The politics of vigilance in southeastern Nigeria

Development and Change

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 707-734

  Pratten, David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

POLITICAL CHANGE; POST-COLONIALISM; SURVEILLANCE AND ENFORCEMENT; VIGILANCE;

AFRICA; NIGERIA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; WEST AFRICA;

EID: 33748644677     PISSN: 0012155X     EISSN: 14677660     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7660.2006.00498.x     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Abrahams, R. (1996) 'Vigilantism: Order and Disorder on the Frontiers of the State', in O. Harris (ed.) Inside and Outside the Law: Anthropological Studies of Authority and Ambiguity, pp. 42-55. London: Routledge.
2. Abrahams, R. (1998) Vigilant Citizens: Vigilantism and the State. Cambridge: Polity Press.
3. Agbu, O. (2004) Ethnic Militias and the Threat to Democracy in Post-Transition Nigeria. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
4. Akinyele, R. T. (2001) 'Ethnic Militancy and National Stability in Nigeria: A Case Study of the Oodua People's Congress', African Affairs 100(401): 623-40.
5. Amnesty International (2002) 'Nigeria: Vigilante Violence in the South and South-east'. AI INDEXH AFR 44(014). Available online: http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/ENGAFR440142002
6. Appadurai, A. (2002) 'Deep Democracy: Urban Governmentality and the Horizon of Politics', Public Culture 14(1): 21-47.
7. Austen, R. A. (1986) 'Criminals and the African Cultural Imagination: Normative and Deviant Heroism in Pre-colonial and Modern Narratives', Africa 56(4): 385-98.
8. Baker, B. (2002) 'When the Bakassi Boys Came: Eastern Nigeria Confronts Vigilantism', Journal of Contemporary African Studies 20(2): 223-44.
9. Baker, J. P. and O. Pedersen (eds) (1992) The Rural Urban Interface in Africa: Expansion and Adaptation. Uppsala: The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.
10. Banton, M. (1957) West African City: A Study of Tribal Life in Freetown. London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute.
11. Barber, K. (1982) 'Popular Reactions to the Petro-Naira', Journal of Modern African Studies 20(3): 431-50.
12. Barkan, J. D., M. L. McNulty and M. A. O. Ayeni (1991) '"Hometown" Voluntary Associations, Local Development, and the Emergence of Civil Society in Western Nigeria', The Journal of Modern African Studies 29(3): 457-80.
13. Bayart, J. (1993) The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly. London: Longman.
14. Bayart, J., S. Ellis and B. Hibou (1999) The Criminalization of the State in Africa. Oxford: James Currey.
15. Berry, S. S. (1989) 'Social Institutions and Access to Resources', Africa 59: 41-55.
16. Boyte, H. C. (1992) 'The Pragmatic Ends of Popular Politics', in C. Calhoun (ed.) Habermas and the Public Sphere, pp. 340-55. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
17. Bucholtz, M. (2002) 'Youth and Cultural Practice', Annual Review of Anthropology 31(1): 525-52.
18. Chabal, P. and J. Daloz (1999) Africa Works: The Political Instrumentalization of Disorder. London: James Currey.
19. Comaroff, J. L. and J. Comaroff (2000) 'Introduction', in J. L. Comaroff and J. Comaroff (eds) Civil Society and the Political Imagination in Africa: Critical Perspectives, pp. 1-43. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
20. Cruise O'Brien, D. B. (1996) 'A Lost Generation? Youth Identity and State Decay in West Africa', in R. Werbner and T. Ranger (eds) Postcolonial Identities in Africa, pp. 55-74. London and New York: Zed Books.
21. Daum, C. (1992) L'immigration Ouest-Africaine en France: Une Dynamique Nouvelle dans la Vallée du Fleuve Sénégal? Paris: Institut Panos.
22. de Certeau, M. (1984) The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
23. Diouf, M. (1996) 'Urban Youth and Senegalese Politics: Dakar 1988-1994', Public Culture 8(2): 225-50.
24. Durham, D. (2000) 'Youth and the Social Imagination in Africa: Introduction to Parts 1 and 2', Anthropological Quarterly 73(3): 113-20.
25. Ekeh, P. (1975) 'Colonialism and Two Publics in Africa: A Theoretical Statement', Comparative Studies in Society and History 17(1): 91-112.
26. Ferguson, J. (1997) 'Transnational Topographies of Power: Beyond "the State" and "Civil Society" in the Study of African Politics', in H. S. Marcussen and S. Arnfred (eds), Concepts and Metaphors: Ideologies, Narratives and Myths in Development Discourse, pp. 45-71. Roskilde: Roskilde University.
27. Ferguson, J. and A. Gupta (2002) 'Spatializing States: Toward an Ethnography of Neoliberal Governmentality', American Ethnologist 29(4): 981-1002.
28. Ferme, M. C. (2001) The Underneath of Things: Violence, History, and the Everyday in Sierra Leone. Berkeley, CA, and London: University of California Press.
29. Fields, K. (1982) 'Political Contingencies of Witchcraft in Colonial Central Africa: Culture and the State in Marxist Theory', Canadian Journal of African Studies 16(3): 567-93.
30. Forrest, T. (1986) 'The Political Economy of Civil Rule and the Economic Crisis in Nigeria (1979-84)', Review of African Political Economy 35: 4-26.
31. Geschiere, P. and J. Gugler (1998) 'The Urban-Rural Connection: Changing Issues of Belonging and Identification', Africa 68(3): 309-19.
32. Geschiere, P. and F. Nyamnjoh (2002) 'Capitalism and Autochthony: The Seesaw of Mobility and Belonging', Public Culture 12(2): 423-52.
33. Gore, C. and D. Pratten (2003) 'The Politics of Plunder: The Rhetorics of Order and Disorder in Southern Nigeria', African Affairs 102(407): 211-40.
34. Grillo, R. and B. Riccio (2004) 'Translocal Development: Italy-Senegal', Population, Space and Place 10: 99-111.
35. Gugler, J. (1971) 'Life in a Dual System: Eastern Nigerians in Town, 1961', Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines 11: 400-21.
36. Gugler, J. (1991) 'Life in a Dual System Revisited: Urban-Rural Ties in Enugu, Nigeria 1961-87', World Development 19(5): 399-409.
37. Gupta, A. (1995) 'Blurred Boundaries: The Discourse of Corruption, the Culture of Politics, and the Imagined State', American Ethnologist 22(2): 375-402.
38. Guyer, J. I. (1992) 'Representation without Taxation: An Essay on Democracy in Rural Nigeria, 1952-1990', African Studies Review 35(1): 41-80.
39. Hagberg, S. (2002) '"Enough is Enough": An Ethnography of the Struggle against Impunity in Burkina Faso', Journal of Modern African Studies 40(2): 217-46.
40. Hansen, T. B. and F. Stepputat (2001) 'Introduction', in T. B. Hansen and F. Stepputat (eds) States of Imagination: Ethnographic Explorations of the Postcolonial State, pp. 1-38. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
41. Harnischfeger, J. (2003) 'The Bakassi Boys: Fighting Crime in Nigeria', The Journal of Modern African Studies 41(1): 23-49.
42. Heald, S. (1986a) 'Witches and Thieves: Deviant Motivations in Gisu Society', Man 21(1): 65-78.
43. Heald, S. (1986b) 'Mafias in Africa: The Rise of Drinking Companies and Vigilante Groups in Bugisu, Uganda', Africa 56(4): 446-67.
44. Hecht, D. and M. Simone (1994) Invisible Governance: The Art of African Micropolitics. New York: Autonomedia.
45. Herzfeld, M. (1993) The Social Production of Indifference: Exploring the Symbolic Roots of Western Bureaucracy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
46. Honey, R. and S. Okafor (eds) (1998) Hometown Associations: Indigenous Knowledge and Development in Nigeria. London: Intermediate Technology.
47. Human Rights Watch (2002) 'Bakassi Boys: The Legitimization of Murder and Torture'. Report 14(5a). New York: Human Rights Watch.
48. Human Rights Watch (2003) 'The O'odua People's Congress: Fighting Violence with Violence'. Report 15(4). New York: Human Rights Watch.
49. Ikelegbe, A. (2001) 'The Perverse Manifestation of Civil Society: Evidence from Nigeria', Journal of Modern African Studies 39(1): 1-24.
50. Jedrej, M. C. (1976) 'Medicine, Fetish and Secret Society in a West African Culture', Africa 46: 247-57.
51. Kelsall, T. (2003) 'Rituals of Verification: Indigenous and Imported Accountability in Northern Tanzania', Africa 73(2): 174-201.
52. Lentz, C. (1995) 'Youth Associations in Northern Ghana: Unity for Development', Africa 65(3): 395-429.
53. Lonsdale, J. (1986) 'Political Accountability in African History', in P. Chabal (ed.) Political Domination in Africa: Reflections on the Limits of Power, pp. 126-57. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
54. Lund, C. (2001) 'Precarious Democratization and Local Dynamics in Niger: Micro-politics in Zinder', Development and Change 32(5): 845-69.
55. Mbembe, A. (1992) 'Provisional Notes on the Postcolony', Africa 62(1): 3-37.
56. Mbembe, A. (2001) On the Postcolony. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
57. McCall, J. (1995) 'Rethinking Ancestors in Africa', Africa 65(2): 256-70.
58. McNulty, M. L. and F. L. Mark (1996) 'Hometown Associations: Balancing Local and Extralocal Interests in Nigerian Communities', in B. Peter and D. M. Warren (eds) Indigenous Organisations and Development, pp. 21-41. London: IT Publications.
59. Mitchell, T. (1991) 'The Limits of the State: Beyond Statist Approaches and their Critics', American Political Science Review 85(1): 77-96.
60. Momoh, A. (2000) 'Youth Culture and Area Boys in Lagos', in A. Jega (ed.) Identity Transformation and Identity Politics under Structural Adjustment in Nigeria, pp. 181-203. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet in collaboration with the Centre for Research and Documentation, Kano.
61. Moore, S. F. (1996) 'Post-socialist Micro-politics: Kilimanjaro, 1993', Africa 66(4): 587-606.
62. Mustapha, A. R. (2002) 'States, Predation & Violence: Reconceptualizing Political Action and Political Community in Africa'. Paper presented at the Panel on State, Political Identity and Political Violence, 10th General Assembly of CODESRIA, Kampala, Uganda (8-12 December).
63. Newell, S. (2001) '"Paracolonial" Networks: Some Speculations on Local Readerships in Colonial West Africa', Interventions: International Journal of Post-colonial Studies 3(3): 336-54.
64. Nolte, I. (2004) 'Identity and Violence: The Politics of Youth in Ijebu-Remo, Nigeria', The Journal of Modern African Studies 42(1): 61-89.
65. Olivier de Sardan, J. P. (1999) 'A Moral Economy of Corruption in Africa?', The Journal of Modern African Studies 37(1): 25-52.
66. Parkin, D. (1966) 'Voluntary Associations as an Adaptive Institution', Man New Series 1(1): 90-95.
67. Parkin, D. (1969) Neighbours and Nationals in an African City Ward. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
68. Peel, J. D. Y. (1983) Ijeshas and Nigerians: The Incorporation of a Yoruba Kingdom, 1880s-1970s. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
69. Picton, J. (1990) 'What's in a Mask?', Journal of African Languages and Culture 2(2): 181-202.
70. Pioneer (1997a) 'Letter to the Editor', Pioneer 12-18 May (Uyo).
71. Pioneer (1997b) 'Calabar under Seige by Armed Robbers', Pioneer 12-18 May (Uyo).
72. Pioneer (1997c) 'Renewed Fear of Crime-waves in Uyo', Pioneer 12-18 May (Uyo).
73. Post Express (1998) 'Akwa Ibom State Police Commissioner Criticises Local Government Councils for Failing to Fund the Local Police', Post Express 3 November 1998 (Lagos).
74. Pratten, D. (1997) 'Bamako Bound: The Social Organisation of Migration in Mali'. London: SOS Sahel.
75. Pratten, D. (2000) Return to the Roots? Urban Networks, Rural Development and Power in Sudan. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press.
76. Pratten, D. (forthcoming) The Man-Leopard Murder Mysteries: History and Society in Colonial Nigeria. International African Institute: Edinburgh University Press.
77. Punch (1997a) 'Akwa Ibom State Administrator's Concern at the Increasing Rate of Armed Robbery', Punch 28 April (Lagos)
78. Punch (1997b) '"Dare-Devil" Armed Robberies in Enugu', Punch 29 August (Lagos).
79. Reno, W. (2002) 'The Politics of Insurgency in Collapsing States', Development and Change 33(5): 837-58.
80. Rose, N. (1999) Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
81. Schatzberg, M. G. (1993) 'Power, Legitimacy and "Democratisation" in Africa', Africa 63(4): 445-61.
82. Schatzberg, M. G. (2002) Political Legitimacy in Middle Africa: Father, Family, Food. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
83. Simmons, D. C. (1956) 'Efik Divination, Ordeals and Omens', Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 12(2): 223-8.
84. Smith, D. J. (2001a) 'Kinship and Corruption in Contemporary Nigeria', Ethnos 66(3): 344-64.
85. Smith, D. J. (2001b) 'Ritual Killing, 419, and Fast Wealth: Inequality and the Popular Imagination in Southeastern Nigeria', American Ethnologist 28(4): 803-26.
86. Smith, D. J. (2004) 'The Bakassi Boys: Vigilantism, Violence and Political Imagination in Nigeria', Current Anthropology 19(3): 429-58.
87. Smock, A. C. (1971) Ibo Politics: The Role of Ethnic Unions in Eastern Nigeria. Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press.
88. Southall, A. W. (1975) 'Forms of Ethnic Linkage Between Town and Country', in P. David (ed.) Town and Country in Central and Eastern Africa, pp. 265-75. London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute.
89. Tide (1996) 'Crime Statistics: Port Harcourt', Tide 17 November (Port Harcourt).
90. Tonkin, E. (2000) 'Autonomous Judges: African Ordeals as Dramas of Power', Ethnos: Journal of Anthropology 65(3): 366-86.
91. Trager, L. (1998) 'Home-town Linkages and Local Development in South-western Nigeria. Whose Agenda? What Impact?', Africa 68(3): 360-82.
92. Udoma, U. (1987) The Story of the Ibibio State Union. Ibadan: Spectrum Books.
93. Vaughan, O. (1995) 'Assessing Grassroots Politics and Community Development in Nigeria', African Affairs 94: 501-18.
94. Watts, M. (2003) 'Development and Governmentality', Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 24(1): 6-34.
95. Wolpe, H. E. (1974) Urban Politics in Nigeria: A Study of Port Harcourt. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
96. Woods, D. (1994) 'Elites, Ethnicity, and Home Town Associations in the Cote- D'Ivoire: An Historical Analysis of State-Society Links', Africa 64(4): 465-83.
97. Worby, E. (1998) 'Tyranny, Parody, and Ethnic Polarity: Ritual Engagements with the State in Northwestern Zimbabwe', Journal of Southern African Studies 24(3): 561-78.
98. Ya'u, Y. Z. (2000) 'The Youth, Economic Crisis and Identity Transformation: The Case of the Yandaba in Kano', in A. Jega (ed.) Identity Transformation and Identity Politics under Structural Adjustment in Nigeria, pp. 161-80. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet in collaboration with the Centre for Research and Documentation, Kano.