Building the Tamil Eelam state: Emerging state institutions and forms of governance in LTTE-controlled areas in Sri Lanka

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 27, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 1021-1040

  Stokke, Kristian ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTHORITARIANISM; CENTRALIZATION; CIVIL WAR; DEMOCRACY; GOVERNANCE APPROACH; POLITICAL CHANGE; SECURITY; STATE ROLE;

ASIA; EURASIA; SOUTH ASIA; SRI LANKA;

EID: 33749064785     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: 13602241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436590600850434     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. D Tutu, 'Foreword', in A Sachs, The Soft Vengeance of a Freedom Fighter, London: Paladin, 2000, pp vii-ix.
2. S Nadarajah & D Sriskandarajah, 'Liberation struggle or terrorism? The politics of naming the LTTE', Third World Quarterly, 26 (1), 2005, pp 87-100.
3. Qualitative interviews were conducted in Kilinochchi in August 2005 with the leadership of the LTTE Peace Secretariat, the LTTE Planning and Development Secretariat (PDS), the Secretariat for Immediate Humanitarian and Rehabilitation Needs in the North and East (SIHRN), the Tamils Rehabilitation Organisation (TRO), the Northeast Secretariat on Human Rights (NESOHR), the Tamil Eelam Police, the LTTE Special Task Force for Tsunami-a.ected areas, and The Economic Consultancy House (TECH). Meetings and interviews have also been held in Oslo (2003-05) with representatives from LTTE's political wing (Jaffna Branch), the All Ceylon Tamil Congress, SIHRN, TRO and NESOHR.
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5. MRN Swamy, Tigers of Lanka: From Boys to Guerrillas, Colombo: Vijitha Yapa, 2003.
6. The present peace process follows after four failed attempts at con.ict resolution through negotiated settlements: The Thimpu talks in 1985, the Indo-Lanka Accord in 1987, the Premadasa/LTTE talks in 1989-90 and the Bandaranaike/LTTE talks in 1994-95. Balasingham, War and Peace; and
7. JBIC, Conflict and Development: Roles of JBIC. Development Assistance Strategy for Peace Building and Reconstruction in Sri Lanka, Tokyo: Japan Bank for International Cooperation, 2003.
8. J Uyangoda & M Perera (eds), Sri Lanka's Peace Process 2002: Critical Perspectives, Colombo: Social Scientists' Association, 2003.
9. The first Eelam war broke out after the anti-Tamil riots of July 1983 and ended with the Indo-Lanka Peace Accord in July 1987. The second Eelam war started after the departure of the Indian Peace-Keeping Force in 1989 and the failed peace talks with the government of President Premadasa in 1989-90 and lasted until the peace negotiations with the government of President Kumaratunga in 1994-95. The third Eelam war ensued shortly after the breakdown of the peace negotiations in April 1995 and lasted until the informal ceasefire agreement of December 2001. This ceasefire was later formalised through a Memorandum of Understanding on 21 February 2001 and a formal Ceasefire Agreement on 22 February 2002.
10. To acknowledge the existence of a dual state structure and to examine LTTE as a political actor that is involved in a state-building process is highly controversial in Sri Lanka. The World Bank's country representative to Sri Lanka, Peter Harrold, came in for heavy criticism in March 2005 for recognising the existence of an unofficial LTTE state. In an interview with the Sunday Times, Harrold stated that: 'Given the fact that there is an o.cially recognized LTTE-controlled area, a kind of unofficial state, and since it is a party to the ceasefire agreement with the Government, the LTTE has the status of a legitimate stakeholder'. Sunday Times, 6 March 2005, at http://www.sundaytimes.lk/ 050306/index.html.
11. The Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) demanded that the statement be withdrawn or the Bank should remove Harrold from his position as he had 'overstepped his duties' and made a statement that 'undermines sovereignty of Sri Lanka and challenges the authority of the state'. TamilNet, 7 March 2005, at http://www.tamilnet.com/ art.html?catid=13&artid=14405.
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25. Shanmugaratnam & Stokke, Development as a Precursor to Conflict Resolution;
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27. Stokke, 'Sinhalese and Tamil nationalism as post-colonial political projects from "above", 1948-1983', Political Geography, 17 (1), 1998, pp 83-113.
28. Luckham et al, 'Democratic institutions and democratic politics'.
29. Bratton & van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa.
30. A Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1971, p 263.
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33. http://www.eelamjudicial.org/Html/Structure.htm.
34. N Malathy, Northeast Secretariat of Human Rights, personal communication, August 2005.
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37. SP Thamilchelvan, Leader of the LTTE Political Wing, TamilNet, 24 January 2004, at http://www.tamilnet.com/ art.html?catid=13&artid=11045.
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39. http://www.troonline.org.
40. L Christie, Planning Director, Tamils Rehabilitation Organisation, personal communication, August 2005.
41. TamilNet, 29 November 2005, at http://www.tamilnet.com/ art.html?catid=13&artid=16434.
42. S Puleedevan, Secretary General, LTTE Peace Secretariat, personal communication, August 2005.
43. Shanmugaratnam & Stokke, Development as a Precursor to Conflict Resolution, p 23.
44. Nadesan, The Civil Administration in Thamil Eelam, 1996, at http://www.sangam.org/ANALYSIS_ARCHIVES/civil.htm, p 2.
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46. TamilNet, 22 September 2002, at http://www.tamilnet.com/ art.html?catid=13&artid=7519.
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50. Shanmugaratnam & Stokke, Development as a Precursor to Conflict Resolution.
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53. S Puleedevan, Secretary General, LTTE Peace Secretariat, personal communication, August 2005.
54. Shanmugaratnam & Stokke, Development as a Precursor to Conflict Resolution, p 10.
55. TamilNet, 25 April 2003, at http://www.tamilnet.com/ art.html?catid=13&artid=8853.
56. Ibid.
57. Asian Development Bank, UN and World Bank, Assessment of Needs in the Conflict Affected Areas of the North East (Draft), Colombo: Asian Development Bank, United Nations, World Bank, 2003.
58. S Ranjan, Acting Secretary General, Planning and Development Secretariat, personal communication, August 2005; and
59. MS Ireneuss, Director, Secretariat for Immediate Humanitarian and Rehabilitation Needs in the North and East, personal communication, August 2005.
60. TamilNet, 1 January 2004, at http://www.tamilnet.com/ art.html?catid=13&artid=10836.
61. SP Tamilchelvan, LTTE Peace Secretariat internet site, 15 July 2004, at http://www.ltteps.org/?view=213&folder=2.
62. Planning and Development Secretariat, Post Tsunami Reconstruction: Needs Assessment for the NorthEast, Kilinochchi: PDS, 2005.
63. Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, 'The proposal by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam'.
64. M Sundrmoorthy, Director, The Economic Consultancy House, personal communication, August 2005.
65. M Sarvananthan, What Impede [sic] Economic Revival in the North and East Province of Sri Lanka?, Working Paper 2, Point Pedro Institute of Development, Sri Lanka, 2003.
66. V Nesiah, 'Taxation without representation, or talking to the taxman about poetry', Lines, 2 (4), 2004, at http://www.lines-magazine.org/ Art_Feb04/Editorial_Vasuki.htm.
67. Sarvananthan, What Impede Economic Revival in the North and East Province of Sri Lanka?.
68. T Vorbohle, 'It's only a Cease-fire': Local Entrepreneurs in the Jaffna Peninsula between Change and Standstill, Faculty of Sociology, University of Bielefeld, 2003, p 30.
69. GG Ponnambalam, Member of Parliament and General Secretary, All Ceylon Tamil Congress, personal communication, August 2005.
70. N Malathy, Northeast Secretariat of Human Rights, personal communication, August 2005.
71. S Ranjan, Acting Secretary General, Planning and Development Secretariat, personal communication, August 2005; MS Ireneuss, Director, Secretariat for Immediate Humanitarian and Rehabilitation Needs in the North and East, personal communication, August 2005; and
72. T Yarlamuthan, Director, Special Task Force, Vadamarachchi East, personal communication, August 2005.
73. MS Ireneuss, Director, Secretariat for Immediate Humanitarian and Rehabilitation Needs in the North and East, personal communication, August 2005.
74. J Pierre & BG Peters, Governance, Politics and the State, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000.