Yugoslavia’s nuclear legacy: Should we worry?

Nonproliferation Review

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 123-128

  Koch, Andrew ^a  

^a MONTEREY INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85010603011     PISSN: 10736700     EISSN: 17461766     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10736709708436687     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Mark Hibbs, “Vinca Wants Fresh HEU Removed in View of Growing Serbian Unrest,” NuclearFuel, February 10, 1997, pp. 1, 8-9;
2. Mark Hibbs, “IAEA Sends Mission to Belgrade: Fuel Removal is ‘Hazardous, Costly’,” NulcearFuel, February 24, 1997, pp. 2-3.
3. “Jozef Stefan Institute,” (http://www.ijs.si.html); Slobodan Nakicenovic, Nuclear Energy in Yugoslavia (Belgrade: Export Press, 1961), p. 35.
4. “Rudjer Boskovic Institute,” (www.irb.hr/Engleski/povijest.html).
5. James P. Nichol and Gordon L. McDaniel, “Yugoslavia,” in James Everett Katz and Onkar S. Marwah, eds., Nuclear Power in Developing Countries (Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington Books, 1982), p. 346.
6. Nuclear Engineering International, World Nuclear Industry Handbook 1996 (London: Reed Business Publishing, 1995), p. 31.
7. Nichol and McDaniel, “Yugoslavia,” p. 346.
8. Jan Annerstedt and Andrew Jamison, “Stevan Dedijer: An ‘Elitist Egalitarian’,” in Jan Annerstedt and Andrew Jamison, eds., From Research Policy to Social Intelligence: Essays for Stevan Dedijer (London: MacMillian Press, 1988), pp. 2-3.
9. Declassified U.S. State Department Memorandum from Oliver Marcy, Bureau of Canadian and European Affairs, to U.S. Secretary of State, March 18, 1954.
10. “Scientific and Industrial Research and Technological Advance,” Declassified Foreign Service Dispatch from U.S. Embassy Belgrade to U.S. Department of State, May 12, 1955.
11. Sava P. Milovanovic, “Vinca: Energy Division,” (http://rt270.vin.bg.ac.yu:80/-savam/eng_vinca/energy.html).
12. The RA research reactor used two percent enriched uranium metal fuel prior to 1976. See Nuclear Engineering International, World Nuclear Industry Handbook 1996, p. 109;
13. “Research Reactor RA at the Institute of Nuclear Sciences VINCA: Belgrade”, in International Atomic Energy Agency Division of Nuclear Power and the Fuel Cycle Travel Report, October 30-No-vember 2, 1995, Appendix 1.
14. “International Nuclear Safety Center Database: R-A and R-B,” (www.insc.anl.gov/cgi-bin/nr…_all&qvar=nre_geni.refid&qval=7585 and 7586).
15. Nichol and McDaniel, “Yugoslavia,” pp. 348-349.
16. Sava P. Milovanovic, “Vinca: Chemistry Division,” (http://rt270.vin.bg.ac.yu:80/-savam/eng_vinca/chemistry.html).
17. Nichol and McDaniel, “Yugoslavia," p. 347.
18. Interest by the United States and Soviet Union in light water reactor technology was also a factor. During the 1970s, nuclear power was thought of as a promising technology. See Nichol and McDaniel, “Yugoslavia,” p. 347.
19. Nakicenovic, Nuclear Energy in Yugoslavia, p. 35.
20. J.E. Matos, “Foreign Research Reactors in the EIS,” (http://www.td.anl.gov/RERTR/FRRSNF/EISREACT.html);
21. Nichol and McDaniel, "Yugoslavia,” p. 349.
22. Nichol and McDaniel, “Yugoslavia,” p. 349.
23. Milovanovic, “Vinca: Energy Division.”
24. Nichol and McDaniel, “Yugoslavia,” p. 356.
25. Nichol and McDaniel, “Yugoslavia,”, The Boris Kidric Institute of Nuclear Sciences Brochure (Belgrade: The Boris Kidric Institute of Nuclear Sciences, publication date unknown).
26. Dejan Anastasijevic, “Belgrade on Barrel of Uranium,” Vreme, March 15, 1997, pp. 23-25; in FBIS-EEU-97-065 (15 March 1997).
27. Anastasijevic, “Belgrade on Barrel of Uranium;” Hibbs, “Vinca Wants Fresh HEU Removed in View of Growing Serbian Unrest.”
28. The Boris Kidric Institute of Nuclear Sciences Brochure; Nakicenovic, Nuclear Energy in Yugoslavia, pp. 41-42.
29. The Boris Kidric Institute of Nuclear Sciences Brochure.
30. Nuclear Engineering International, World Nuclear Industry Handbook 1996, p. Ill;
31. Nichol and McDaniel, “Yugoslavia,” p. 354.
32. The Kalna uranium mine and mill were closed for financial reasons. The Yugoslav government believed that it already had a sufficient stockpile of uranium to meet its research and fuel needs. See Nichol and McDaniel, “Yugoslavia,” p. 355.
33. The Boris Kidric Institute of Nuclear Sciences Brochure.
34. Dimitrije Seserinca Gedza, Borba, December 7,1975; reprinted in “Yugoslavia and Nuclear Weapons,” Survival 18 (May/June 1976), pp. 116-117.
35. “Interview with Col.-Gen. Kukoc,” Nin, March 13,1977; reprinted in Survival 20 (May/June 1977), pp. 127-129.
36. Lewis Dunn, Controlling the Bomb: Nuclear Proliferation.in the 1980’s (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982), p. 62.
37. Nuclear Engineering International, World Nuclear Industry Handbook 1996, pp. 30-31.
38. Nichol and McDaniel, “Yugoslavia,” p. 351.
39. Mark Hibbs, “Vinca Wants Fresh HEU Removed in View of Growing Serbian Unrest.”
40. Anastasijevic, “Belgrade on Barrel of Uranium.”
41. “Research Reactor RA at the Institute of Nuclear Sciences VINCA: Belgrade,” Appendix 1.
42. Interview with International Atomic Energy Agency officials by Center for Nonproliferation Studies staff member, Vienna, April 2, 1997.
43. Hibbs, “Vinca Wants Fresh HEU Removed in View of Growing Serbian Unrest.”
44. Interviews with International Atomic Energy Agency and U.S. State Department officials, April 2, 1997.
45. “Research Reactor RA at the Institute of Nuclear Sciences VINCA: Belgrade,” Appendix 1.
46. Due to the political and economic troubles in Serbia, combined with poor maintenance of the reactor, it is doubtful that the RA facility will be restarted. The reactor probably will not be fully decommissioned because the costs of fully decommissioning it and disposing of the spent fuel are higher than mothballing the reactor. However, staff at Vmca are hoping to restart the reactor someday, which has not yet lived-out its full operation-life.
47. See “Remedial Action at Vinca,” International Atomic Energy Agency Newsbriefs 12 (January/February 1997), p. 5.
48. “Research Reactor RA at the Institute of Nuclear Sciences VINCA: Belgrade,” Appendix 1.
49. M.V. Matausek, Z. Vukadin, R. Pavlovic, and N. Marinkovic, “Current Activities on Improving Storage Conditions of the Research Reactor ‘RA’ Spent Fuel,” paper delivered to 1st International Meeting on Research Reactor Fuel Management held in Bruges, Belgium, on February 5-7, 1997.
50. Rob Edwards, “Spent Nuclear Fuel Festers in Serbia,” New Scientist, March 22, 1997, p. 7.
51. Matausek, Vukadin, Pavlovic, and Marinkovic, “Current Activities on Improving Storage Conditions of the Research Reactor ‘RA’ Spent Fuel.”
52. “Remedial Action at Vinca,” p. 5.
53. Matausek, Vukadin, Pavlovic, and Marinkovic, “Current Activities on Improving Storage Conditions of the Research Reactor ‘RA’ Spent Fuel;” Interview with International Atomic Energy Agency officials by Center for Nonproliferation Studies staff member, May 11, 1997.
54. Ann MacLachlan, “Vinca Spent Fuel Problem Might Be on the Road to Resolution,” NuclearFuel, April 21, 1997, pp. 12-13.
55. Matausek, Vukadin, Pavlovic, and Marinkovic, “Current Activities on Improving Storage Conditions of the Research Reactor ‘RA’ Spent Fuel.”
56. Anastasijevic, “Belgrade on Barrel of Uranium.”
57. MacLachlan, “Vinca Spent Fuel Problem Might Be on the Road to Resolution.”
58. “Remedial Action at Vinca,” p. 5.
59. Author’s interview with U.S. State Department officials, April 10, 1997.