446
172. Thresh J.M., Owusu G.K., Boamah A., and Lockwood G. Ghanaian cocoa varieties and swollen shoot virus disease. Crop Prot. 7 (1988) 219-231
173. Thresh J.M., Fargette D., and Otim-Nape G.W. Effects of African cassava mosaic geminivirus on the yield of cassava. Trop. Sci. 34 (1994) 26-42
174. Thresh J.M., Otim-Nape G.W., and Jennings D.L. Exploiting resistance to African cassava mosaic virus. Asp. Appl. Biol. 39 (1994) 51-60
175. Thresh J.M., Otim-Nape G.W., Legg J.P., and Fargette D. African cassava mosaic virus disease: The magnitude of the problem. Afr. J. Root Tuber Crops 2 (1997) 13-19
176. Thresh J.M., Otim-Nape G.W., and Fargette D. The components and deployment of resistance to cassava mosaic virus disease. Int. Pest Manag. Rev. 3 (1998) 209-224
177. Thresh J.M., Otim-Nape G.W., and Fargette D. The control of African cassava mosaic virus disease: Phytosanitation and/or resistance?. Chapter 50. In: Hadidi (Ed) (1998) 670-677 (1998)
178. Thurston H.D. International crop development centers: A pathologist's perspective. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 15 (1977) 223-247
179. Thurston H.D. Plant disease management practices of traditional farmers. Plant Dis. 74 (1990) 96-102
180. Todd J.McA. An indigenous source of swollen shoot disease of cacao. Nature (London) 167 (1951) 952-953
181. van der Merwe P.J.A., and Subrahmanyam P. Screening of rosette-resistant short-duration groundnut breeding lines for yield and other characteristics. Int. Arachis Newsl. 17 (1997) 14-15
182. Vanderplank J.E., and Anderssen E.E. Kromnek disease of tobacco: A promising method of control. Farming S. Afr. 19 (1944) 391-394
183. Vanderplank J.E., and Anderssen E.E. "Kromnek Disease of Tobacco; A Mathematical Solution to a Problem of Diseases,". Science Bulletin No. 240 (1944), Department of Agriculture and Forestry, South Africa 6
184. van Rensberg G.D.J., van Rensberg J.B.J., and Giliomee J.H. Towards cost effective insecticidal control of the maize leafhopper Cicadulina mbila, and the stalk borers Busseola fusca and Chilo partellus. Phytophylactica 23 (1991) 137-140
185. van Rheenan H.A., Hasselbach O.E., and Muigai S.G.S. The effect of growing beans together with maize on the incidence of bean diseases and pests. Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 87 (1981) 193-199
186. van Vuuren S.P., Collins R.P., and Da Graça J.V. Evaluation of citrus tristeza virus isolates for cross protection of grapefruit in South Africa. Plant Dis. 77 (1993) 24-28
187. Vogel W.O., Hennessey R.D., Berhe T., and Matungulu K.M. Yield losses to maize streak disease and Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and economic benefits of streak-resistant maize to small farmers in Zaire. Int. J. Pest Manag. 39 (1993) 229-238
188. Waterworth H.E. Certification for plant viruses-an overview. In: Hadidi, et al. (Ed) (1998) 325-331 (1998)
189. Yeh S.-D., Gonsalves D., Wang H.-L., Namba R., and Chiu R.-J. Control of papaya ringspot virus by cross protection. Plant Dis. 72 (1988) 375-380
190. Zadoks J.C., and Schein R.D. "Epidemiology and Plant Disease Management," (1979), Oxford University Press, New York 427