Fungal vaccines and immunotherapy

Journal de Mycologie Medicale

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 134-151

  Segal, E ^a   Elad, D ^b  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^b KIMRON VETERINARY INSTITUTE   (Israel)

Author keywords

Fungi; Immune response; Immunogenicity; Vaccines

Indexed keywords

ANTIBODY CONJUGATE; CANDIDA ALBICANS VACCINE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; FUNGUS VACCINE; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 90 ANTIBODY; ORPHAN DRUG; POLYSACCHARIDE GLUCORONOXYLOMANNAN TETANUS TOXOID CONJUGATE; RECOMBINANT ANTIBODY; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AIDS PATIENT; ANTIGENICITY; ASCOMYCETES; ASPERGILLOSIS; CANCER PATIENT; CANDIDA ALBICANS; CANDIDA DUBLINIENSIS; CANDIDA GLABRATA; CANDIDA GUILLIERMONDII; CANDIDA KRUSEI; CANDIDA LUSITANIAE; CANDIDA PARAPSILOSIS; CANDIDA PSEUDOTROPICALIS; CANDIDA TROPICALIS; CANDIDIASIS; CELL MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS; COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS; CRYPTOCOCCOSIS; CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS; DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY; DERMATOMYCOSIS; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION; FUNGAL COLONIZATION; FUNGAL MORPHOLOGY; FUNGAL VIRULENCE; HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM; HISTOPLASMOSIS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INFECTION PREVENTION; INJECTION SITE REACTION; MYCOSIS; NONHUMAN; PNEUMOCYSTIS; PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII; PNEUMOCYSTOSIS; SHORT SURVEY; THRUSH; VACCINATION REACTION; VAGINA CANDIDIASIS;

ANIMALIA; FUNGI;

EID: 33749061089     PISSN: 11565233     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2006.06.004     Document Type: Short Survey

References (203)

1. Meyer S.A., Payne R.W., and Yarrow D. Candida Berkhout. In: Kurtzman C.P., and Fell J.W. (Eds). The yeasts, a taxonomic study, 4th ed (1998), Elsevier, Amsterdam 454-573
2. de Hoog G.S., Guarro J., Gene J., and Figueras M.J. Atlas of clinical fungi 2nd ed (2000), CBS: Utrecht 180-225
3. Segal E., and Elad D. Candidiasis. In: Merz W.G., and Hay R.J. (Eds). Medical mycology. Topley & Wilson's microbiology and microbial infections, 10th ed (2005), Arnold, London 579-623
4. Edwards J.E. Candida species. In: Mandell G.L., Bennett J.E., and Dolin R. (Eds). Principles and practice of infectious diseases, 6th ed (2005), Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia 2938-2956
5. Segal E. Candida, still number one-what do we know and where are we going from there?. Mycoses 48 Suppl 1 (2005) 3-11
6. Ponton J., Omaetxebarria M.J., Elguezabal A.N., Alvarez M., and Moragues M.D. Immunoreactivity of the fungal cell wall. Med. Mycol. 39 Suppl 1 (2001) 101-110
7. Bozza S., Montagnoli C., Gaziano R., Rossi G., Nkwanyuo G., Bellocchio S., et al. Dendritic cell-based vaccination against opportunistic fungi. Vaccine 22 (2004) 857-864
8. Pfaller M.A. Nosocomial fungal infections: a look at emerging pathogens and threats to the future (2003), Thirteenth focus on fungal infections, Maui Hawaii 23-31
9. Nyirjesy P., and Sobel J.D. Vulvovaginal candidiasis. Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am. 30 (2003) 671-684
10. Richardson M.D., and Warnock D.W. Fungal infection. 3rd ed (2003), Blackwell Science, Oxford
11. Diamond R.D. Cryptococcus neoformans. In: Mandell G.L., Bennett J.E., and Dolin R. (Eds). Principles and practice of infectious diseases, 5th ed (2000), Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia 2707-2718
12. Hoang L.M., Maguire J.A., Doyle P., Fyfe M., and Roscoe D.L. Cryptococcus neoformans infections at Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre (1997-2002): epidemiology, microbiology and histopathology. J. Med. Microbiol. 53 (2004) 935-940
13. Ellis D.H., and Pfeiffer T.J. Natural habitat of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28 (1990) 1642-1644
14. Randhawa H.S., Kowshik T., and Khan Z.U. Decayed wood of Syzygium cumini and Ficus religiosa living trees in Delhi/New Delhi metropolitan area as natural habitat of Cryptococcus neoformans. Med. Mycol. 41 (2003) 199-209
15. Kwon-Chung K.J., Varma A.K., and Howard D.H. Ecology and epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans: a recent study of isolates in the United States. In: Torres-Rodriguez J.M. (Ed). Proceedings of the Xth Congress of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (1988), J.R. Prous Science Publishers, Barcelona 107-112
16. Richardson M.D. Aspergillosis. In: Merz W.G., and Hay R.J. (Eds). Medical mycology. Topley & Wilson's microbiology and microbial infections, 10th ed (2005), Arnold, London 687-738
17. Denning D.W. Aspergillus spp. In: Mandell G.L., Bennett J.E., and Dolin R. (Eds). Principles and practice of infectious diseases, 5th ed (2000), Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia 2674-2684
18. Kwon-Chung K.J., Weeks R.J., and Larsh H.W. Studies on Emmonsiella capsulata (Histoplasma capsulatum). II. Distribution of the two mating types in 13 endemic states of the United States. Am. J. Epidemiol. 99 (1974) 44-49
19. Deepe A.M. Histoplasma capsulatum. In: Mandell G.L., Bennett J.E., and Dolin R. (Eds). Principles and practice of infectious diseases, 6th ed (2005), Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia 3012-3025
20. Deepe G.S. Vaccines for histoplasmosis. In: Calderone R.A., and Cihlar R.L. (Eds) (2002), Basel Marcel Dekker Inc, New York 353-364
21. Galgiani J.N. Coccidioides immitis. In: Mandell G.L., Bennett J.E., and Dolin R. (Eds). Principles and practice of infectious diseases, 5th ed (2000), Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia 2746-2756
22. Fisher M.C., Koenig G., White T.J., and Taylor J.W. Molecular and phenotypic description of Coccidioides posadasii sp. nov., previously recognized as the non-California population of Coccidoides immitis. Mycologia 94 (2002) 73-84
23. Awasthi S., Magee D.M., and Coalson J.J. Coccidioides posadasii infection alters the expression of pulmonary surfactant proteins (SP)-A and SP-D. Respir Res. 5 1 (2004) 28-35 (10)
24. Cox R.A., and Magee D.M. Coccidioidomycosis: host response and vaccine development. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17 (2004) 804-839
25. Pixley F.J., Wakefield A.E., Banenji S., and Hopkin J.M. Mitochondrial gene sequences show fungal homology for Pneumocystis carinii. Mol. Microbiol. 5 (1991) 1347-1351
26. Cushion M.T. Pneumocystis pneumonia. In: Merz W.G., and Hay R.J. (Eds). Medical mycology. Topley & Wilson's microbiology and microbial infections, 10th ed (2005), Arnold, London 763-806 (2005)
27. Waltzer P.D., and Smulian A.G. Pneumocystis species. In: Mandell G.L., Bennett J.E., and Dolin R. (Eds). Principles and practice of infectious diseases, 6th ed (2005), Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia 3080-3094
28. Mg V.L., Yajko D.M., and Hadley W.K. Extrapulmonary pneumocystosis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 10 (1997) 401-418
29. Garvy B.A., and Qureshi M.H. Delayed inflammatory response to Pneumocystis carinii infection in neonatal mice is due to an inadequate lung environment. J. Immunol. 165 (2000) 6480-6486
30. Hay R.J. Dermatophytosis and other superficial mycoses. In: Mandell G.L., Bennett J.E., and Dolin R. (Eds). Principles and practice of infectious diseases, 6th ed (2005), Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia 3051-3061
31. Woodfolk J.A., and Platts-Mills T.A.E. The immune response in dermatophytes. Res. Immunol. 149 (1998) 436-445
32. Reiss E., Hearn V.M., Poulain D., and Shepherd M.G. Structure and function of the fungal cell wall. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 30 Suppl 1 (1992) 143-156
33. Scaringi L., Marconi P., Boccanera M., Tissi L., Bistoni F., and Cassone A. Cell wall components of Candida albicans as immunomodulators: induction of natural killer and macrophage-mediated peritoneal cell cytotoxicity in mice by mannoprotein and glucan fractions. J. Gen. Microbiol. 134 (1988) 1265-1274
34. Rementeria A., Abaitua F., Garcia-Tobalina R., Hernando F., Ponton J., and Sevilla M.J. Resistance to candidiasis and macrophage activity in chitin treated mice. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 19 (1997) 223-230
35. Cutler J.E. The Candida albicans phosphomannan complex in Candida-host interactions. Res. Immunol. 149 (1998) 299-308
36. Cassone A., De Bernardis F., Ausiello C.M., Gomez M.J., Boccanera M., La Valle R., et al. Immunogenic and protective Candida albicans constituents. Res. Immunol. 149 (1998) 289-299
37. Mille C., Trinel P., Maes E., Janbon G., and Poulain D. Identification of genes involved in the transfer of beta-1,2 linked mannose (2006), Eighth Candida and candidasis ASM conference, Denver, CO 26
38. Poulain D., Slomianny C., Jouault T., Gomez J.M., and Trinel P.A. Contribution of phospholipomannan to the surface expression of beta-1,2-oligomannosides in Candida albicans and its presence in cell wall extracts. Infect. Immun. 70 (2002) 4323-4328
39. Domer J., Elkins K., Ennist D., and Baker P. Modulation of immune responses by surface polysaccharides of Candida albicans. Rev. Infect. Dis. 10 (1988) 419-423
40. Hube B. Candida albicans secreted aspartyl proteinases. Curr. Top. Med. Mycol. 7 (1996) 55-69
41. Bromuro C., La Valle R., Sandini S., Urbani F., Ausiello C.M., Morelli L., et al. A 70-kilodalton recombinant heat shock protein of Candida albicans is highly immunogenic and enhances systemic murine candidiasis. Infect. Immun. 66 (1998) 2154-2162
42. Matthews R.C., Hodgetts S., and Burnie J.P. Preliminary assessment of a human recombinant antibody fragment to hsp90 in the treatment of murine invasive candidiasis. J. Infect. Dis. 171 (1995) 1668-1771
43. Torosantucci A., Chiani P., and Cassone A. Differential chemokine response of human monocytes to yeast and hyphal forms of Candida albicans and its relation to the b-1,6 glucan of the fungal cell wall. J. Leukoc. Biol. 68 (2000) 923-932
44. Netea M.G., Van Der Graaf C.A., Vonk A.G., Verschueren I., Van Der Meer J.W., and Kullberg B.J. The role of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 in the host defense against disseminated candidiasis. J. Infect. Dis. 185 (2002) 1483-1489
45. Claudia M., Bacci A., Silvia B., Gaziano R., Spreca A., and Romani L. The interaction of fungi with dendritic cells: implications for Th immunity and vaccination. Curr. Mol. Med. 2 (2002) 507-524
46. Altamura M., Casale D., Pepe M., and Tafaro A. Immune responses to fungal infections and therapeutic implications. Curr. Drug Targets Immune Endocr. Metabol. Disord. 1 (2001) 189-197
47. Romani L. Immunology of invasive candidiasis. In: Calderone R.A. (Ed). Candida and candidiasis (2002), ASM Press, Washington, DC 223-242
48. Romani L., and Bistoni F. Systemic immunity in candidiasis. In: Calderone R.A., and Cihlar R.L. (Eds). Fungal pathogenesis: principles and clinical applications (2002), Marcel Dekker, New York 483-514
49. Fidel P.L., and Sobel J.D. Host defense against vaginal candidasis. In: Calderone R.A. (Ed). Candida and candidiasis (2002), ASM Press, Washington, DC 193-210
50. Fidel Jr. P.L. Immunity in vaginal candidiasis. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 18 (2005) 107-111
51. Magliani W., Conti S., Cassone A., De Bernardis F., and Polonelli L. New immunotherapeutic strategies to control vaginal candidiasis. Trends Mol. Med. 8 (2002) 121-126
52. de Bernardis F., Santoni G., Boccanera M., Spreghini E., Adriani D., Morelli L., et al. Local anticandidal immune responses in a rat model of vaginal infection by and protection against Candida albicans. Infect. Immun. 68 (2000) 3297-3304
53. Cutler J.E., Granger B.L., and Yongmoon H. Immunoprotection against candidasis. In: Calderone R.A. (Ed). Candida and candidiasis (2002), ASM Press, Washington, DC 243-258
54. Matthews R., and Burnie J. The role of antibodies in protection against candidiasis. Res. Immunol. 149 (1998) 343-352
55. Chemiak R., and Sundstrom J.B. Polysaccharide antigens of the capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 62 (1994) 1507-1512
56. Sundstrom J.B., and Cherniak R. The glucuronoxylomannan of Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A is a type 2 T-cell independent antigen. Infect. Immun. 60 (1992) 4080-4087
57. Mody C.H., Sims K.L., Wood C.J., Syme R.M., Spurrell J.C., and Sexton M.M. Proteins in the cell wall and membrane of Cryptococcus neoformans stimulate lymphocytes from both adults and fetal cord blood to proliferate. Infect. Immun. 64 (1996) 4811-4819
58. Pietrella D., Cherniak R., Strappini C., et al. Role of mannoprotein in induction and regulation of immunity to Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 69 (2001) 2808-2814
59. Rosa A.L., Nosanchuk J.D., and Casadevall A. Passive immunization with melanin-binding monoclonal antibodies prolongs survival of mice with lethal Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Infect Immun 1969 (2001) 3410-3412
60. Murphy J.W. Protective cell-mediated immunity against Cryptococcus neoformans. Res. Immunol. 149 (1998) 373-386
61. Huffnagle G.B., and Lipscomb M.F. Cells and cytokines in pulmonary cryptococcosis. Res. Immunol. 149 (1998) 387-396
62. Vecchiarelli A., and Casadevall A. Antibody-mediated effects against Cryptococcus neoformans: evidence for interdependency and collaboration between humoral and cellular immunity. Res. Immunol. 149 (1998) 321-333
63. Uicker W.C., McCracken J.P., and Buchanan K.L. Role of CD4+ T cells in a protective immune response against Cryptococcus neoformans in the central nervous system. Med. Mycol. 44 (2006) 1-11
64. Murphy J.W. Cellular responses against Cryptococcus neoformans antigens. In: Torres-Rodriguez J.M. (Ed). Proceedings of the Xth Congress of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (1988), J.R. Prous Science Publishers, Barcelona 36-40
65. Denikus N., Orfaniotou F., Wulf G., Lehmann P.F., Monod M., and Reichard U. Fungal antigens expressed during invasive aspergillosis. Infect. Immun. 73 (2005) 4704-4713
66. Banerjee B., Kurup V.P., Greenberger P.A., Johnson B.D., and Fink J.N. Cloning and expression of Aspergillus fumigatus allergen Asp f 16 mediating both humoral and cell-mediated immunity in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). Clin. Exp. Allergy 31 (2001) 761-770
67. Bozza S., Gaziano R., Lipford G.B., Montagnoli C., Bacci A., Di Francesco P., et al. Vaccination of mice against invasive aspergillosis with recombinant Aspergillus proteins and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as adjuvants. Microbes Infect. 4 (2002) 1281-1290
68. Madan T., Kaur S., Saxena S., Singh M., Kishore U., Thiel S., et al. Role of collectins in innate immunity against aspergillosis. Med. Mycol. 43 Suppl 1 (2005) S155-S163
69. deRepentigny L., Petitbois S., Boushira M., Michaliszyn E., Senechal S., and Gendron N. Acquired immunity in experimental murine aspergillosis is mediated by macrophages. Infect. Immun. 61 (1993) 3791-3802
70. Lanzavecchia A., and Sallusto F. Regulation of T cell immunity by dendritic cells. Cell 106 (2001) 263-266
71. Casadevall A. Acquired immunity against fungi. In: Kaufman S.H.E., Sher A., and Ahmed R. (Eds). Immunology of infectious diseases (2002), ASM Press, Washington, DC 223-234
72. Feit C., and Tewari R.P. Immunogenicity of ribosomal preparations from yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum. Infect. Immun. 10 (1974) 1091-1097
73. Gomez F.J., Gomez A.M., and Deepe Jr. G.S. An 80-kilodalton antigen from Histoplasma capsulatum that has homology to heat shock protein 70 induces cell-mediated immune responses and protection in mice. Infect. Immun. 60 (1992) 2565-2571
74. Saraiva E.C.O., Altemani A., Franco M.F., Unterkircher C.S., and Camargo Z.P. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis-gp43 used in paracoccidioidin. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 34 (1996) 155-161
75. Bohse M.L., and Woods J.P. Surface localization of the Yps3p protein of Histoplasma capsulatum. Eukaryot. Cell 4 (2005) 685-693
76. Lin J.S., Yang C.W., Wang D.W., and Wu-Hsieh B.A. Dendritic cells cross-present exogenous fungal antigens to stimulate a protective CD8 T cell response in infection by Histoplasma capsulatum. J. Immunol. 174 (2005) 6282-6291
77. Newman S.L. Interaction of Histoplasma capsulatum with human macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. Methods Mol. Med. 118 (2005) 181-191
78. Allendorfer R., Brunner G.D., and Deepe Jr. G.S. Complex requirements for nascent and memory immunity in pulmonary histoplasmosis. J. Immunol. 162 (1999) 7389-7396
79. Deepe G.S. Protective immunity in murine histoplasmosis, functional comparison of adoptively transferred T cell-clones and splenic T-cells. Infect. Immun. 56 (1988) 2350-2355
80. Deepe G.S., Taylor C.C., Harris J.E., and Bullock W.E. Modulation of cellular immune responses in mice with disseminated histoplasmosis by recombinant interleukin-2. Infect. Immun. 53 (1986) 6-12
81. Patino M., Williams D., Ahrens J., and Graybill J.R. Experimental histoplasmosis in the beige mouse. J. Leuk. Biol. 41 (1987) 228-235
82. Gomez A.M., Bullock W.E., Taylor C.L., and Deepe G.S. Role of L3T4+ T cells in host defense against Histoplasma capsulatum. Infect. Immun. 56 (1988) 1685-1691
83. Harris J.E., and Deepe G.S. Characterization of antigenic determinants in histoplasmin that stimulate Histoplasma capsulatum-reactive T-cells in vitro. Infect. Immun. 56 (1988) 2343-2344
84. Kirkland T.N., Thomas P.W., Finley F., and Cole G.T. Immunogenicity of a 48-kilodalton recombinant T-cell-reactive protein of Coccidioides immitis. Infect. Immun. 66 (1998) 424-431
85. Li K., Yu J.-J., Hung C.-Y., Lehmann P.F., and Cole G. Recombinant urease and urease DNA of Coccidioides immitis elicit an immunoprotective response against cocidioidomycosis in mice. Infect. Immun. 69 (2001) 2878-2887
86. Kirkland T.N., Finley F., Orsborn K.I., and Galgiani J.N. Evaluation of the proline-rich antigen of Coccidiodes immitis as a vaccine candidate in mice. Infect. Immun. 66 (1998) 3519-3522
87. Smulian A.G., Sullivan D.W., and Theus S.A. Immunization with recombinant Pneumocystis carinii p55 antigen provides partial protection against infection: characterization of epitope recognition associated with immunization. Microbes Infect. 2 (2000) 127-136
88. Steele C., Shellito J.E., and Kolls J.K. Immunity against the opportunistic fungal pathogen Pneumocystis. Med. Mycol. 43 (2005) 1-19
89. + T cells into severe combined immunodeficiency mice. J. Clin. Invest. 90 (1992) 673-678
90. + cell-independent vaccination against Pneumocystis carinii in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 108 (2001) 1469-1474
91. Hanano R., and Kaufmann S.H. Immune responses to naturally acquired Pneumocystis carinii in gene disruption mutant mice. Res. Immunol. 149 (1998) 429-435
92. Deuell B., Arruda L.K., Hayden M.L., Chapman M.D., and Platts-Mills T.A.E. Trichophyton tonsurans allergen I: characterization of a protein that causes immediate but not delayed hypersensitivity. J. Immunol. 147 (1991) 96-101
93. Woodfolk J.A., Slunt J.B., Deuell B., Hayde M.L., and Platts-Mills T.A.E. Definition of a trychophyton protein associated with delayed hypersensitivity in humans: evidence for immediate (IgE and IgG4) and delayed hypersensitivity to a single protein. J. Immunol. 156 (1996) 1695-1701
94. Kaufman G., Berdicevsky I., Woodfolk J.A., and Horwitz B.A. Markers for host-induced gene expression in Trichophyton dermatophytosis. Infect. Immun. 73 (2005) 6584-6590
95. Milan R., Alois R., Josef C., Jana B., and Evzen W. Recombinant protein and DNA vaccines derived from hsp60 Trichophyton mentagrophytes control the clinical course of trichophytosis in bovine species and guinea-pigs. Mycoses 47 (2004) 407-417
96. Slunt J.B., Takeyomi E.A., Woodfolk J.A., Hayden M.L., and Platts-Mills T.A.E. The immune response to Trichophyton tonsurans: distinct T cell cytokine profiles to a single protein among subjects with immediate and delayed hypersensitivity. J. Immunol. 157 (1996) 5192-5197
97. Calderon R.A. Immunoregulation of dermatophytosis. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 16 (1989) 339-368
98. Cella M., Engering A., Pinet V., Pietewrs J., and Lanzavecchia A. Inflammatory stimuli induce accumulation of MHC class II complexes on dendritic cells. Nature 388 (1997) 782-787
99. Pierre P., Turley S.J., Gatti E., Hull M., Meltzer J., Mirza A., et al. Developmental regulation of MHC class II transport in mouse dendritic cells. Nature 388 (1997) 787-792
100. Romani L., Mencacci A., Cenci E., Spaccapelo R., Mosci P., Pucetti P., et al. CD4+ subset expression in murine candidiasis: Th responses correlate directly with genetically determined susceptibility or vaccine-induced resistance. J. Immunol. 150 (1993) 925-931
101. Smith J.M.B., and Griffin J.F.T. Strategies for the development of vaccine against ringworm. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 33 (1995) 87-91
102. Mochon A.B., and Cutler J.E. Is a vaccine needed against Candida albicans?. Med. Mycol. 43 (2005) 97-115
103. Segal E. Immunizations against fungal diseases in man and animals. In: Arora D.K., Ajello L., and Mukerji K.G. (Eds). Handbook of applied mycology vol. 2 (1991), Marcel Dekker, New York 341-368
104. Segal E., and Sandovsky-Losica H. Experimental vaccination with Candida albicans ribosomes in cyclophosphamide treated animals. Sabouraudia 19 (1981) 267-274
105. Levy R., Segal E., Eylan E., and Barr-Nea L. Cell-mediated immunity following experimental vaccinations with Candida albicans ribosomes. Mycopathol 83 (1983) 161-168
106. Levy R., Segal E., and Eylan E. Detection of antibodies against Candida albicans ribosomes by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Mycopathol 87 (1984) 167-170
107. Segal E., Nussbaum S., and Barr-Nea L. Protection against systemic infections with various Candida species elicited by vaccination with Candida albicans ribosomes. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 235 (1985) 275-285
108. Segal E., Sandovsky-Losica H., and Nussbaum S. Immune responses elicited by Candida albicans ribosomes in cyclophosphamide treated animals. Mycopathol 89 (1985) 113-118
109. Segal E., Spongin A., Levy R., and Barr-Nea L. Induction of protection against candidiasis in tumor bearing mice by vaccination with Candida albicans ribosomes. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 25 (1987) 355-363
110. Eckstein M., Barenholtz Y., and Segal E. Liposomes containing Candida albicans ribosomes as prophylactic vaccine against disseminated candidiasis in mice. Vaccine 15 (1997) 220-224
111. Levy R., Segal E., and Eylan E. Protective immunity against murine candidiasis elicited by Candida albicans ribosomal fractions. Infect. Immun. 31 (1981) 874-878
112. Levy R., and Segal E. Induction of candidacidal activity in mice by immunization with Candida albicans ribosomes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 36 (1986) 213-217
113. Levy D.A., Bohbot J.M., Catalan F., Normier G., Pinel A.M., and Dussourd D'Hinterland L. Phase II study of D.651, an oral vaccine designed to prevent recurrences of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Vaccine 7 (1989) 337-340
114. Matthews R.C., Burnie J.P., Howat D., Rowland D., and Walton F. Autoantibody to heat shock protein 90 can mediate protection against systemic candidosis. Immunol 74 (1991) 20-24
115. Nooney L., Matthews R.C., and Burnie J.P. Evaluation of mycograb, amphotericin B, caspofungin, and fluconazole in combination against Cryptococcus neoformans by checkerboard and time-kill methodologies. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 51 (2005) 19-29
116. Matthews R.C., Rigg G., Hodgetts S., Carter T., Chapman C., Gregory C., et al. Preclinical assessment of the efficacy of mycograb, a human recombinant antibody against fungal HSP90. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47 (2003) 2208-2216
117. Rigg G., Matthews R.C., Gregory C., Illedge C., Hodgetts S., and Burnie J.P. Antibodies in the treatment of disseminated candidosis. Mycoses 44 Suppl. 1 (2001) 63-64
118. Burnie J., and Matthews R. Recombinant antibodies: a natural partner in combinatorial antifungal therapy. Vaccine 22 (2004) 865-871
119. Kanbe T., Han Y., Redgrave B., Riesselman M.H., and Cutler J.E. Evidence that mannans of Candida albicans are responsible for adherence of yeast forms to spleen and lymph node tissue. Infect. Immun. 61 (1993) 2578-2584
120. Han Y., and Cutler J.E. Antibody response that protects against disseminated candidiasis. Infec. Immun. 63 (1995) 2714-2719
121. Han Y., Morrison R.P., and Cutler J.E. A vaccine and monoclonal antibodies that enhance mouse resistance to Candida albicans vaginal infection. Infect. Immun. 66 (1998) 5771-5776
122. Han Y., Riesselman M.H., and Cutler J.E. Protection against candidiasis by an immunoglobulin G3 (IgG3) monoclonal antibody specific for the same monnotriose as an IgM protective antibody. Infect. Immun. 68 (2000) 1649-1654
123. Bystricky S., Paulovicova E., and Machova E. Candida albicans mannan-protein conjugate as vaccine candidate. Immunol. Lett. 85 (2003) 251-255
124. Magliani W., Conti S., Gerloni M., Bertolotti D., and Polonelli L. Yeast killer systems. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 10 (1997) 369-400
125. Polonelli L., Seguy N., Conti S., Gerloni M., Bertolotti, Cantelli C., et al. Monoclonal yeast killer toxin-like candidacidal anti-idiotypic antibodies. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 4 (1997) 142-146
126. Polonelli L., Magliani W., Conti S., Bracci L., Lozzi L., Neri P., et al. Therapeutic activity of an engineered synthetic killer antiidiotypic antibody fragment against experimental mucosal and systemic candidiasis. Infect. Immun. 71 (2003) 6205-6212
127. De Bernardis F., Bocannera M., Adriani D.A., Spreghini E., Santoni G., and Cassone A. Protective role of anti mannan and anti-aspartyl proteinase antibodies in an experimental model of Candida albicans vaginitis in rats. Infect. Immun. 65 (1997) 3399-3409
128. Gil-Navarro I., Gil M.L., Casanova M., O'connor J.E., Martinez J.P., and Gozalbo D. The glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Candida albicans is a surface antigen. J. Bact. 179 (1997) 4992-4999
129. Priel S., Brosh N., Greenfield S., Raz M., Kovjazin R., Terkieltaub D., et al. Generation of human monoclonal antibodies specific to Candida albicans in a human/mouse radiation chimera: the Trimera system (2002), Tenth IUMS Congress, Paris (Abstract M-41)
130. Torosantucci A., Bromuro C., Chiani P., De Bernardis F., Berti F., Galli C., et al. A novel glyco-conjugate vaccine against fungal pathogens. J. Exp. Med. 202 (2005) 597-606
131. Anderson D.M., and Dykstra M.A. Resistance to challenge and macrophage activity in mice previously vaccinated with formalin killed Cryptococcus neoformans. Mycopathol 86 (1984) 169-177
132. Graybill J.R., and Taylor R.L. Host defense in cryptococcosis. Int Arch Allergy 57 (1978) 101-113
133. Graybill J.R., Straus D.C., Nealou T.J., Hague M., and Paque R.E. Immunogenic fractions of Cryptococcus neoformans. Mycopathol 78 (1982) 31-39
134. Dromer F., Charreire J., Contrepois A., Carbon C., and Yeni P. Protection of mice against experimental cryptococcosis by anti-Cryptococcus neoformans monoclonal antibody. Infect. Immun. 55 (1987) 749-752
135. Dromer F., Salamero J., Contrepois A., Carbon C., and Yeni P. Production, characterization and antibody specificity of a mouse monoclonal antibody reactive with Cryptococcus neoformans capsullar polysaccharide. Infect. Immun. 55 (1987) 742-748 (1987a)
136. Casadevall A., and Pirofski L.A. Feasibility and prospects for a vaccine to prevent cryptococcosis. Med. Mycol. 43 (2005) 667-680
137. Vecchiarelli A. The cellular responses induced by the capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans differ depending on the presence or absence of specific protective antibodies. Curr. Mol. Med. 5 (2005) 413-420
138. Mukherjee J., Pirofski L.A., Sharf M.D., and Casadevall A. Antibody mediated protection in mice with lethal intracerebral Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (1993) 3636-3640
139. Devi S.J. Preclinical efficacy of a glucoroxylomannan-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine of Cryptococcus neoformans in murine model. Vaccine 14 (1996) 841-844
140. Pirofski L., Lui R., De Shaw M., Kresssel A.B., and Zhong Z. Analysis of human monoclonal antibodies elicited by vaccination with Cryptococcus neoformans glucoroxylomannan capsular polysaccharide vaccine. Infect. Immun. 63 (1995) 3005-3014
141. Zhong Z., and Pirofski L.A. Opsonization of Cryptococcus neoformans by human anti-glucoroxylomannan antibody. Infect. Immun. 64 (1996) 3446-3450
142. Fleuridor R., Zhong Z., and Pirofski L.A. A human IgM monoclonal antibody prolongs survival of mice with lethal cryptococcosis. J. Infect. Dis. 178 (1996) 1213-1216
143. Maitta R.W., Datta K., and Pirofski L.A. Efficacy of immune sera from human immunoglobulin transgenic mice immunized with a peptide mimotope of Cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannan. Vaccine 22 (2004) 4062-4068
144. Oscarson S., Alpe M., Svahnberg P., Nakouzi A., and Casadevall A. Synthesis and immunological studies of glycoconjugates of Cryptococcus neoformans capsular glucuronoxylomannan oligosaccharide structures. Vaccine 23 (2005) 3961-3972
145. Stevens D.A. Vaccinate against aspergillosis! A call to arms of the immune system. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38 (2004) 1131-1136
146. Sheppard D.C., and Edwards Jr. J.E. Development of a vaccine for invasive aspergillosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38 (2004) 1137-1138
147. Cenci E., Mencacci A., Bacci A., Bistoni F., Kurup V.P., and Romani L. T cell vaccination in mice with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. J. Immunol. 165 (2000) 381-388
148. Ito J.I., and Lyons J.M. Vaccination of corticosteroid immunosuppressed mice against invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. J. Infect. Dis. 186 (2002) 869-871
149. Feldmesser M. Prospects of vaccines for invasive aspergillosis. Med. Mycol. 43 (2005) 571-587
150. Brown T., and Jordan T.W. Fungal diseases. In: Jordan F., Pattison M., Alexander D., and Faragher T. (Eds). Poultry diseases, 5th ed (2002), W.B. Saunders, London 385-401
151. Segal E. Vaccines against fungal infections. CRC Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 14 (1987) 229-271
152. Sharma D., Chandhary S., Hurt W.R., and Tewari R.P. Characteristics of delayed hypersensitivity and macrophage migration inhibitor factor in mice immunized with ribosomes or live yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum. In: Kuttin E.S., and Baum G.L. (Eds). Human and animal mycology (1980), Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 89-92
153. Deepe Jr. G.S. Vaccines for histoplasmosis. In: Calderone R.A., and Cihlar R.L. (Eds). Fungal pathogenesis: principles and clinical applications (2002), Marcel Dekker, New York 353-363
154. Gomez A.M., Rhodes J.C., and Deepe Jr. G.S. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of an extract from the cell wall and cell membrane of Histoplasma capsulatum yeast cells. Infect. Immun. 59 (1991) 330-336
155. Gomez F.J., Gomez A.M., and Deepe Jr. G.S. Protective efficacy of a 62-kilodalton antigen, HIS-62 from the cell wall and cell membrane of Histoplasma capsulatum yeast cells. Infect. Immun. 59 (1991) 4459-4464
156. Gomez F.J., Allendorfer R., and Deepe Jr. G.S. Vaccination with recombinant heat shock protein 60 from Histoplasma capsulatum protects mice against pulmonary histoplasmosis. Infect. Immun. 63 (1995) 2587-2595
157. Deepe Jr. G.S., Gibbons R., Brunner G.D., and Gomez F.J. A protective domain of heat shock protein 60 from Histoplasma capsulatum. J. Infect. Dis. 174 (1996) 828-834
158. Allendorfer R., Maresca B., and Deepe Jr. G.S. Cellular immune responses to recombinant heat shock protein 70 from Histoplasma capsulatum. Infect. Immun. 64 (1996) 4123-4128
159. Wütrich M., Filutowicz H.I., Warner T., Deepe Jr. G.S., and Klein B.S. Vaccine immunity to pathogenic fungi overcomes the requirement for CD4 help in exogenous antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells: implications for vaccine development in immune-deficient hosts. J. Exp. Med. 197 (2003) 1405-1416
160. Cole G.T., Xue J.M., Okeke C.N., Tarcha E.J., Basrur V., Schaller R.A., et al. A vaccine against coccidioidomycosis is justified and attainable. Med. Mycol. 42 (2004) 189-216
161. Dixon D.M. Coccidioides immitis as a select agent of bioterrorism. J. Appl. Microbiol. 91 (2001) 602-605
162. Barnato A.E., Sanders G.D., and Owens D.K. Cost-effectiveness of a potential vaccine for Coccidioides immitis. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 7 (2001) 797-803
163. Levine H.B., Cobb J.M., and Smith C.E. Immunity to coccidioidomycosis induced in mice by purified spherule, arthrospore and mycelial vaccine. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 22 (1960) 436-449
164. Kong J., Levine H.B., and Smith C.E. Immunogenic properties of non-disrupted and disrupted spherules of Coccidioides immitis in mice. Sabouraudia 2 (1963) 131-142
165. Levine H.B., Kong Y., and Smith C.E. Immunization of mice to Coccidioides immitis: dose, regimen and spherulation stage of killed spherule vaccine. J. Immun. 94 (1965) 132-142
166. Cox R.A. Cell mediated immunity. In: Howard D.H. (Ed). Fungi pathogenic for humans and animals, part B1 (1983), Marcel Dekker, New York 61-98
167. Kong Y., Levine H.B., Machin S.M., and Smith C.E. Fungal multiplication and histopathologic damages in vaccinated mice infected with Coccidioides immitis. J. Immun. 92 (1964) 779-790
168. Levine H.B., Miller R., and Smith C.E. Influence of vaccination on respiratory coccidioidal disease in Cynomolgus monkeys. J Immun 89 (1962) 242-251
169. Pappagianis D. Evaluation of the protective efficacy of the killed Coccidioides immitis spherule vaccine in humans. The Valley Fever Vaccine Study Group. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 148 (1993) 656-660
170. Zimmerman R.C., Johnson S.M., Martens G.W., White A.G., Zimmer B.L., and Pappagianis D. Protection against lethal murine coccidioidomycosis by a soluble vaccine from spherules. Infect. Immun. 66 (1998) 2342-2345
171. Jiang C., Magee D.M., Quitugua T.N., and Cox R. Genetic vaccination against Coccidioides immitis: comparison of vaccine efficacy of recombinant Antigen 2 and Antigen 2 cDNA. Infect. Immun. 67 (1999) 630-635
172. Abuodeh R.O., Shubitz L.F., Siegel E., Snyder S., Peng T., Orsborn K.I., et al. Resistance to Coccidioides immitis in mice after immunization with recombinant protein or a DNA vaccine of a praline-rich-antigen. Infect. Immun. 67 (1999) 2935-2940
173. Theus S.A., Smulian A.G., Steele P., Linke M.J., and Walzer P.D. Immunization with the major surface glycoprotein of Pneumocystis carinii elicits a protective response. Vaccine 16 (1998) 1149-1157
174. Pascale J.M., Shaw M.M., Durant P.J., Amador A.A., Bartlett M.S., Smith J.W., et al. Intranasal immunization confers protection against murine Pneumocystis carinii lung infection. Infect. Immun. 67 (1999) 805-809
175. Gigliotti F., Haidaris C.G., Wright T.W., and Harmsen A.G. Passive intranasal monoclonal antibody prophylaxis against murine Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Infect. Immun. 70 (2002) 1069-1074
176. Polonelli L., Casadevall A., Han Y., Bernardis F., Kirkland T.N., Matthews R.C., et al. The efficacy of acquired humoral and cellular immunity in the prevention and therapy of experimental fungal infection. Med. Mycol. 38 Suppl. 1 (2000) 281-292
177. Smith J.M.B., Aho R., Matteson R., and Pier A.C. Progress in veterinary mycology. J. Vet. Med. Mycol. 30 Suppl. 1 (1992) 307-316
178. Ramshaw I., Ramsay A., Ada G., and Karupiah G. Expression of cytokines by recombinant vaccinia viruses: a model for studying cytokines in virus infections in vivo. Immunol. Rev. 127 (1992) 157-182
179. Sarkisov A. Specific prophylaxis of trichophytosis in cattle. Veterinariia (1979) 40-41
180. Arnold M.T., Grappel S.F., Lerro A.V., and Blank F. Peptidopolysaccharide antigens from Trichophyton mentagraphytes var. granulosum. Infect. Immun. 14 (1976) 376-382
181. Hussin I., and Smith J. Vaccination procedures and the infectivity of dermatophyte lesions. Mycopathol 81 (1983) 71-75
182. Calderon R.A. Immunological aspects of dermatophyte infections. In: Torres-Rodriguez J.M. (Ed). Proceedings of the Xth Congress of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (1988), J. R. Prous Science Publishers, Barcelona 29-35
183. Segal E. Vaccines for the management of dermatophyte and superficial yeast infection. In: McGinnis M. (Ed). Current topics in medical mycology, vol. 3 (1989), Springer, New York 36-49
184. Sarkisov A., and Nikoforov L.T. Specific prophylaxis and immunogenic vaccines of animal dermatophytosis. In: Torres-Rodriguez J.M. (Ed). Proceedings of the Xth Congress of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (1988), J.R. Prous Science Publishers, Barcelona 307-312
185. Lund A., Bratberg A.M., and Solbakk I.T. In vitro release of interferon-γ by trichophytin-stimulated whole blood cell cultures from ringworm-vaccinated and control calves experimentally inoculated with Trichophyton verrucosum. Vet. Dermatol. 12 (2001) 75-80
186. Gudding R., and Naess B. Vaccination of cattle against ringworm caused by Trichophyton verrucosum. Am. J. Vet. Res. 47 (1986) 2415-2417
187. Gordon P.J., and Bond R. Efficacy of a live attenuated Trichophyton verrucosum vaccine for control of bovine dermatophytosis. Vet. Rec. 139 (1996) 395-396
188. Gudding R., and Lund A. Immunoprophylaxis of bovine dermatophytosis. Can. Vet. J. 36 (1995) 302-306
189. Polonelli L., Poulain D., Cole G.T., Conti S., Elad D., Gerloni M., et al. New strategies in vaccination against fungal infections. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 32 Suppl. 1 (1994) 105-112
190. Elad D., and Segal E. Immunogenicity in calves of a crude ribosomal fraction of Trichophyton verrucosum. Vaccine 13 (1995) 83-87
191. Elad D., and Segal E. Immunogenicity in guinea-pigs of a crude ribosomal fraction from Microsporum canis. Vaccine 12 (1994) 134-138
192. Elad D., and Segal E. Fungal ribosomal vaccines: II dermatophyte vaccine-initial studies on the antigenicity of a crude ribosomal fraction from Microsporum canis. Mycopathol 105 (1989) 49-51
193. Elad D., and Segal E. Therapeutic activity of a ribosomal fraction from Microsporum canis in puppies (1991), XIth Congress of ISHAM, Montreal 163 (abstract PS4.51)
194. Williams P.L., Sable D.L., Sorgen S.P., Pappagianis D., Levine H.B., Brodine S.K., et al. Immunologic responsiveness and safety associated with the Coccidioides immitis spherule vaccine in volunteers of white, black, and Filipino ancestry. Am. J. Epidemiol. 119 (1984) 591-602
195. Pappagianis D., and Levine H.B. The present status of vaccination against coccidioidomycosis in man. Am. J. Epidemiol. 102 (1975) 30-41
196. Williams P.L., Brown B.W., Cunningham R.T., Einstein H.E., Ellsworth R., Galgiani J.N., et al. Further assessment of the morbidity associated with the killed Coccidioides immitis spherule vaccine in humans. In: Einstein H.E., and Catanzaro A. (Eds). Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Coccidioidomycosis (1985), National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, Washington, DC 339-346
197. Walker J.N. Progress report on the coccidioidomycosis vaccine trial. In: Einstein H.E., and Catanzaro A. (Eds). Proceedings 4th international conference coccidioidomycosis (1985), National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, Washington, DC 347
198. Galgiani J.N., Brown B.W., Cunningham R.T., Einstein H.E., Ellsworth R., Hampton C.R., et al. Development of dermal hypersensitivity to coccidioidal antigens associated with repeated skin testing. Am. Rev. Reap. Dis. 134 (1986) 1045-1047
199. Matthews R.C., and Burnie J.P. Recombinant antibodies: a natural partner in combinatorial antifungal therapy. Vaccine 22 (2004) 865-871
200. Deepe Jr. G.S. Preventative and therapeutic vaccines for fungal infections: from concept to implementation. Expert Rev. Vaccines 3 (2004) 701-709
201. Zhang H., Zhong Z., and Pirofski L.A. Peptide epitopes recognized by a human anti-cryptococcal glucuronoxylomannan antibody. Infect. Immun. 65 (1997) 1158-1164
202. Fleuridor R., Lees A., and Pirofski L. A cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide mimotope prolongs the survival of mice with Cryptococcus neoformans infection. J. Immunol. 166 (2001) 1087-1096
203. Lendvai N., and Casadevall A. Monoclonal antibody-mediated toxicity in Cryptococcus neoformans infection: mechanism and relationship to antibody isotype. J. Infect. Dis. 180 (1999) 791-801