Gender differences in adolescents in residential treatment

American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

Volumn 76, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 312-324

  Handwerk, Michael L ^a,e   Clopton, Kerri ^b   Huefner, Jonathan C ^a   Smith, Gail L ^a   Hoff, Kathy E ^c   Lucas, Christopher P ^d  

^a Girls and Boys Town   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN IOWA   (United States)

^c ILLINOIS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e Clinical Services and Research   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Gender; Psychopathology; Residential treatment

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ANXIETY DISORDER; BEHAVIOR CHANGE; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; CHILD BEHAVIOR CHECKLIST; CHILD PSYCHIATRY; COMORBIDITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; GENDER; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HOPELESSNESS; HUMAN; INTERVIEW; JUVENILE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MEDICAL STAFF; MENTAL HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; RATING SCALE; RESIDENTIAL CARE; RESIDENTIAL HOME; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SCORING SYSTEM; SELF EVALUATION; SEX DIFFERENCE; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; SUICIDE ATTEMPT;

ADOLESCENT; ANXIETY DISORDERS; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR DISORDERS; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; GROUP HOMES; HUMANS; INTERNAL-EXTERNAL CONTROL; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MIDWESTERN UNITED STATES; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT; SELF CONCEPT; SEX CHARACTERISTICS; SUICIDE, ATTEMPTED;

EID: 33748992029     PISSN: 00029432     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0002-9432.76.3.312     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Achenbach, T. M. (1991a). Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL/4-18, YSR, and TRF profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont.
2. Achenbach, T. M. (1991b). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.
3. Achenbach, T. M. (1991c). Manual for the Youth Self-Report and 1991 profile. Burlington: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.) Washington, DC: Author.
5. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
6. Anderson, J. C. (1994). Epidemiological issues. In T. H. Ollendick, N. J. King, & W. Yule (Eds.), International handbook of phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: Issues in clinical child psychology (pp. 43-65). New York: Plenum Press.
7. Ansari, A. A., Gouthro, S., Ahmad, K., & Steele, C. (1996). Hospital-based behavior modification program for adolescents: Evaluation and predictors of outcome. Adolescence, 31, 469-476.
8. Asarnow, J. R., Aoki, W., & Elson, S. (1996). Children in residential treatment: A follow-up study. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 209-214.
9. Baker, A. J. L., & Purcell, J. F. (2005). New York State Residential Treatment Center admissions: Differences in histories of maltreatment, behavioral problems, and mental health problems. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 22, 39-53.
10. Barton, G., Rey, J. M., Simpson, P., & Denshire, E. (2001). Patterns of critical incidents and their effect on outcome in an adolescent inpatient service. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 155-159.
11. Bickman, L., Foster, E. M., & Lambert, W. (1996). Who gets hospitalized in a continuum of care? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 74-80.
12. Blotcky, M. J., Dimperio, T. L., & Gossett, J. T. (1984). Follow-up of children treated in psychiatric hospitals: A review of studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 1499-1507.
13. Burket, R. C., & Myers, W. C. (1995). Axis I and personality comorbidity in adolescents with conduct disorder. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law, 23, 73-82.
14. Burks, J. (1995). Edgewood Childrens' Center outcome study 1991/1992. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 13, 31-40.
15. Burns, B. J. (1991). Mental health services use by adolescents in the 1970's and 1980's. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 144-150.
16. Carran, D. T., Nemerofsky, A., Rock, E. E., & Kerins, M. (1996). Risk of unsuccessful program completion for students with serious emotional/ behavioral disorders: An epidemiological risk analysis. Behavioral Disorders, 21, 172-189.
17. Cates, J. A. (1991). Residential treatment in the 1980s: II. Characteristics of treatment centers. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 9, 75-84.
18. Chamberlain, P., & Friman, P. C. (1997). Residential programs for antisocial children and adolescents. In D. M. Stoff, J. Breiling, & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Handbook of antisocial behavior (pp. 416-424). New York: Wiley.
19. Chamberlain, P., & Reid, J. B. (1994). Differences in risk factors and adjustment for male and female delinquents in treatment foster care. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 3, 23-39.
20. Cohen, N. J. (1989). Sex differences in child psychiatric outpatients: Cognitive, personality, and behavioral characteristics. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 20, 113-121.
21. Compas, B. E., Oppedisano, G., Connor, J. K., Gerhardt, C. A., Hinden, B. R., Achenbach, T. M., et al. (1997). Gender differences in depressive symptoms in adolescence: Comparison of national samples of clinically referred and nonreferred youths. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 617-626.
22. Connor, D. F., Doerfler, L. A., Toscano, P. F., Volungis, A. M., & Steingard, R. J. (2004). Characteristics of children and adolescents admitted to a residential treatment center. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 13, 497-510.
23. Costello, E. J. (1989). Developments in child psychiatric epidemiology. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 836-841.
24. Coughlin, D. D., & Shanahan, D. (1991). Boys Town family home program: Training manual. Boys Town, NE: Boys Town Press.
25. Cuffe, S. P., Waller, J. L., Cuccaro, M. L., & Pumariega, A. J. (1995). Race and gender differences in the treatment of psychiatric disorders in young adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1536-1543.
26. Cull, J. G., & Gill, W. S. (1988). Suicide Probability Scale (SPS) manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
27. Curry, J. F. (1991). Outcome research on residential treatment: Implications and suggested directions. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61, 348-357.
28. Daly, D. L., & Dowd, T. P. (1992). Characteristics of effective, harm-free environments for children in out-of-home care. Child Welfare, 71, 487-496.
29. Day, D. M., Pal, A., & Goldberg, K. (1994). Assessing the post-residential functioning of latency-aged conduct disordered children. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 11, 45-61.
30. Dembo, R., Pacheco, K., Schmeidler, J., Ramirez-Garmica, G., Guida, J., & Rahman, A. (1998). A further study of gender differences in service needs among youths entering a juvenile assessment center. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 7, 49-77.
31. Edwards, J. K. (1994). Children in residential treatment: How many, what kind? Do we really know? Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 12, 85-99.
32. Eme, R. F. (1992). Selective female affliction in the developmental disorders of childhood: A literature review. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21, 354-364.
33. Eme, R. F., & Kavanaugh, L. (1995). Sex differences in conduct disorder. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 24, 406-426.
34. Frankfort-Howard, R., & Romm, S. (2002). Outcomes of residential treatment of antisocial youth: Development of or cessation from adult antisocial behavior. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 19, 53-70.
35. Frick, P. J. (1998). Conduct disorders. In T. H. Ollendick & M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of child psychopathology (3rd ed., pp. 213-237). New York: Plenum.
36. Friman, P. C. (2000). Behavioral, family-style residential care for troubled out-of-home adolescents: Recent findings. In J. Austin & J. E. Carr (Eds.), Handbook of applied behavior analysis (pp. 187-209). Reno, NV: Context Press.
37. Friman, P. C., Handwerk, M. L., Smith, G. L., Larzelere, R. E., Lucas, C. P., & Shaffer, D. M. (2000). External validity of conduct and oppositional defiant disorders determined by the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 277-286.
38. Garland, A. F., Hough, R. L., Landsverk, J. A., & Brown, S. A. (2001). Multi-sector complexity of systems of care for youth with mental health needs. Children's Services: Social Policy, Research, & Practice, 4, 123-140.
39. Giordano, P. C., & Cernkovich, S. A. (1997). Gender and antisocial behavior. In D. M. Stoff, J. Breiling, & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Handbook of antisocial behavior (pp. 496-510). New York: Wiley.
40. Goldfried, M. R., & Wolfe, B. E. (1996). Psychotherapy practice and research: Repairing a strained relationship. American Psychologist, 51, 1007-1016.
41. Grilo, C. M., Becker, D. F., Fehon, D. C., Walker, M. L., Edell, W. S., & McGlashan, T. H. (1998). Psychiatric morbidity differences in male and female adolescent inpatients with alcohol use disorders. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 27, 29-41.
42. Handwerk, M. L. (1999). New DISC developments: Use of the Voice-DISC in a residential setting. Paper presented at the 46th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Chicago.
43. Handwerk, M. L., Friman, P. C., & Larzelere, R. (2000). Comparing the DISC and the Youth Self-Report. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 807-808.
44. Handwerk, M. L., Friman, P. C., Mott, M. A., & Stairs, J. M. (1998). The relationship between program restrictiveness and youth behavior problems. Journal of Emotional & Behavioral Disorders, 6, 170-179.
45. Handwerk, M. L., Larzelere, R. E., Soper, S. H., & Friman, P. C. (1999). Parent and child discrepancies in reporting severity of problem behaviors in three out-of-home settings. Psychological Assessment, 11, 14-23.
46. Hartung, C. M., & Widiger, T. A. (1998). Gender differences in the diagnosis of mental disorders: Conclusions and controversies of the DSM-IV. Psychological Bulletin, 123, 260-278.
47. Hawkins, R. P., Almeida, M. C., Fabry, B., & Reitz, A. L. (1992). A scale to measure restrictiveness of living environments for troubled children and youths. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 43, 54-58.
48. Hoagwood, K., Jensen, P. S., Petti, T., & Burns, B. J. (1996). Outcomes of mental health care for children and adolescents: I. A comprehensive conceptual model. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1055-1063.
49. Holm, S. (1979). A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, 6, 65-70.
50. Hooper, S. R., Murphy, J., Devaney, A., & Hultman, T. (2000). Ecological outcomes of adolescents in a psychoeducational residential treatment facility. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 491-500.
51. Hoyt, S., & Scherer, D. G. (1998). Female juvenile delinquency: Misunderstood by the juvenile justice system, neglected by social science. Law & Human Behavior, 22, 81-107.
52. Hussey, D. L., & Guo, S. (2002). Profile characteristics and behavioral change trajectories of young residential children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 11, 401-410.
53. Jensen, P., Roper, M., Fisher, P., Piacentini, J., Canino, G., Richters, J., et al. (1995). Test-retest reliability of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC 2.1). Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 61-71.
54. Jewell, J., Handwerk, M., Almquist, J., & Lucas, C. (2004). Comparing the validity of clinician-generated diagnosis of conduct disorder to the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 536-546.
55. Kashani, J. H., Beck, N. C., Hoeper, E. W., Fallahi, C., Corcoran, C. M., McAllister, J. A., et al. (1987). Psychiatric disorders in a community sample of adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 584-589.
56. Keenan, K., & Shaw, D. (1997). Developmental and social influences on young girls' early problem behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 95-113.
57. Kirigin, K. A. (1996). Teaching-family model of group home treatment of children with severe behavior problems. In M. C. Roberts (Ed.), Model programs in child and family mental health (pp. 231-247). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
58. Kjelsberg, E., & Nygren, P. (2004). The prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems in institutionalized childcare clients. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 58, 319-325.
59. LaClave, L. J., & Campbell, J. L. (1986). Psychiatric intervention in children: Sex differences in referral rates. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 25, 430-432.
60. Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Hart, E. L., Frick, P. J., Applegate, B., Zhang, Q., et al. (1995). Four-year longitudinal study of conduct disorder in boys: Patterns and predictors of persistence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 83-93.
61. Larzelere, R. E. (1991). Factor analysis of morning report data (Rep. No. NRI 003-91). Boys Town, NE: Father Flanagan's Boys' Home.
62. Larzelere, R. E. (1996). Inter-coder reliabilities and construct groupings for some important codes on the Daily Incident Report (Rep. No. NRI 001-96). Boys Town, NE: Father Flanagan's Boys' Home.
63. Larzelere, R. E., Daly, D. L., Davis, J. L., Chmelka, M. B., & Handwerk, M. L. (2004). Outcome evaluation of the Girls and Boys Town Family Home Program. Education & Treatment of Children, 27, 130-149.
64. Larzelere, R. E., Smith, G. L., Batenhorst, L. M., & Kelly, D. B. (1996). Predictive validity of the Suicide Probability Scale among adolescents in group home treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 166-172.
65. Larzelere, R. E., Smith, G. L., Jorgensen, D. D., Daly, D. L., & Handwerk, M. L. (2001). A prognosis index for group home residential programs. In C. Newman (Ed.), Proceedings of the 13th Annual Florida Mental Health Institute Research Conference. A system of care for children's mental health: Expanding the research base (pp. 354-362). Tampa: University of South Florida.
66. Leadbeater, B. J., Kuperminc, G. P., Blatt, S. J., & Hertzog, C. (1999). A multivariate model of gender differences in adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problems. Developmental Psychology, 35, 1268-1282.
67. Leve, L. D., Chamberlain, P., & Reid, J. B. (2005). Intervention outcomes for girls referred from juvenile justice: Effects on delinquency. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 1181-1185.
68. Lochman, J. E., Bennett, C. L., & Simmers, D. A. (1988). Residential re-ed treatment of highly aggressive youth: Preliminary indications of effectiveness and the precursors of improvement. Education & Treatment of Children, 11, 52-62.
69. Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1998). Development of juvenile aggression and violence: Some common misconceptions and controversies. American Psychologist, 53, 242-259.
70. McGee, R., Feehan, M., Williams, S. M., Partridge, F., Silva, P. A., & Kelly, J. (1990). DSM-III disorders in a large sample of adolescents. American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 611-619.
71. Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674-701.
72. Myers, W. C., Burket, R. C., & Otto, T. A. (1993). Conduct disorder and personality disorders in hospitalized adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 54, 21-26.
73. Offord, D. R., Boyle, M. H., Szatmari, P., Rae-Grant, N. I., Links, P. S., Cadman, D. T., et al. (1987). Ontario child health study: II. Six-month prevalence of disorder and rates of service utilization. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 832-836.
74. Pavkov, T. W., Goerge, R. M., & Czapkowicz, J. G. (1997). Predictors of length of stay among youths hospitalized in state hospitals in Illinois. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 6, 221-231.
75. Pfeiffer, S. I. (1989). Follow-up of children and adolescents treated in psychiatric facilities: A methodology review. Psychiatric Hospital, 20, 15-20.
76. Pfeiffer, S. I., & Strzelecki, S. C. (1990). Inpatient psychiatric treatment of children and adolescents: A review of outcome studies. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 847-853.
77. Phillips, E. L., Phillips, E. A., Fixsen, D. L., & Wolf, M. M. (1971). Achievement Place: Modification of the behaviors of pre-delinquent boys within a token economy. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 4, 45-59.
78. Russo, M. F., & Beidel, D. C. (1994). Comorbidity of childhood anxiety and externalizing disorders: Prevalence, associated characteristics, and validation issues. Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 199-221.
79. Rutter, M., Giller, H., & Hagell, A. (1998). Antisocial behavior by young people. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
80. Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Lucas, C. P., Dulcan, M. K., & Schwab-Stone, M. E. (2000). NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): Description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 28-38.
81. Shaffer, D., Schwab-Stone, M., Fisher, P., Cohen, P., Piacentini, J., Davies, M., et al. (1993). The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children - Revised version (DISC-R): I. Preparation, field testing, interrater reliability, and acceptability. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 643-650.
82. Silverthorn, P., & Frick, P. J. (1999). Developmental pathways to antisocial behavior: The delayed-onset pathway in girls. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 101-126.
83. Sourander, A., Santalahti, P., Haavisto, A., Piha, J., Ikaheimo, K., & Helenius, H. (2004). Have there been changes in children's psychiatric symptoms and mental health service use? A 10-year comparison from Finland. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 1134-1145.
84. Spreat, S., & Jampol, R. C. (1997). Residential services for children and adolescents. In R. T. Ammuman & M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of prevention and treatment with children and adolescents: Intervention in the real world context (pp. 106-133). New York: Wiley.
85. Trickett, P. K., & Gordis, E. B. (2004). Aggression and antisocial behavior in sexually abused females. In M. Putallaz & K. L. Bierman (Eds.), Aggression, antisocial behavior, and violence among girls: A developmental perspective (pp. 162-185). New York: Guilford Press.
86. Wasserman, G. A., McReynolds, L. S., Ko, S. J., Katz, L. M., & Carpenter, J. R. (2005). Gender differences in psychiatric disorders at juvenile probation intake. American Journal of Public Health, 95, 131-137.
87. Wasserman, G. A., McReynolds, L. S., Lucas, C. P., Fisher, P., & Santos, L. (2002). The voice DISC-IV with incarcerated male youths: Prevalence of disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 314-321.
88. Webster-Stratton, C. (1996). Early onset conduct problems: Does gender make a difference? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 540-551.
89. Weis, R., Whitemarsh, S. M., & Wilson, N. L. (2005). Military-style residential treatment for disruptive adolescents: Effective for some girls, all girls, when, and why? Psychological Services, 2, 105-122.
90. Weisz, J. R., Sandler, I. N., Durlak, J. A., & Anton, B. S. (2005). Promoting and protecting youth mental health through evidence-based prevention and treatment. American Psychologist, 60, 628-648.
91. Weisz, J. R., & Weiss, B. (1991). Studying the " referability" of child clinical problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 266-273.
92. Weisz, J. R., Weiss, B., Han, S. S., Granger, D. A., & Morton, T. (1995). Effects of psychotherapy with children and adolescents revisited: A meta-analysis of treatment outcome studies. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 450-468.
93. Wells, K., & Whittington, D. (1993). Characteristics of youths referred to residential treatment: Implications for program design. Children & Youth Services Review, 15, 195-217.
94. Wolf, M. M., Phillips, E. L., Fixsen, D. L., Braukmann, C. J., Kirigin, K. A., Willner, A. G., et al. (1976). Achievement Place: The teaching-family model. Child Care Quarterly, 5, 92-103.
95. Wurtele, S. K., Wilson, D. R., & Prentice-Dunn, S. (1983). Characteristics of children in residential treatment programs: Findings and clinical implications. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 12, 137-144.
96. Young, I. L. (1977). Differences between male and female adolescents in residential treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 953.
97. Zahn-Waxler, C. (1993). Warriors and worriers: Gender and psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 79-89.
98. Zimmerman, D. P. (1990). Notes on the history of adolescent inpatient and residential treatment. Adolescence, 25, 9-38.
99. Zoccolillo, M. (1993). Gender and the development of conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 65-78.
100. Zoccolillo, M., & Rogers, K. (1991). Characteristics and outcome of hospitalized adolescent girls with conduct disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 973-981.