Post-liberation politics in Africa: Examining the political legacy of struggle

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 27, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 1085-1101

  Dorman, Sara Rich ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CIVIL SOCIETY; LIBERALISM; POLITICS; STATE BUILDING;

AFRICA;

EID: 33749053249     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: 13602241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436590600842365     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. P Engelbert & R Hummel, 'Let's stick together: Understanding Africa's secessionist deficit', African Affairs, 104 (416), 2005, pp 399-427.
2. F Cooper, Africa since 1940: The Past of the Present, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
3. C Young, The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997.
4. C Clapham, Africa and the International System: The Politics of State Survival, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
5. Engelbert & Hummel in 'Let's stick together' propose some critiques of this position, but their argument does not affect the cases considered below - in which groups succeed in taking control of the central state and in which they make claims to represent the entire nation.
6. C Clapham, African Guerrillas, Oxford: James Currey, 1998, pp 6-7. Clapham distinguishes between liberationist and separatist or secessionist insurgencies, considering Eritrea, Somaliland and Western Sahara as examples of the latter, but they would see themselves as liberationist rather than secessionist.
7. C Leys & J Saul, 'Liberation without democracy? The SWAPO crisis of 1976', Journal of Southern African Studies, 20 (1), 1994, p 146.
8. Important exceptions include H Melber (ed), Re-Examining Liberation in Namibia: Political Cultures Since Independence, Uppsala: NAI, 2003;
9. Melber (ed), Limits to Liberation in Southern Africa, South Africa: HSRC, 2003; and
10. H Adam, F Van Zyl Slabbert & K Moodley, Comrades in Business: Post-Liberation Politics in South Africa, Cape Town: Tafelberg, 1997.
11. R Southall, 'Between competing paradigms: Post-colonial legitimacy in Lesotho', in Melber, Limits to Liberation in Southern Africa.
12. B Raftopoulos, 'The state in crisis: Authoritarian nationalism, selective citizenship and distortions of democracy in Zimbabwe', in A Hammar, B Raftopoulos & S Jensen (eds), Zimbabwe's Unfinished Business, Harare: Weaver, 2003, pp 217-241.
13. Quantitative analysis is particularly problematic on this front, but qualitative analysis has also tended to place more emphasis on the regime type that emerged at the end of the transition than on the nature of the transition itself or on the type of regime being transited away from (despite an early emphasis on 'conditions' of democracy). See, for example, L Diamond, Juan J Linz & SM Lipset (eds), Democracy in Developing Countries: Africa, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1988;
14. M Chege, 'Between Africa's extremes', Journal of Democracy, 6 (1), 1995, pp 44-51; and
15. N van de Walle, 'Africa's "range of regimes"', Journal of Democracy, 13 (2), 2002, pp 66-80.
16. See, for instance, U Engel & GR Olsen, 'Global politics and Africa - Africa in International Relations theory', in Engel & Olsen (eds), Africa and the North, London: Routledge, 2005, pp 1-19;
17. KC Dunn, 'Introduction: Africa and International Relations theory', in KC Dunn & TM Shaw (eds), Africa's Challenge to International Relations Theory, New York: Palgrave 2001, pp 46-63; and
18. P Chabal & J-P Daloz, Africa Works, Oxford: James Currey, 1999. It is perhaps signi.cant that Chabal and Daloz specifically exclude South Africa and much of the Horn from consideration in their hypothesis of 'instrumentalisation of disorder'.
19. For example, G Hyden claims that the southern African liberation movements 'did not come to power by way of a popular ballot, but by the way of the barrel of the gun'. Hyden, African Politics in Comparative Perspective, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, p 38.
20. C Allen, 'Understanding African politics', Review of African Political Economy, 22 (65), 1995, pp 301-320.
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22. KC Dunn, 'MadLib # 32 the (blank) African state: Rethinking the sovereign state in International Relations theory', in Dunn & Shaw, Africa's Challenge to International Relations Theory, p 58.
23. See, for instance, T Ranger, 'Historiography, patriotic history and the history of the nation', Journal of Southern African Studies, 30 (2), 2004, pp 215-234;
24. C Matzke, 'En-gendering theatre in Eritrea', unpublished PhD thesis, University of Leeds, 2003; and
25. M Palmberg, 'Music in Zimbabwe's crisis', in S-M Thorsen (ed), Sounds of Change, Stockholm: SIDA, 2004.
26. A Branch & ZC Mampilly, 'Winning the war, but losing the peace? The dilemma of SPLM/A civil administration and the tasks ahead', Journal of Modern African Studies, 43 (1), 2005, pp 1-20.
27. But see also N Kasfir, 'Guerrillas and civilian participation: The National Resistance Army in Uganda, 1981-86', Journal of Modern African Studies, 43 (2), 2005, pp 271-296.
28. SR Dorman, 'Narratives of nationalism in Eritrea: Research and revisionism', Nations and Nationalism, 11 (2), 2005, pp 203-222.
29. N Kriger, Zimbabwe's Guerrilla War: Peasant Voices, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
30. MMamdani, 'WhyMuseveni does democracy his way', Mail & Guardian (South Africa), 23 June 1997.
31. N Kasfir, 'Guerrillas and governance: The Ugandan National Resistance Army, civilians and committee organization - a first cut', LiCEP 3 Harvard - MIT meeting, 23-25 March 2001.
32. N Kasfir, 'Démocratie de "mouvement", légitimité et pouvoir en Ouganda', Politique Africaine, 75, October 1999, p 21.
33. G Prunier, 'Somaliland: Birth of a new country?', in Charles Gurdon (ed), The Horn of Africa, London: University College London Press, 1994, p 62.
34. M Bradbury, AY Abokor & HA Yusuf, 'Somaliland: Choosing politics over violence', Review of African Political Economy, 30 (97), 2003, p 459.
35. W Reno, 'Somalia and survival in the shadow of the global economy', QEH Working Paper 100, 2003, p 24.
36. Ibid, p 5.
37. J Alexander, 'Chiefs and the state in independent Zimbabwe', paper presented to the conference on 'Chieftaincy in Africa', St Antony's College, Oxford, 9 June 2001; and
38. L Buur & HM Kyed, State Recognition of Traditional Authority in Mozambique, Uppsala: NAI, 2005.
39. H Becker, 'New things after independence: Gender and traditional authorities in postcolonial Namibia', JSAS, 32 (1), 2006, pp 29-48.
40. On South Africa, see, for instance, I Van Kessel & B Oomen, 'One chief, one vote: The revival of traditional authorities in post-apartheid South Africa', African Affairs, 96 (385), 1997, pp 561-586.
41. 'Eritrea targeting "permitted" churches', BBC, 20 April 2006, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4924252.stm.
42. Christo Lombard, cited in J Saul & C Leys, 'Lubango and after: "forgotten history" as politics in contemporary Namibia', Journal of Southern African Studies, 29 (2), 2003, p 339.
43. D Pool, From Guerrillas to Government, Oxford: James Currey, 2001.
44. G Bauer, 'Namibia in the first decade of independence: How democratic?', Journal of Southern African Studies, 27 (1), 2001, p 53.
45. Filip Reyntjens, 'Post-1994 politics in Rwanda: Problematising "liberation" and "democratisation"', in this issue.
46. T Nkiwane, 'Opposition politics in Zimbabwe: The struggle within the struggle', in A Olukoshi (ed), The Politics of Opposition in Africa, Uppsala: NAI, 1998, pp 91-112.
47. WM Gumede, Thabo Mbeki and the Battle for the Soul of the ANC, South Africa: Zebra Press, 2005, p 234.
48. Ibid, p 242.
49. B Bompani, '"Mandela mania": Mainline churches in post-apartheid South Africa', in this issue.
50. Bauer, 'Namibia in the first decade of independence', p 44.
51. Bompani, '"Mandela mania"'.
52. On Eritrea, see, for example, Victoria Bernal, 'Equality to die for? Women guerrilla fighters and Eritrea's cultural revolution', The Political and Legal Anthropology Review, 23 (2), 2001, pp 61-76.
53. On Zimbabwe, see Sita Ranchod-Nilsson, 'Gender politics and the pendulum of political and social transformation in Zimbabwe', Journal of Southern African Studies, 32 (1), 2006, pp 49-67.
54. H Melber, 'Limits to liberation', in Melber, Re-Examining Liberation in Namibia, p 12.
55. See, for instance, Kriger, Zimbabwe's Guerrilla War; and Leys & Saul, 'Liberation without democracy?'.
56. Pool, From Guerrillas to Government, pp 76-82;
57. Saul & Leys, 'Lubango and after'; and
58. M Sithole, Struggles within the Struggle, Harare: Rujeko, 1999.
59. S Friedman, 'South Africa: Entering the post-Mandela era', Journal of Democracy, 10 (4), 1999, p 4.
60. R Suttner, 'Culture(s) of the ANC of South Africa: Imprint of exile experiences', in Melber, Limits to Liberation, p183.
61. For Namibia, see L Metsola, '"Reintegration" of ex-combatants and former fighters: A lens into state formation and citizenship in Namibia', in this issue.
62. For Zimbabwe, see N Kriger, Guerrilla Veterans in Post-war Zimbabwe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
63. For Eritrea, see Pool, From Guerrillas to Government, p 174.
64. Metsola, '"Reintegration" of ex-combatants and former fighters'.
65. Kriger, 'From patriotic memories to "patriotic history" in Zimbabwe, 1990-2005', in this issue.
66. Ibid.
67. For South Africa, see Bompani, '"Mandela mania"'.
68. For Zimbabwe, see SR Dorman, 'Rocking the boat?: Church- NGOs and democratization in Zimbabwe?', African A.airs, 101, 2002, pp 75-92.
69. A Butler, 'South Africa's HIV/Aids policy 1994-2004: How can it be explained?', African Affairs, 104 (417), 2005, p 602.
70. Ibid, p 612.
71. Thanks to Sarah Vaughan for this particular terminology.
72. Kriger, 'From patriotic memories to "patriotic history"'. See also SR Dorman, 'NGOs and the constitutional debate in Zimbabwe: From inclusion to exclusion', Journal of Southern African Studies, 29 (4), 2003, pp 845-863.
73. B Raftopoulos, 'The Zimbabwean crisis and the challenges for the Left', Journal of Southern African Studies, 32 (2), 2006, pp 203-219.
74. Dorman, 'NGOs and the constitutional debate in Zimbabwe'.
75. Reyntjens, 'Post-1994 politics in Rwanda'.
76. F Reyntjens, 'Rwanda, ten years on: From genocide to dictatorship', African Affairs, 103 (411), 2004, pp 103, 177-210; and
77. SR Dorman, 'Born powerful? Post-liberation politics in Eritrea and Zimbabwe', in K Deonandan, D Close & G Prevost (eds), Revolutionaries to Politicians: Case Studies From Africa and the Americas, forthcoming.
78. S Vaughan, 'Remaking Ethiopia: Post-liberation politics, ethnic federalism, and revolutionary democracy', paper presented at the AEGIS conference, London 29 June-2 July 2005.
79. See also S Vaughan & K Tronvoll, The Culture of Power in Contemporary Ethiopian Political Life, Stockholm: SIDA, 2003.
80. J Abbink, 'Discom.ture of democracy? The 2005 election crisis in Ethiopia and its aftermath', African Affairs, 105 (419), 2006, p 174.
81. C Young, 'Zaire: The shattered illusion of the integral state', Journal of Modern African Studies, 32 (2), 1994, pp 247-248.
82. JB Forrest, 'The quest for state "hardness" in Africa', Comparative Politics, 20 (4), 1988, p 423.
83. R Iyob, 'The Ethiopian - Eritrean confflict: Diasporic vs hegemonic states in the Horn of Africa, 1991-2000', Journal of Modern African Studies, 38 (4), 2000, p 661.
84. J Herbst, 'Migration, the politics of protest, and state consolidation in Africa', African Affairs, 89 (355), 1990, p 202.
85. Young, 'Shattered illusion', p 263.