Tito's nuclear legacy

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists

Volumn 56, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 63-70

  Potter, William C ^a   Miljanic, Djuro ^b   Slaus, Ivo ^b  

^a MONTEREY INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES   (United States)

^b RUDER BO KOVI INSTITUTE   (Croatia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33748672118     PISSN: 00963402     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2968/056002016     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Additional successor states are Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Macedonia.
2. This article is based on a longer study completed by the authors, Yugoslavia's Covert Nuclear Weapons Programs (forthcoming).
3. Stevan Dedijer, Tito's Bomb (excerpts from draft of a manuscript written at the Institute of Advanced Study in the Social Sciences, Palo Alto, California, 1969), p. 7.
4. A similar account is provided in an interview with Dedijer in "Jugoslavija je 1950 pocela proizvoditi atomsku bombu" ("Yugoslavia Started Production of Atom Bomb in 1950"), Vecernji list, March 28, 1998, p. 13.
5. Slobodan Nakicenovic, Nuclear Energy in Yugoslavia (Belgrade: Export Press, 1961), pp. 31, 39, and 45.
6. U.S. State Department Memorandum from Oliver Marey, Bureau of Canadian and European Affairs, to U.S. Secretary of State, March 18, 1954 (declassified); also cited by Andrew Koch, "Yugoslavia's Nuclear Legacy: Should We Worry?" Nonproliferation Review, Spring/Summer 1997, pp. 123-24.
7. The zero power reactor initially was fueled by natural uranium and the larger reactor originally operated with uranium fuel enriched to only 2 percent uranium 235. Both reactors, however, also were operated with highly-enriched uranium. See Miroslav Kopecni, "Vinca's Institute of Nuclear Sciences and the Future of Nuclear Investigations," Nuklearna Tehnologija, vol. II, no. 2 (1996), pp. 3-8.
8. Correspondence provided by Stale Hansen, Norwegian Broadcast Company. See also www.nrk. no/fakta/brennpunkt.
9. Personal communication with Stale Hansen, August 11, 1999.
10. A long list of relevant scientific citations is provided by Mark Gorwitz, Status and History of the Former Yugoslavia Nuclear Industry: Proliferation Concerns Past and Present, study prepared for the Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies, May 1998.
11. Correspondence provided by Stale Hansen.
12. Koch, "Yugoslavia's Nuclear Legacy," p. 124;
13. James P. Nichol and Gordon L. MeDaniel, "Yugoslavia," in Nuclear Power in the Developing Countries, James E. Katz and Onkar S. Mawah, eds. (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1982), p. 356.
14. U.N. Document A/C.1/1068, Annex II, November 4, 1975, pp. 32-33.
15. Statement by Jaksa Petric, Yugoslavia's Permanent Representative to the United Nations, to the 30th Session of the U.N. General Assembly, November 7, 1975.
16. Reprinted in "Yugoslavia's Views on Disarmament," Yugoslav Survey, August 1976, pp. 145-46.
17. Borba, December 7, 1975.
18. "Interview with Colonel-General Ivan Kukoc," NIN, March 13, 1977.
19. Reprinted in Survival, May/June 1977, pp. 127-28.
20. Report of the Nuclear Energy Policy Study Group, Nuclear Power Issues and Choices (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Co., 1977), p. 284.
21. Joseph Nye, "Testimony before the Committee on Foreign Relations Sub-Committee on Arms Control, Oceans, and International Environment," in Nuclear Nonproliferation and Export Controls (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1977), p. 93. This testimony is cited by Nichol and McDaniel, p. 366.
22. The objectives for Project B are detailed in a March 1985 document, "Program for Mastering the Technologies of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle," prepared by the Business Association for Research, Development, and Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy (known by its acronym, "NUKLIN"). The document is a revised version of a June 1984 text also prepared by NUKLIN. The nuclear program outlined by NUKLIN encompassed Program B, but was even more comprehensive than the plan defined by the federal government.
23. "Arbeiten die Jugoslawen an der Atom-bombe?" Der Spiegel, January 25, 1988.
24. NUKLIN, "Program for Mastering the Technologies of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle," p. 9.
25. In light of the 1989 law, it is curious that Milosevic set up a high-level Nuclear Energy Commission in 1996, which is reminiscent of the commissions created in 1955 and 1978 when the former Yugoslavia pursued a weapons program.
26. Mark Hibbs, "Vinca Wants Fresh HEU Removed in View of Growing Serbian Unrest," Nuclear Fuel, February 10, 1997, pp. 1, 8-9;
27. Mark Hibbs, "IAEA Sends Mission to Belgrade: Fuel Removal is 'Hazardous, Costly'," Nuclear Fuel, February 24, 1997.
28. Dejan Anastasijevic, "Belgrade on Barrel of Uranium," Vreme, March 15, 1997, pp. 23-25, in Foreign Broadcast Information Bureau, FBIS-EEU-97-065, March 15, 1997.