'One chief, one vote': The revival of traditional authorities in post-apartheid South Africa

African Affairs

Volumn 96, Issue 385, 1997, Pages 561-585

  Van Kessel, Ineke ^a   Oomen, Barbara ^b  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHIEFTAINCY; LEADERSHIP; LOCAL GOVERNMENT; TRADITIONAL RULERS;

SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 0031448333     PISSN: 00019909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007884     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Figures provided in 1996 by the Department of Constitutional Development.
2. At the time of its formation in 1912, the organization was known as the South African Native National Congress.
3. T. Lodge, Black Politics in South Africa since 1945 (Ravan Press, Johannesburg, 1983), ch. 11.
4. P. Delius, 'Sebatakgomo: Migrant Organization, the ANC and the Sekhukhune revolt', Journal of Southern African Studies, 15, 4 (1989), pp. 581-615; P. Delius, 'Migrants, comrades and rural revolt: Sekhukhuneland 1950-1987', Transformation, 13 (1990), pp. 2-26.
5. P. Delius, 'Sebatakgomo: Migrant Organization, the ANC and the Sekhukhune revolt', Journal of Southern African Studies, 15, 4 (1989), pp. 581-615; P. Delius, 'Migrants, comrades and rural revolt: Sekhukhuneland 1950-1987', Transformation, 13 (1990), pp. 2-26.
6. C. V. Bothma, 'The political structure of the Pedi of Sekhukhuneland', African Studies, 35, 3-4 (1976), p. 179.
7. Govan Mbeki, The Peasants Revolt (1964; Defence and Aid Fund, London, 1984), p. 47.
8. Mzala, Gatsha Buthelezi: Chief with a double agenda (Zed Books, London, 1988), p. 224.
9. Ineke van Kessel, ' "Beyond our Wildest Dreams": the United Democratic Front and the transformation of South Africa' (unpub. Ph.D. thesis, Leiden University, 1995), ch. 4; Izak Niehaus, 'Wirchburning and political legitimacy: Continuity and change in Green Valley, Lebowa, 1930-91', Africa, 63, 4 (1993), pp. 498-530; Edwin Ritchken, 'Burning the Herbs: Youth politics and witches in Lebowa', Work in Progress, 48 (July 1987), pp. 17-22.
10. Ineke van Kessel, ' "Beyond our Wildest Dreams": the United Democratic Front and the transformation of South Africa' (unpub. Ph.D. thesis, Leiden University, 1995), ch. 4; Izak Niehaus, 'Wirchburning and political legitimacy: Continuity and change in Green Valley, Lebowa, 1930-91', Africa, 63, 4 (1993), pp. 498-530; Edwin Ritchken, 'Burning the Herbs: Youth politics and witches in Lebowa', Work in Progress, 48 (July 1987), pp. 17-22.
11. Ineke van Kessel, ' "Beyond our Wildest Dreams": the United Democratic Front and the transformation of South Africa' (unpub. Ph.D. thesis, Leiden University, 1995), ch. 4; Izak Niehaus, 'Wirchburning and political legitimacy: Continuity and change in Green Valley, Lebowa, 1930-91', Africa, 63, 4 (1993), pp. 498-530; Edwin Ritchken, 'Burning the Herbs: Youth politics and witches in Lebowa', Work in Progress, 48 (July 1987), pp. 17-22.
12. See for example: Jeremey Seekings, 'Quiescence and the transition to confrontation: South African townships 1978-1984' (unpub. D.Phil, thesis, University of Oxford, 1990).
13. van Kessel, 'Beyond our Wildest Dreams', pp. 208-12.
14. UDF report on the National Working Committee conference, 24 and 25 May 1986.
15. SASPU National, 7, 4 (November-December 1986). For a discussion of the grievances against chieftaincy and youth rebellion, see: Ineke van Kessel, ' "From Confusion to Lusaka": the youth revolt in Sekhukhuneland', Journal of Southern African Studies, 19, 4 (1993), pp. 593-614.
16. SASPU National, 7, 4 (November-December 1986). For a discussion of the grievances against chieftaincy and youth rebellion, see: Ineke van Kessel, ' "From Confusion to Lusaka": the youth revolt in Sekhukhuneland', Journal of Southern African Studies, 19, 4 (1993), pp. 593-614.
17. Transvaal Rural Action Committee, 'KwaNdebele - The Struggle against "Independence" ', in W. Cobbett and R. Cohen (eds.) Popular Struggles in South Africa (James Currey, London, 1988), pp. 114-35; E. Ritchken, 'The KwaNdebele struggle against Independence', South African Review, 5, pp. 426-45.
18. Transvaal Rural Action Committee, 'KwaNdebele - The Struggle against "Independence" ', in W. Cobbett and R. Cohen (eds.) Popular Struggles in South Africa (James Currey, London, 1988), pp. 114-35; E. Ritchken, 'The KwaNdebele struggle against Independence', South African Review, 5, pp. 426-45.
19. Interview with Desmond Mahasha, Mohlaletse, 23 September 1990.
20. Race Relations Survey 1987-1988 (Institute of Race Relations, Johannesburg, 1988), p. 922.
21. Contralesa Newsletter, no. 1, n.d. (1990).
22. Thando Zuma, 'The role of the Chiefs in the struggle for liberation', African Communist, 121 (1990), pp. 65-76.
23. Courtney Jung, 'Understanding Zulu identity', Indicator SA, 13, 2 (1996), pp. 47-55.
24. See for example: Deborah Ewing, 'The cause of the King', Leadership, 14, 2 (June 1995).
25. Catherine Payze, 'The elimination of political opponents: the Maphumulo assassination', in A. Minnaar et al. (eds.), Patterns of Violence: case studies of conflict in Natal (Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, 1992), pp. 247-58. Maphumulo was assassinated in 1991.
26. J. C. Bekker, 'The role of chiefs in a future South African constitutional dispensation', in R. S. Ndou and Essy M. Letsoalo (eds.), The Future of the Institution of Hereditary Rule and Customary Law in South Africa (Marshalltown, no publisher, 1994), p. 77.
27. Albie Sachs, Advancing Human Rights in South Africa (Oxford University Press, Cape Town, 1992), pp. 77-8.
28. S181.1 Interim Constitution and S 26 of the transitional arrangements (schedule VI) in the definite Constitution as adopted by the Constitutional Assembly on 11 October 1996 and signed by President Mandela on 10 December 1996.
29. Survey of Race Relations 1993-1994, pp. 556-57.
30. S11 (3)(b) NAA: 'A Black woman (excluding a black woman who permanently resides in the province of Natal) who is a partner in a customary union and who is living with her husband, shall be deemed to be a minor and her husband shall be deemed to be her guardian.'
31. Padi Matlala: 'Can Chiefs change?', New Ground (Spring 1993), pp. 2-4.
32. Nirmala Pillay and Cas Prinsloo, 'Tradition in Transition?: exploring the role of traditional authorities', Social Update (Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, 1995).
33. Alistair McIntosh and Anne Vaughan, 'Towards a system of rural local government for the Northern Transvaal' (Development Bank of South Africa, 1994), p. 9.
34. Weekly Mail and Guardian, 18-24 August 1995.
35. The Star, 23 August 1995.
36. Unpublished report by Barbara Oomen of a meeting with officials of the Department of Constitutional Development, 17 November 1995.
37. S212.1 of the definite constitution.
38. S.26 of the transitional arrangements (Schedule VI) in the definite constitution. Before 1999, the ex-officio membership can only be terminated by an Act of Parliament.
39. Draft Further Regulation of Local Government Bill, notice 1010 of 1996.
40. The payment of Salaries, Allowances and other Privileges to the Ingonyama Amendment Bill of 1995 and the KwaZulu/Natal Amakhosi and Iziphakanyiswa Amendment Bill of 1995.
41. Case CCT1/96 before the Constitutional Court, heard on 21 May 1996 and judgment delivered on 5 July 1996.
42. Barbara Oomen, 'Talking Tradition: the position and portrayal of traditional leaders in present-day South Africa' (unpub. MA thesis, University of Amsterdam, 1996), p. 37.
43. Weekly Mail, 23-29 June 1995.
44. Constitutional Talk, 8 September 1995.
45. S2 Native Administration Act 38 of 1927.
46. Most of the material for this section was gathered during a visit by Ineke van Kessel to Pietersburg and Sekhukhuneland at the time of the local elections in November 1995 and by Barbara Oomen later that same month. Interviews were conducted with the Commissioner for Traditional Authorities in Pietersburg and with acting paramount chief K. K. Sekhukhune in Mohlaletse.
47. Interview with Acting Paramount Chief K. K. Sekhukhune, November 1995, Mohlaletse.
48. Nelson Mandela's address to a rally in Cape Town on his release from prison, 11 February 1990: http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/speeches/release.html.
49. ANC statement on the meeting between president Mandela and traditional leaders, 1995: http://www.anc.org.za/cgi-bin/mfs/01/tradlead.
50. Speech, January 1996. http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history.
51. Weekly Mail and Guardian, 11 October 1996.
52. Oomen,'Talking Tradition', pp. 139-51.