Pharmacology and toxicology of Bupleurum root-containing Kampo medicines in clinical use

Human and Experimental Toxicology

Volumn 25, Issue 8, 2006, Pages 481-494

  Ikegami, F ^a   Sumino, M ^a   Fujii, Y ^b   Akiba, T ^c   Satoh, T ^d  

^a CHIBA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b OHU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^c KEIO UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^d BUILDING RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Japan)

Author keywords

Bupleurum root; Clinical toxicology; Drug toxicity; Japanese traditional herbal medicine; Kampo medicine; Pharmacology

Indexed keywords

ANGELICA ROOT; BU ZHONG YI QI TANG; BUPLEURUM ROOT; CYCLOSPORIN; DAISAIKOTO; GLYCYRRHIZA EXTRACT; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; ISONIAZID; KAMPO; LEVODOPA; LEVOFLOXACIN; NICARDIPINE; NIFEDIPINE; OFLOXACIN; PHENYTOIN; PREDNISOLONE; SAIBOKU TO; SAIREI TO; SHI QUAN DA BU TANG; SHIGYAKUSAN; SHOSAIKOTO GO KEISHIKASHAKUYAKUTO; STEROID; THEOPHYLLINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; WARFARIN; XIAO CHAI HU TANG;

ARTICLE; BUPLEURUM; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG POTENTIATION; HUMAN; MEDICAL RESEARCH; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ANIMALS; BUPLEURUM; CLINICAL TRIALS; DRUG INTERACTIONS; DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL; HUMANS; JAPAN; MEDICINE, KAMPO; PLANT EXTRACTS;

ANIMALIA; BUPLEURUM;

EID: 33748660055     PISSN: 09603271     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1191/0960327106het654oa     Document Type: Article

References (153)

1. The Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 14th edition. Hirokawa Publishing Co, 2001.
2. Ikegami F. Herbal drugs in Kampo medicine in present-day Japan. In Mori A, Satoh T eds. Emerging Drugs Vol. 1: Molecular aspects of Asian medicines. PJD Publication Ltd, 2001: 489-507.
3. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants, Volume 1. World Health-Organization, 1999.
4. Chan K, Cheung L. Examples of interactions between Chinese herbal medicinal products and orthodox drugs. In Chan K ed. Interactions between Chinese herbal medicinal products and orthodox drugs. Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000: 57-97.
5. Ikegami F, Fujii Y, Ishihara K, Satoh T. Toxicological aspects of Kampo medicines in clinical use. Chem-Biol Interact 2003; 145: 235-50.
6. Ikemoto Y, Mizoguchi Y, Arai T, Yamamoto S, Morisawa S. Effects of Syosaiko-to and Daisaiko-to on antibody response in vitro. J Trad Med 1984; 1: 235-42.
7. Ohta Y, Nishida K, Sasaki E, Kongo M, Hayashi T, Nagata M, et al. Comparative study of oral and parenteral administration of Sho-saiko-to extract on D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in rats. Am J Chin Med 1997; 25: 333-42.
8. Araki N, Noda T, Ogawa K. Cytochemical studies on the effect of intraperitoneal and oral administration of a traditional Chinese medicine (Sho-saiko-to) on the D-galactosamine-induced hepatic injury of rats. Acta Histochem Cytochem 1988; 21: 439-53.
9. Ito K, Shimura K. Studies on antitumor activity of traditional Chinese medicines: (II) Antitumor mechanism of traditional Chinese medicines. Jpn J Cancer Chemother 1985; 12: 2149-54.
10. Maruyama H, Kawamura H, Takemoto N, Komatsu Y, Aburada M, Hosoya E. Effect of Kampo medicines on phagocytes. Inflammation 1988; 8: 65-66.
11. Miyamura M, Ono M, Kyotani S, Nishioka Y. Effects of Sho-saiko-to extract on fibrosis and regeneration of the liver in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 1998; 50: 97-105.
12. Shimizu I, Ma YR, Mizobuchi Y, Liu F, Miura T, Nakai Y, et al. Effects of Sho-saiko-to, a Japanese herbal medicine, on hepatic fibrosis in rats. Hepatology 1999; 29: 149-60.
13. Sakaida I, Matsumura Y, Akiyama S, Hayashi K, Ishige A, Okita K. Herbal medicine Sho-saiko-to prevents liver fibrosis and enzyme-altered lesions in rat liver cirrhosis induced by a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined diet. J Hepatol 1998; 28: 298-306.
14. Shiota G, Maeta Y, Mukoyama T, Yanagidani A, Udagawa A, Oyama K, et al. Effects of Sho-saiko-to on hepatocarcinogenesis and 8-hydroxy-2′- deoxyguanosine formation. Hepatology 2002; 35: 1125-33.
15. Minematsu S, Taki M, Watanabe M, Kobayashi Y, Tuchiya N, Harada Y, et al. A single oral dose toxicity study and a 13-week repeated dose study with a 4-week recovery period of Tsumura Saiko-keishi-to (TJ-10) in rats. Jpn Pharmacol Ther 1995; 23: 33-52.
16. Minematsu S, Maemura S, Perry CA, Mulhern M. A single oral dose toxicity study and a 13-week repeated dose study with a 4-week recovery period of Tsumura Saiboku-to (TJ-96) in rats. Jpn Pharmacol Ther 1995; 23: 315-30.
17. Kanitani M, Maemura S, Yamada S, Minematsu S, Kuboniwa H, Tsuchiya N, et al. A single oral dose toxicity study and a 13-week repeated dose study with a 4-week recovery period of Tsumura Sairei-to (TJ-114) in rats. Jpn Pharmacol Ther 1995; 23: 371-87.
18. Sameshima H, Unno T, Hirakawa K, Ogino F, Takase H, Nurimoto S. Acute and subacute toxicity of Sho-saiko-to. Pharmacometrics 1987; 33: 793-808.
19. Minematsu S, Atkinson JE, Bolte HF, Sakai H, Fujii Y. A subchronic (3-month) oral toxicity study of Tsumura Sho-saiko-to (TJ-9) in the rat via oral gavage administration with a 4-week recovery period. Pharmacometrics 1992; 43: 19-42.
20. Yanagisawa E, Ishihara K, Imai K, Maemura S, Fujii Y, Aburada M, Oyama T. Toxicokinetics of Sho-saiko-to (TJ-9) in rats following multiple dosing for 13 weeks. Pharmacometrics 1992; 44: 649-57.
21. Itoh T, Murai S, Yoshida H, Masuda Y, Saito H, Hatakeyama T, et al. Chronic toxicity test of Sho-saiko-to in rats. Pharmacometrics 1982; 23: 279-85.
22. Yamasaki K, Shiraishi K, Imatanaka N, Nagai K, Tatsumi Y, Miura O, et al. One-year chronic oral toxicity study of Sho-saiko-to in rats. Pharmacometrics 1990; 39: 405-26.
23. Aso S, Horiwaki S, Mashiba C, Tatsumi Y, Suzuki A. Teratogenicity study of orally administered Sho-saiko-to in rats. Pharmacometrics 1992; 44: 659-73.
24. Shimazu H, Katsumata Y, Takamatsu T, Matsumoto H, Minematsu S, Maemura S. Reproductive and developmental toxicity study of Tsumura Sho-saiko-to (TJ-9) in rats by oral administration: single study design. Jpn Pharmacol Ther 1997; 25: 29-43.
25. Konishi H, Yasuda Y, Abe H, Arichi S, Tanimura T. Effects of Syo-saiko-to on pregnant rats and development of their fetuses. J Trad Med 1986; 3: 111-18.
26. Kuboniwa H, Katayama M, Maemura S, Minematsu S, Onishi M. Mutagenicity studies of Sho-saiko-to (TJ-9). Jpn Pharmacol Ther 1999; 27: 13-19.
27. Kumada H. Effect of Sho-saiko-to on interferon-resistant chronic hepatitis C. J Adult Dis 1994; 24: 1103-109.
28. Oka H, Yamamoto S, Kuroki T, Harihara S, Marumo T, Kim SR, et al. Prospective study of chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma with Sho-saiko-to. Cancer 1995; 76: 743-49.
29. Nakajima O, Sone Y, Oonishi H, Inoue T, Sugimoto T, Hagino H, et al. Protective effect of Sho-saiko-to on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis patients. Jpn J Clin Exp Med 1999; 76: 1008-16.
30. Kaji M, Kashiwagi S, Yamakido M, Hiraga H, Honma Y, Furukawa T. Clinical comparative study of Sho-saiko-to on influenza by double blind test. Jpn J Clin Exp Med 2001; 78: 2252-68.
31. Ohno K, Nobuhara H. Medical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia with the combination of Sho-saiko-to and Keishi-ka-shakuyaku-to. Jpn J Ori Med 1995; 46: 55-61.
32. Fukuda K, Suzuki R, Kido T, Yamamoto M, Komatsu Y. Synergistic effects of Sho-saiko-to and interferons in vivo. J Trad Med 1995; 12: 414-15.
33. Ohta Y, Sasaki E, Nakamura K, Ishiguro I, Nagata M, Harata J. Improvement in experimentally induced liver injuries after oral administration of Dai-saiko-to extract. J Med Pharm Soc WAKAN-YAKU 1985; 2: 424-33.
34. Umeda M, Amagaya S, Ogihara Y. Effects of Sho-saiko-to and Dai-saiko-to on experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. J Med Pharm Soc WAKAN-YAKU 1988; 5: 154-62.
35. Yamada T, Yoshimura M, Katsura Y, Kinukawa N, Kusumi Y, Nakamura M, et al. Study of effect of Dai-saiko-to on atherosclerosis in New Zealand white rabbit aorta; 1. Effect of 6-month administration. J Atheroscler Thromb 1991; 19: 209-18.
36. Iizuka A, Iijima O, Yoshie F, Makino B, Amagaya S, Komatsu Y, et al. Inhibitory effects of Dai-saiko-to on the progression of atherosclerotic lesions in Kurosawa and Kusanagi-hypercholesterolemic rabbits. J Ethnopharmacol 1998; 63: 209-18.
37. Aihara N, Tazuma S, Ohya T, Hatsushika S, Yamashita Y, Horikawa K, et al. Inhibitory effects of Dai-saiko-to (TJ-8) on the cholesterol gallstone formation in hamsters. J Jpn Bil Assoc 1994; 8: 9-13.
38. Kuboniwa H, Katami M, Maemura S, Minematsu S, Onishi M, Saigou K, et al. Mutagenicity studies of Dai-saiko-to. Jpn Pharmacol Ther 1999; 27: 1347-53.
39. Kuboniwa H, Katami M, Maemura S, Minematsu S, Onishi M, Saigou K, et al. Mutagenicity studies of Saiko-keishi-to (TJ-10). Jpn Pharmacol Ther 1999; 27: 101-107.
40. Yamano S, Sawai F, Hashimoto T, Dohi K. Comparative effects between Dai-saiko-to and elastase on lipid metabolism and cerebral circulation in patients with hyperlipidemia. Kampo Newest Ther 1995; 4: 309-13.
41. Miki S, Yasoshima A, Wada M, Deguchi H, Uemiya M, Nakama S, et al. Effects of Dai-saiko-to on the plasma lipids and coagulation factors in diabetics. J Med Pharm Soc WAKAN-YAKU 1990; 7: 120-24.
42. Sasaki J, Matsunaga A, Handa K, Gondo K, Yoshida T, Tanabe Y, et al. Comparative clinical study between Dai-saiko-to and clinofibrate in hyperlipemia patients. Jpn J Clin Exp Med 1991; 68: 3861-71.
43. Shoda J, Matsuzaki Y, Tanaka N, Miyamoto J, Osuga T. The inhibitory effects of Dai-saiko-to extract on supersaturated bile formation in cholesterol gallstone disease. Am J Gasteroenterol 1996; 91: 828-30.
44. Fujita K. Efficacy of Dai-saiko-to (TJ-8) on biliary colic attack. Jpn J Ori Med 1994; 45: 411-21.
45. Kamata T, Ohbuchi N, Nakatani M, Kobayashi T, Hiratani S, Kobayashi K. The actions of oriental herbal medicines in acute gastric mucosal lesions, with special reference to gastric mucosal blood flow. In Oda T ed. Recent advances in traditional medicine in East Asia. Excerpta Medica Ltd, 1985: 211-19.
46. Fukutomi H, Shimakura S, Miyamoto J, Nakahara A, Sakita T. Effects of traditional oriental prescriptions on gastric mucosal blood flow. In Oda T ed. Recent Advances in Traditional Medicine in East Asia. Excerpta Medica Ltd, 1985: 195-202.
47. Okada K, Fukui N, Hasegawa R, Ishikawa H, Kanno T, Haranaka R, et al. Effects of Saikokeishi-to on experimentally induced regenerating liver. J Nihon Univ Med Ass 1995; 54: 584-90.
48. Okada K, Hasegawa R, Haranaka R, Nakagawa S. Effects of Saikokeishi-to on the metabolism of glutathione in D-galactosamine-induced hepatic injury. Nihon Univ J Med 1995; 37: 193-202.
49. Ohta Y, Kongo M, Nishida K, Sasaki E, Ishiguro I. Preventive effects of Saikokeishi-to and Shigyaku-san extracts on the progression of hepatobiliary injury induced by α-naphtylisothiocyanate. J Trad Med 1997; 14: 143-48.
50. Kimura T, Goto M, Koyanagi S, Miyahara M, Ryu S, Furukawa M, et al. Effect of Saikokeishi-to on chronic pancreatitis induced by stress and cerulein in rats. Jpn J Clin Exp Med 1994; 71: 1115-18.
51. Motoo Y, So S, Taga H, Sawatake N. Protective effect of Saikokeishi-to on spontaneous pancreatitis model. JAMA (in Japanese) 1997; 18: 22-23.
52. Akiba T, Araki Y, Nakajima A, Furukawa K, Kawada H, Suzuki S. Favorable effect of Saikokeishi-to administration on children highly susceptible to common cold. Jpn J On Med 1991; 41: 149-55.
53. Mori M, Yamada K, Ban K, Iwama M, Kozaki T, Suzuki S. Clinical study of Saikokeishi-to on orthostatic disregulation in children. Jpn J Pediat 1992; 45: 1964-74.
54. Mizuta K, Ito Y, Akita S, Yamada M, Furuta M, Hayakawa K, et al. Effects of Saikokeishi-to in patients with tinnitus. Pract Otol 1998; 98: 31-34.
55. Maruyama H, Kawamura H, Takemoto N, Komatsu Y, Aburada M, Hosoya E. Effect of Kampo medicines on phagocytes. Inflammation 1988; 8: 65-66.
56. Maemura K, Yamaguchi K, Tsuchiya H, Morita T, Ohkuma T, Aburada M. Effects of Hochu-ekki-to on biological protective mechanism. Kampo Immuno-allergy 1990; 3: 108-15.
57. Cho JM, Sato N, Kikuchi K. Prophylactic anti-tumor effect of Hochu-ekki-to by enhancing natural killer cell activity. In Vivo 1991; 5: 389-91.
58. Harada M, Seta K, Ito O, Tamada K, Li T, Terao H, et al. Concomitant immunity against tumor development is enhanced by the oral administration of a Kampo medicine Hochu-ekki-to. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1995; 17: 687-703.
59. Utsuyama M, Seidlar H, Kitagawa M, Hirokawa K. Immunological restoration and anti-tumor effect by Japanese herbal medicine in aged mice. Mech Ageing Dev 2001; 122: 341-52.
60. Hong T, Kobayashi T, Song QH, Hirai K, Sekine T, Cyong JC. Effects of Hochu-ekki-to on cytotoxicity and cell surface adhesion molecules of activated T lymphocytes. J Trad Med 1999; 16: 58-65.
61. Li T, Tamada K, Abe K, Tada H, Onoe Y, Tatsugami K, et al. The restoration of the antitumor T cell response from stress-induced suppression using a traditional Chinese herbal medicine Hochu-ekki-to. Immunopharmacol 1999; 43: 11-21.
62. Li AL, Komatsu Y, Ono Y, Nakatani F, Nakashima K, Yamaguchi N. The effect of herbal medicines on the immunodeficient animals by injecting cancer chemotherapeutic agent-special reference to age related recovery of the function. J Jpn Assoc Infect Dis 1996; 70: 717-25.
63. Matsui K, Uechi Y, Horiguchi A, Yang GY, Kitada Y, Ono Y, et al. Antibacterial effect of the Kampo herbal medicine, Hochu-ekki-to on methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus positive mice. Jpn J Ori Med 1997; 48: 357-67.
64. Abe S, Tansho S, Ishibashi H, Akagawa G, Komatsu Y, Yamaguchi H. Protection of immunosuppressed mice from lethal Candida infection by oral administration of a Kampo medicine Hochu-ekki-to. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1999; 21: 331-42.
65. Shimizu S, Furuno H, Horiguchi A, Wang XX, Ogata Y, Uechi Y, et al. Establishment of mouse model for Salmonella infection and trial of immunomodulating therapy using Hochu-ekki-to. Jpn J Ori Med 1997; 48: 369-76.
66. Kido T, Mori K, Daikuhara H, Tsuchiya H, Ishige A, Sasaki H. The protective effect of Hochu-ekki-to, a Japanese herbal medicine, against HSV-1 infection in mitomycin C-treated mice. Anticancer Res 2000; 20: 4109-14.
67. Mori K, Kido T, Daikuhara H, Sakakibara I, Sakata T, Shimizu K, et al. Effect of Hochu-ekki-to, a Japanese herbal medicine, on the survival of mice infected with influenza virus. Antiviral Res 1999; 44: 103-11.
68. Tajima S, Hosono T, Yamasawa H, Oshikawa K, Bando M, Ohno S, et al. Effect of Kampo-hozai/Hochu-ekki-to in LPS induced acute lung injury model. Kampo Immuno-allergy 2005; 18: 10-17.
69. Ohtake N, Nakai Y, Yamamoto M, Ishige A, Sasaki H, Fukuda K, et al. The herbal medicine Shosaiko-to exerts different modulating effects on lung local immune responses among mouse strains. Int Immunopharmacol 2002; 2: 357-66.
70. Noda Y, Natsuyama S, Mori T. Effect of traditional herbal medicines on cultured hamster epididymal cells. Jpn J Fertil Steril 1993; 38: 263-68.
71. Yamanaka M, Kitamura M, Kishikawa H, Tsuboniwa N, Koga M, Nishimura K, et al. Direct effects of Chinese herbal medicine "Hochuekkito" on sperm movement. Int J Urol 1998; 89: 641-46.
72. Shibahara H, Shiotani T, Ikuma K. Evaluation of the effects of Hotyu-ekki-to on human sperm motility as assessed by the penetrak test, hypoosmotic swelling test and computer-assisted semen analyzer. Jpn J Fertil Steril 1993; 38: 654-60.
73. Iijima O, Minematsu S, Maemura S, Waterson LA, Gopinath C. A single oral dose toxicity study and a 13-week repeated dose study with a 4-week recovery period of Hochu-ekki-to in rats. Jpn Pharmacol Ther 1995; 23: 209-24.
74. Fukunishi K, Nagano M, Teraoka M, Sakaguchi Y, Watanabe N, Awata N. Teratology study of Hochuek-kito in rats. Pharmacometrics 1997; 53: 293-97.
75. Kuboniwa H, Maemura S, Mimematsu S, Onishi M, Saigou K, Aruga F, et al. Mutagenicity studies of Hochu-ekki-to. Jpn Pharmacol Ther 1999; 27: 37-42.
76. Sugiyama Y, Kitamura S. The effects of Hochu-ekki-to on the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Jpn J Respir Dis 1997; 56: 105-109.
77. Sasaki M, Monou H, Igari S. Effect of Hochuekkito on patients with sleep apnea syndrome. Kampo Med 2005; 56: 927-32.
78. Li P, Takase K, Mukobayashi M, Takashima T, Mitsuhashi Y, Hoshiai H. Clinical effects of traditional Chinese medicine, Hochuekkito, on male infertility. Adv Obstet Gynecol 1996; 48: 406-10.
79. Takeyama K, Chiyotani A, Tamaoki J, Kanemura T, Takizawa T, Konno K. Effect of Saiboku-to on mucociliary transport system in the airway. Allergy 1992; 41: 43-48.
80. Tamaoki J, Chiyotani A, Takeyama K, Kanemura T, Sakai N, Konno K. Potentiation of β-adrenergic function by Saiboku-to and Bakumondo-to in canine bronchial smooth muscle. Jpn J Pharmacol 1993; 62: 155-59.
81. Tamaoki J, Kondo M, Chiyotani A, Takemura H, Konno K. Effect of Saiboku-to, an antiasthmatic herbal medicine, on nitric oxide generation from cultured canine airway epithelial cells. Jpn J Pharmacol 1995; 69: 29-35.
82. Toda M, Motojima S, Fukuda T, Makino S. Effect of an herbal preparation, Saiboku-to, on antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and eosinophil infiltration in actively sensitized guinea pigs. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993; 685: 561-71.
83. Nakajima S, Tohda Y, Ohkawa K, Chihara J, Nagasaka Y. Effect of Saiboku-to on bronchial asthma: Induction of glucocorticoid receptor, β-adrenaline receptor, IgE-Fce receptor expression and its effect on experimental immediate and late asthmatic reaction. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993; 685: 549-60.
84. Tanno Y, Zhu D, Maeda K, Iijima H, Ohno I, Pan LH, et al. Effect of Saiboku-to, a traditional herbal medicine, on the expression of tumor necrosis factor during late asthmatic response in guinea pigs. Int J Immunopharmacol 1995; 17: 923-30.
85. Tohda Y, Haraguchi R, Kubo H, Muraki M, Fukuoka M, Nakajima S. Effects of Saiboku-to on dual-phase bronchoconstriction in asthmatic guinea pigs. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1999; 21: 449-52.
86. 4. Allergy 1996; 45: 577-83.
87. 4 release from eosinophils. Allergol Int 1998; 47: 279-83.
88. Eda R. Studies on the treatment for intractable asthma: Part 2. Evaluation of the pharmacological action of various Kampo medicines on lymphocyte and neutrophil functions in intractable asthmatics. Okayama Univ Med J 1990; 102: 1323-32.
89. Tohda Y, Haraguchi R, Kubo H, Nakahara H, Fukuoka M, Nakajima S. In vitro effects of Saiboku-to on cytokine production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of bronchial asthma patients. Clin Drug Invest 1999; 17: 461-66.
90. Tohda Y, Haraguchi R, Kubo H, Muraki M, Fukuoka M, Nakajima S. Effects of Saiboku-to on the survival of human eosinophils. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1999; 21: 327-30.
91. Toda M, Masuda H, Takizawa H, Fukuda T. Effect of Saiboku-to inhalation in asthmatic mouse model. Kampo Immuno-allergy 2005; 18: 25-35.
92. Kiwaki S, Yamashita Y, Yamamae H, Nakamura T, Oketani Y. Ninety-day toxicity study of a Chinese herb medicine Saiboku-to extract in rats. Pharmacometrics 1989; 38: 495-509.
93. Shimazu H, Katsumata Y, Yasuda K, Matsumoto H, Minematsu S, Maemura S. Reproductive and developmental toxicity study of Tsumura Saiboku-to in rats by oral administration: single study design. Jpn Pharmacol Ther 1997; 25: 89-102.
94. Nakajima S, Takagi O, Tsuya Y, Kurihara N, Hikiishi F, Kurokawa D, et al. Clinical study of Kanebo Saiboku-to on bronchial asthma. Prog Med 1989; 9: 3138-51.
95. Ito S, Mikawa H. Clinical evaluation of Saiboku-to in the treatment of children with bronchial asthma. Clin Report 1992; 26: 3993-98.
96. Egashira Y, Nagano H. A multicenter clinical trail of TJ-96 in patients with steroid-dependent bronchial asthma: A comparison of groups allocated by the envelope method. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993; 685: 580-83.
97. Ogino H, Shimada K, Umatani K, Fujii T, Yoshino K, Fukuzawa K, et al. Clinical effect of Saiboku-to in patients with abnormal sensation in the throat. Jpn J Otol 1994; 6: 103-11.
98. Yamada T, Bessho K, Murakami K, Hori S, Iizuka T, Segami N. Clinical evaluation of Saiboku-to (Kampo medicine) for glossodynia. Dent Drug Ther 1998; 17: 18-22.
99. Haranaka R, Watabe S, Kohashi R, Hiraide K, Makiyama I, Okada M, et al. The effect of the Chinese herb diuretics (Goreisan, Choreito, Saireito) in growing rats: Part 1. Proc Symp WAKAN-YAKU 1981; 14: 105-10.
100. Ohnishi N, Nagasawa K, Yokoyama T. The verification of regulatory effects of Kampo formulations on body fluid using model mice. J Trad Med 2000; 17: 131-36.
101. Iwai I, Suda T, Tozawa F, Nakano Y, Sato Y, Ohmori N, et al. Stimulatory effect of Saireito on proopiomelanocortin gene expression in the rat anterior pituitary gland. Neurosci Lett 1993; 157: 37-40.
102. Nakano Y, Suda T, Tozawa F, Dobashi I, Sato Y, Ohmori N, et al. Saireito (a Chinese herbal drug)-stimulated secretion and synthesis of pituitary ACTH are mediated by hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor. Neurosci Lett 1993; 160: 93-95.
103. Nagata M, Kawaguchi H, Komatsu Y, Hattori M, Itoh K. The effect of Sairei-to on nephrotoxic serum nephritis in rats: Possible effects on intraglomerular cell mediated immunity. Jpn J Nephrol 1989; 31: 713-21.
104. Hattori T, Shindo S. Effects of Sairei-to on the expression of adhesion molecule in anti-GBM nephritic rats. Jpn J Nephrol 1995; 37: 373-83.
105. Hattori T, Fujitsuka N, Kurogi A, Shindo S. Sairei-to may inhibit the synthesis of endothelin-1 in nephritic glomeruli. Jpn J Nephrol 1997; 39: 121-28.
106. Awazu M, Fujita H, Omori S, Hida M. The herbal medicine Sairei-to inhibits proliferation of rat mesangial cells. Nephron 2002; 92: 652-59.
107. Kikukawa T, Isohashi F, Miki T, Abe C, Mizushima Y, Sakane T, et al. Mechanism of suppressive action of TJ-114 upon murine type II collagen-induced arthritis. Jpn J Inflamm 1995; 15: 129-33.
108. Kiwaki S, Ono C, Sakai K, Tada H, Oketani Y. Ninety-day toxicity study of a Chinese herb medicine Sairei-to extract in rats. Pharmacometrics 1989; 38: 241-54.
109. Kimura H, Koike T, Fujimura T, Inukai M, Furuhashi T, Iwahashi K. Twelve-month toxicity study of a Chinese herb medicine Sairei-to extract in rats. Pharmacometrics 1991; 42: 539-58.
110. Shimazu H, Takamatsu T, Katsumata Y, Makino M, Minematsu S, Maemura S. Reproductive and developmental toxicity study of Tsumura Sairei-to in rats by oral administration: single study design. Jpn Pharmacol Ther 1995; 23: 55-69.
111. Kiwaki S, Ono C, Sakai K, Nakamura T, Oketani Y. A teratological evaluation of orally administered Saireito extract in rats. Pharmacometrics 1989; 38: 255-70.
112. Kuboniwa H, Katami M, Maemura S, Minematsu S, Onishi M, Aruga F. Mutagenicity studies of Sairei-to. Jpn Pharmacol Ther 1999; 27: 29-35.
113. Yoshikawa H, Ikeuchi T, Kai Y. Clinical effects of Kyuki-kyogai-to and Sairei-to for essential microscopic hematuria. Kampo Newest Ther 1997; 6: 55-58.
114. Yoshikawa N, Ito H, Takekoshi Y, Honda M, Awazu M, Iijima K, et al. Standard versus long-term prednisolone with Sairei-to for initial therapy in childhood steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome: A prospective controlled study. Jpn J Nephrol 1998; 40: 587-90.
115. Yoshikawa N, Ito H, Sakai T, Takekoshi Y, Honda M, Awazu M, et al. A prospective controlled study of Sairei-to in childhood IgA nephropathy with focal/minimal mesangial proliferation. Jpn J Nephrol 1997; 39: 503-506.
116. Nakashima T, Yanagita N, Niwa H, Yonekawa S. Evaluation of Sairei-to treatment for otitis media with effusion. Pract Otol 1989; 82: 1025-30.
117. Yoshii N, Ushikubo Y, Yamada F. Effect of Sairei-to (Kampo medicine) on the cases of subacute and chronic stages of post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). Pain Kampo Med 1993; 3: 41-44.
118. Morimoto M, Morimoto E, Morimoto M, Ro N, Hosoda T, Hyodo M. Disorders and therapies in pain clinic; Part 14: Clinical evaluation of Saireito or Goreisan in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. J Ori Med Pain Clin 1994; 24: 7-10.
119. Kato Y, Harada W, Zako M, Iwai M. Effects of herbal medicine Sairei-to on sarcoid uveitis. Folia Ophthalmol Jpn 1995; 46: 732-34.
120. Iwashita K, Yamagishi K, Yuge K, Takahashi A, Fukui C, Tsumura A. Effect of peroral Saireito on macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion. Jpn J Clin Ophthalmol 2000; 54: 1247-51.
121. Fugh-Berman A. Herb-drug interactions. Lancet 2000; 355: 134-38.
122. Coon JT, Ernst E. Panax ginseng, a systematic review of adverse effects and drug interactions. Drug Safety 2002; 25: 323-44.
123. Kuboniwa H, Maemura S, Minematsu S, Saigou K, Nagasawa Y, Miwa Y. Mutagenicity studies of Shakuyaku-kanzo-to (TJ-68). Jpn Pharmacol Ther 1999; 27: 57-63.
124. Obermeier MT, White RE, Yang CS. Effects of bioflavonoids on hepatic P450 activities. Xenobiotica 1995; 25: 575-84.
125. Page II RL, Lawrence JD. Potentiation of warfarin by Dong Quai. Pharmacother 1999; 19: 870-76.
126. Lo ACT, Chan K, Yeung JHK, Woo KS. Danggui (Angelica sinensis) affects the pharmacodynamics but not the pharmacokinetics of warfarin in rabbits. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1995; 20: 55-60.
127. Homma M, Oka K, Niitsuma T, Itoh H. A novel 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor contained in Saibokuto, a herbal remedy for steroid-dependent bronchial asthma. J Pharm Pharmacol 1994; 46: 305-309.
128. Armanini D, Fiore C, Mattarello MJ, Bielenberg J, Palermo M. History of the endocrine effects of licorice. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diab 2002; 110: 257-61.
129. Klerk GJ, Nieuwenhuis MG, Beutler JJ. Hypokalaemia and hypertension associated with use of liquorice flavoured chewing gum. Br Med J 1997; 314: 731-32.
130. Kumada T, Kumada H, Yoshiba M, Nakano S, Suzuki H, Tango T. Effects of Shakuyaku-kanzo-to on muscle cramps accompanying cirrhosis in a placebo-controlled double-blind parallel study. Clin Drug 1999; 15: 499-523.
131. Uno T, Ohkubo T, Sugawara K, Higashiyama A, Motomura S. Effects of Shigyaku-san on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nicardipine. Res Drug Actions Interact 1998; 21: 139-45.
132. Hasegawa T, Yamaki K, Nadai M, Muraoka I, Wang L, Takagi K, et al. Lack of effect of Chinese medicines on bioavailability of ofloxacin in healthy volunteers. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994; 32: 57-61.
133. Hasegawa T, Yamaki K, Muraoka I, Nadai M, Takagi K, Nabeshima T. Effect of traditional Chinese medicines on pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 2135-37.
134. Iwai A, Sugiyama Y, Kawakami A, Ueno K. Effects of Saibokuto on theophylline disposition and laboratory findings. Jpn J TDM 1991; 8: 57-64.
135. Iijima O, Fujii Y, Aburada M, Hosoya E. Protective effects of Juzentaiho-to (TJ-48) on the adverse effects of some antitumor agents. In Hosoya E, Yamamura Y eds. Recent advances in the pharmacology of Kampo medicines. Excerpta Medica Ltd, 1988: 353-58.
136. Ebisuno S, Hirano A, Kyoku I, Ohkawa T, Iijima O, Fujii Y, et al. Protective effects of Juzentaiho-to (TJ-48) on the toxic side effects of CDDP and antitumor effects with CDDP on murine bladder tumor (MBT-2). J Jpn Soc Cancer Ther 1989; 24: 1305-12.
137. Hosoya J, Nagaoka H, Nakagawa Y. Effects of Shou-saiko-to, Keishi-ka-shakuyaku-to and its simultaneous use on the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in rabbit. Jpn J Hosp Pharm 1993; 19: 203-208.
138. Koizumi K, Iijima H, Nohmi M, Nakayama S, Oguchi K. Effect of Byakushi and Ogon on the hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes in rats. Folia Pharmacol Jpn 1994; 104: 413-19.
139. Lai MY, Hsiu SL, Hou YC, Tsai SY, Chao PDL. Significant decrease of cyclosporine bioavailability in rats caused by a decoction of the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis. Planta Med 2004; 70: 132-37.
140. Shinyanagi M, Nakayama S, Oguchi K. Effects of Sino-Japanese herbs in the family Umbelliferae on the hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes and lipid peroxidation in rats. Folia Pharmacol Jpn 1992; 99: 115-21.
141. Ishihara K, Kushida H, Yuzurihara M, Wakui Y, Kitada M. Interaction of drugs and Chinese herbs: pharmacokinetic changes of tolbutamide and diazepam caused by extract of Angelica dahurica. J Pharm Pharmacol 2000; 52: 1023-29.
142. Mëenpää J, Sigusch H, Raunio H, Syngelmä T, Vuorela P, Pelkonen O. Differential inhibition of coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity in mouse and human liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 45: 1035-42.
143. Guo LQ, Taniguchi M, Xiao YQ, Baba K, Ohta T, Yamazoe Y. Inhibitory effect of natural furanocoumarins on human microsomal cytochrome P450 3A activity. Jpn J Pharmacol 2000; 82: 122-29.
144. Fukuda K, Ohta T, Oshima Y, Ohashi N, Yoshikawa M, Yamazoe Y. Specific CYP3A4 inhibitors in grapefruit juice: furocoumarin dimmers as components of drug interaction. Pharmacogenetics 1997; 7: 391-96.
145. Ohta T, Maruyama T, Nagahashi M, Miyamoto Y, Yamazoe Y, Tsukamoto S. Paradisin C: a new CYP3A4 inhibitor from grapefruit juice. Tetrahedron 2002; 58: 6631-35.
146. 2 and water absorption in the rat. Jpn J Pharmacol 1997; 75: 407-13.
147. Takasuna K, Kasai Y, Kitano Y, Mori K, Nagai E, Kamataki T. Protective effects of Kampo medicines and baicalin against intestinal toxicity of a new anticancer camptothecin derivative, irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11), in rats. Jpn J Cancer Res 1995; 86: 978-84.
148. Narita M, Nagai E, Hagiwara H, Aburada M, Yokoi T, Kamataki T. Inhibition of β-glucuronidase by natural glucuronides of Kampo medicines using glucuronide of SN-38 (7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin) as a substrate. Xenobiotica 1993; 23: 5-10.
149. Sakai M, Imai T, Ohtake H, Azuma H, Otagiri M. Simultaneous use of sodium deoxycholate and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate enhances the cellular transport of poorly absorbed compounds across Caco-2 cell monolayers. J Pharm Pharmacol 1999; 51: 27-33.
150. Imai T, Sakai M, Ohtake H, Azuma H, Otagiri M. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the enhancing activity of glycyrrhizin on the intestinal absorption of drugs. Pharm Res 1999; 16: 80-86.
151. Sugimoto K, Ohmori M, Tsuruoka S, Nishiki K, Miyamori I, Fujimura A. Different effects of St John's Wort on the pharmacokinetics of simvastatin and pravastatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001; 70: 518-24.
152. Dergal JM, Gold JL, Laxer DA, Lee MS, Binns MA, Lanctot KL, et al. Potential interactions between herbal medicines and conventional drug therapies used by older adults attending a memory clinic. Drugs Aging 2002; 19: 879-86.
153. Makino T, Wakushima H, Okamoto T, Okukubo Y, Deguchi Y, Kano Y. Pharmacokinetic interactions between warfarin and kangen-karyu, a Chinese traditional medicine, and their synergistic action. J Ethnopharmacol 2002; 82: 35-40.