Reevaluating the causes of observed changes in Indian Ocean Water masses

Journal of Climate

Volumn 19, Issue 16, 2006, Pages 4075-4086

  Stark, Sheila ^a   Wood, Richard A ^a   Banks, Helene T ^a  

^a MET OFFICE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; COMPUTER SIMULATION; HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; OCEANOGRAPHY;

HYDROGRAPHIC DATA; OCEAN WATER MASSES; SUBANTARCTIC MODE WATER (SAMW);

CLIMATOLOGY;

CLIMATE FORCING; GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; WATER MASS;

INDIAN OCEAN;

EID: 33748763564     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3845.1     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Banks, H. T., and R. Wood, 2002: Where to look for anthropogenic climate change in the ocean. J. Climate, 15, 879-891.
2. Banks, H. T., and N. L. Bindoff, 2003: Comparison of observed temperature and salinity changes in the Indo-Pacific with results from the coupled climate model HadCM3: Processes and mechanisms. J. Climate, 16, 156-166.
3. Banks, H. T., R. A. Wood, J. M. Gregory, T. C. Johns, and G. S. Jones, 2000: Are observed decadal changes in intermediate water masses a signature of anthropogenic climate changes? Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2961-2964.
4. 2 forcing increases. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 2816-2827.
5. Baumgartner, A., and E. Reichel, 1975: The World Water Balance. Elsevier, 179 pp.
6. Bindoff, N. L., and T. J. McDougall, 2000: Decadal changes along an Indian Ocean section at 32°S and their interpretation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 1207-1222.
7. Bryden, H. L., E. McDonagh, and B. A. King, 2003: Changes in ocean water mass properties: Oscillations or trends? Science, 300, 2086-2088.
8. Church, J. A., S. Godfrey, D. R. Jackett, and T. J. McDougall, 1991: A model of sea level rise caused by ocean thermal expansion. J. Climate, 4, 438-456.
9. Curry, R., B. Dickson, and I. Yashayaev, 2003: A change in the freshwater balance of the Atlantic Ocean over the past four decades. Nature, 426, 826-829.
10. da Silva, A. M., C. C. Young, and S. Levitus, 1994: Algorithms and Procedures. Vol. 1, Atlas of Surface Marine Data, NOAA Atlas Series 6, 74 pp.
11. England, M. H., J. S. Godfrey, A. C. Hirst, and M. C. Tomczak, 1993: The mechanisms for Antarctic Intermediate Water renewal in a World Ocean model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1553-1560.
12. Gordon, C., C. Cooper, C. A. Senior, H. Banks, J. M. Gregory, T. C. Johns, J. F. B. Mitchell, and R. A. Wood, 2000: The simulation of SST, sea ice extents and ocean heat transports in a version of the Hadley Centre Couple Model without flux adjustments. Climate Dyn., 16, 147-168.
13. Houghton, J. T., Y. Ding, D. J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P. J. van der Linden, and D. Xiaosu, Eds., 2001: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge University Press, 944 pp.
14. Johns, T. C., and Coauthors, 2003: Anthropogenic climate change for 1860 to 2100 simulated with the HadCM3 model under updated emissions scenarios. Climate Dyn., 20, doi:10.1007/s00382-002-0296-y.
15. Johnson, G. C., and A. H. Orsi, 1997: Southwest Pacific Ocean water-mass changes between 1968/69 and 1990/91. J. Climate, 10, 306-316.
16. Josey, S. A., E. C. Kent, D. Oakley, and P. K. Taylor, 1996: A new global air-sea heat and momentum climatology. International WOCE Newsletter, No. 24, WOCE International Project Office, Southampton, United Kingdom, 3-5.
17. Levitus, S., and T. P. Boyer, 1994: Temperature. Vol 4, World Ocean Atlas 1994, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 4, 117 pp.
18. McCartney, M. S., 1977: Subantarctic Mode Water. Deep-Sea Res., 24 (Suppl.), 103-119.
19. McCartney, M. S., 1982: The subtropical recirculation of Mode Waters. J. Mar. Res., 40 (Suppl.), 427-464.
20. McDonagh, E. L., H. L. Bryden, B. A. King, R. J. Sanders, S. A. Cunningham, and R. Marsh, 2005: Decadal changes in the South Indian Ocean thermocline. J. Climate, 18, 1575-1590.
21. Pardaens, A. K., H. T. Banks, J. M. Gregory, and P. R. Rowntree, 2003: Freshwater transports in HadCM3. Climate Dyn., 21, 177-195.
22. Ribbe, J., 1999: On wind driven mid-latitude convection in ocean general circulation models. Tellus, 51A, 505-516.
23. Rintoul, S. R., and M. H. England, 2002: Ekman transport dominates local air-sea fluxes in driving variability of Subantarctic Mode Water. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 1308-1321.
24. Sloyan, B. M., and S. Rintoul, 2001: Circulation, renewal and modification of Antarctic Mode and Intermediate Water. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1005-1030.
25. Stramma, L., and J. R. E. Lutjeharms, 1997: The flow field of the subtropical gyre of the South Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5513-5530.
26. Toole, J. M., and B. A. Warren, 1993: A hydrographic section across the subtropical South Indian Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 40A, 1973-2019.
27. Warren, B. A., 1972: Insensitivity of subtropical mode water characteristics to meteorological fluctuations. Deep-Sea Res., 19, 1-19.
28. Willis, J. K., D. Roemmich, and B. Cornuelle, 2004: Interannual variability in upper ocean heat content, temperature, and thermosteric expansion on global scales. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C12036, doi:10.1029/ 2003JC002260.
29. Wong, A. P. S., N. L. Bindoff, and J. A. Church, 1999: Large-scale freshening of intermediate waters in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Nature, 400, 440-443.