Continuous glucose monitoring technology delivers detailed diabetes data

Point of Care

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 105-111

  Klonoff, David C ^a  

^a DIABETES RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Continuous glucose monitoring; Diabetes; Intermittent blood glucose monitoring

Indexed keywords

EID: 33748559804     PISSN: 1533029X     EISSN: 15330303     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.poc.0000232577.13891.d3     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Gross TM, Bode BW, Einhorn D, et al. Performance evaluation of the MiniMed continuous glucose monitoring system during patient home use. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2000;2:49-56.
2. Potts RO, Tamada JA, Tierney MJ. Glucose monitoring by reverse iontophoresis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2002;18(suppl 1): S49-S53.
3. Bode B, Gross K, Rikalo N, et al. Alarms based on real-lime sensor glucose values alert patients to hypo- and hyperglycemia: the guardian continuous monitoring system. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2004;6:105-113.
4. Deiss D, Phillip M, Battelino T, et al. First experience using the Guardian RT continuous glucose monitoring system with real-time values and alerts in T1DM patients: results of a pilot study. Diabetes. 2005. [abstract 393P].
5. Garg S, Zisser H, Schwartz S, et al. Improvement in glycemic excursions with a transcutaneous, real-time continuous glucose sensor: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:44-50.
6. Maran A, Crepaldi C, Tiengo A, et al. Continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring in diabetic patients: a multicenter analysis. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:347-352.
7. Feldman B, Brazg R, Schwartz S, et al. A continuous glucose sensor based on wired enzyme technology-results from a 3-day trial in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2003;5:769-779.
8. Choleau C, Klein JC, Reach G, et al. Calibration of a subcutaneous amperometric glucose sensor. Part 1. Effect of measurement uncertainties on the determination of sensor sensitivity and background current. Biosens Bioelectron. 2002;17:641-646.
9. Khalil OS. Non-invasive glucose measurement technologies: an update from 1999 to the dawn of the new millennium. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2004;6:660-697.
10. Wentholt IM, Hoekstra JB, Zwart A, et al. Pendra goes Dutch: lessons for the CE mark in Europe. Diahetologia. 2005;48:1055-1058.
11. Pitzer KR, Desai S, Dunn T, et al. Detection of hypoglycemia with the GlucoWatch Biographer. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:881-885.
12. Vaidyula VR, Rao AK, Mozzoli M, et al. Effects of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia on circulating tissue factor procoagulant activity and platelet CD40 ligand. Diabetes. 2006;55:202-208.
13. Reach G. Which threshold to detect hypoglycemia? Value of receiver-operator curve analysis to find a compromise between sensitivity and specificity. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:803-804.
14. Weinzimer SA, Tamborlane WV, Chase HP, et al. Continuous glucose monitoring in type 1 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2004;4:95-100.
15. Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group. The accuracy of the Gluco Watch G2 Biographer in children with type 1 diabetes: results of the diabetes research in children network (DirecNet) accuracy study. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2003;5:791-800.
16. Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group. The accuracy of the CGMS in children with type 1 diabetes: results of the diabetes research in children network (DirecNet) accuracy study. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2003:5:781-789.
17. Tansey MJ, Beck RW, Buckingham BA, et al, The Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group. Accuracy of the modified continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) sensor in an outpatient setting: results from a diabetes research in children network (DirecNet) study. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2005:7:109-114.
18. Kubiak T, Hermanns N, Schreckling HJ, et al. Assessment of hypoglycaemia awareness using continuous glucose monitoring. Diabet Med. 2004;2:487-490.
19. Goldberg PA, Siegel MD, Russell RR, et al. Experience with the continuous glucose monitoring system in a medical intensive care unit. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2004;6:339-347.
20. Guerci B, Floriot M, Bohme P, et al. Clinical performance of CGMS in type 1 diabetic patients treated by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion using insulin analogs. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:582-589.
21. Djakoure-Platonoff C, Radermercker R, Reach G, et al. Accuracy of the continuous glucose monitoring system in inpatient and outpatient conditions. Diabetes Metab. 2003;29(2 pt 1):159-162.
22. Poscia A, Mascini M, Moscone D, et al. A microdialysis technique for continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring in diabetic patients (part 1). Biosens Bioelectron. 2003;18:891-898.
23. Varalli M, Marelli G, Maran A, et al. A microdialysis technique for continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring in diabetic patients (part 2). Biosens Bioelectron. 2003;18:899-905.
24. Diem P, Kalt L, Haueter U, et al. Clinical performance of a continuous viscometric affinity sensor for glucose. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2004:6:790-799.
25. Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group. Accuracy of the Gluco Watch G2 Biographer and the continuous glucose monitoring system during hypoglycemia: experience of the Diabetes Research in Children Network. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:722-726.
26. Conrad SC, Mastrototaro JJ, Gitelman SE. The use of a continuous glucose monitoring system in hypoglycemic disorders. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2004;17:281-288.
27. Mauras N, Beck RW, Ruedy KJ, et al, Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Accuracy Study. Lack of accuracy of continuous glucose sensors in healthy, nondiabetic children: results of the Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) accuracy study. J Pediatr. 2004;144:770-775.
28. DeVries JH, Wentholt IM, Masurel N, et al. Nocturnal hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes - consequences and assessment. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2004;20(suppl 2):S43-S46.
29. Clarke WL, Cox DJ, Gonder-Frederick LA, et al. Evaluating clinical accuracy of systems for self-monitoring of blood glucose. Diabetes Care. 1987:10:622-628.
30. Kovatchev BP, Gonder-Frederick LA, Cox DJ, et al. Evaluating the accuracy of continuous glucose-monitoring sensors: continuous glucose-error grid analysis illustrated by TheraSense Freestyle Navigator data. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1922-1928.
31. Kollman C, Wilson DM, Wysocki T, et al, Diabetes Research in Children Network Study Group. Limitations of statistical measures of error in assessing the accuracy of continuous glucose sensors. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2005;7:665-672.
32. Klonoff DC. The need for separate performance goals for glucose sensors in the hypoglycemic, normoglycemic, and hyperglycemic ranges. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:834-836.
33. International Organisation for Standardisation: Requirements for In Vitro Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems for Self-testing in Managing Diabetes Mellitus, ISO/TC 212/WG3. Draft International Standard ISO/DIS 15197. Geneva: International Organisation for Standardisation; 2001.
34. Weinzimer SA, DeLucia MC, Boland EA, et al. Analysis of continuous glucose monitoring data from non-diabetic and diabetic children: a tale of two algorithms. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2003;5:375-380.
35. Chase HP, Kim LM, Owen SL, et al. Continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring in children with type 1 diabetes. Pediatrics. 2001;107:222-226.
36. Boland E, Monsod T, Delucia M, et al. Limitations of conventional methods of self-monitoring of blood glucose: lessons learned from 3 days of continuous glucose sensing in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1858-1862.
37. Kaufman FR, Austin J, Neinstein A, et al. Nocturnal hypoglycemia detected with the continuous glucose monitoring system in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr. 2002;141:625-630.
38. Amin R, Ross K, Acerini CL, et al. Hypoglycemia prevalence in prepubertal children with type 1 diabetes on standard insulin regimen: use of continuous glucose monitoring system. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:662-667.
39. McGowan K, Thomas W, Moran A. Spurious reporting of nocturnal hypoglycemia by CGMS in patients with tightly controlled type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:1499-1503.
40. Metzger M, Leibowitz G, Wainstein J, et al. Reproducibility of glucose measurements using the glucose sensor. Diabetes Care. 2002;25: 1185-1191.
41. Sachedina N, Pickup JC. Performance assessment of the Medtronic-MiniMed continuous glucose monitoring system and its use for measurement of glycaemic control in type 1 diabetic subjects. Diabet Med. 2003;20:1012-1015.
42. Hoi-Hansen T, Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Thorsteinsson B. Reproducibility and reliability of hypoglycemic episodes recorded with continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) in daily life. Diabet Med. 2005;22:858-862.
43. Clarke WL, Anderson S, Farhy L, et al. Evaluating the clinical accuracy of two continuous glucose sensors using continuous glucose-error grid analysis. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:412-2417.
44. Parkes JL, Slatin SL, Pardo S, et al. A new consensus error grid to evaluate the clinical significance of inaccuracies in the measurement of blood glucose. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:1143-1148.
45. Miedema K. Laboratory tests in diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. Practical considerations. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2003;41: 1259-1265.
46. 1c in pediatric type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:1840-1844.
47. Sharp P, Rainbow S. Continuous glucose monitoring and haemoglobin A(1c). Ann Clin Biochem. 2002;39(pt 5):516-517.
48. Hassan Y, Johnson B, Nader N, et al. The relationship between 24-hour integrated glucose concentrations and % glycohemoglobin. J Lab Clin Med. 2006;147:21-26.
49. 1c predicts risk of retinopathy and nephropathy in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1259-1264.
50. Alemzadeh R, Loppnow C, Parton E, et al. Glucose sensor evaluation of glycemic instability in pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2003;5:167-173.
51. Ryan EA, Shandro T, Green K, et al. Assessment of the severity of hypoglycemia and glycemic lability in type 1 diabetic subjects undergoing islet transplantation. Diabetes. 2004;53:955-962.
52. 1c-independent risk factor for diabetic complications. JAMA. 2006;295:1707-1708.
53. Kovatchev BP, Clarke WL, Breton M, et al. Quantifying temporal glucose variability in diabetes via continuous glucose monitoring: mathematical methods and clinical application. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2005;7:849-862.
54. McDonnell CM, Donath SM, Vidmar SI, et al. A novel approach to continuous glucose analysis utilizing glycemic variation. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2005;7:253-263.
55. Molnar GD, Taylor WF, Ho MM. Day to day variation of continuously monitored glycaemia: a further measure of diabetic instability. Diabetologia. 1972;8:342-348.
56. Sabbah H, Mcculloch K, Fredrickson LP, et al. Detailed data from a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) facilitates comprehensive diabetes management recommendations. Diabetes. 2000;49(suppl 1):A393.
57. Kaufman FR, Gibson LC, Halvorson M, et al. A pilot study of the continuous glucose monitoring system: clinical decisions and glycemic control after its use in pediatric type 1 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:2030-2034.
58. Brynes AE, Lee JL, Brighton RE, et al. A low glycemic diet significantly improves the 24-h blood glucose profile in people with type 2 diabetes, as assessed using the continuous glucose MiniMed monitor. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:548-549.
59. Chen R, Yogev Y, Ben-Haroush A, et al. Continuous glucose monitoring for the evaluation and improved control of gestational diabetes mellitus. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2003;14:256-260.
60. Yogev Y, Ben-Haroush A, Chen R, et al. Continuous glucose monitoring for treatment adjustment in diabetic pregnancies - a pilot study. Diabet Med. 2003;20:558-562.
61. Yogev Y, ChenR, Ben-Haroush A, et al. Continuous glucose monitoring for the evaluation of gravid women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:633-638.
62. Yogev Y, Ben-Haroush A, Chen R, et al. Undiagnosed asymptomatic hypoglycemia: diet, insulin, and glyburide for gestational diabetic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104:88-93.
63. Porter H, Lookinland S, Belfort MA. Evaluation of a new real-time blood continuous glucose monitoring system in pregnant women without gestational diabetes. A pilot study. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 2004;18:93-102.
64. Kerssen A, de Valk HW, Visser GH. Day-to-day glucose variability during pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus: glucose profiles measured with the continuous glucose monitoring system. BJOG. 2004;111:919-924.
65. Ben-Haroush A, Yogev Y, Chen R, et al. The postprandial glucose profile in the diabetic pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191:576-581.
66. Buhling KJ, Kurzidim B, Wolf C, et al. Introductory experience with the continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS; Medtronic Minimed) in detecting hyperglycemia by comparing the self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in non-pregnant women and in pregnant women with impaired glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2004;112:556-560.
67. Kerssen A, de Valk HW, Visser GH. The continuous glucose monitoring system during pregnancy of women with type 1 diabetes mellitus: accuracy assessment. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2004;6:645-651.
68. Buhling KJ, Winkel T, Wolf C, et al. Optimal timing for postprandial glucose measurement in pregnant women with diabetes and a non-diabetic pregnant population evaluated by the continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS). J Perinat Med. 2005;33:125-131.
69. Kerssen A, De Valk HW, Visser GH. Validation of the continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) by the use of two CGMS simultaneously in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2005;7:699-706.
70. Kerssen A, de Valk HW, Visser GH. Do HbA(1)c levels and the self-monitoring of blood glucose levels adequately reflect glycaemic control during pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus? Diabetologia. 2006;49:25-28.
71. Kerssen A, de Valk HW, Visser GH. Forty-eight-hour first-trimester glucose profiles in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a report of three cases of congenital malformation. Prenat Diagn. 2006;26:123-127.
72. Esmatjes E, Flores L, Vidal M, et al. Hypoglycaemia after pancreas transplantation: usefulness of a continuous glucose monitoring system. Clin Transplant. 2003;17:534-538.
73. Kessler L, Passemard R, Oberholzer J, et al. Reduction of blood glucose variability in type 1 diabetic patients treated by pancreatic islet transplantation; interest of continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:2256-2262.
74. Ryan EA, Shandro T, Green K, et al. Assessment of the severity of hypoglycemia and glycemic lability in type 1 diabetic subjects undergoing islet transplantation. Diabetes. 2004;53:955-962.
75. Geiger MC, Ferreira JV, Hafiz MM, et al. Evaluation of metabolic control using a continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring system in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus who achieved insulin independence after islet cell transplantation. Cell Transplant. 2005;14:77-84.
76. Schwing WD, Erhard P, Newman LN, et al. Assessing 24-hour blood glucose patterns in diabetic patients treated by peritoneal dialysis. Adv Perit Dial. 2004;20:213-216.
77. Marshall J, Jennings P, Scott A, et al. Glycemic control in diabetic CAPD patients assessed by continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS). Kidney Int. 2003;64:1480-1486.
78. Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group. Youth and parent satisfaction with clinical use of the GlucoWatch G2 Biographer in the management of pediatric type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1929-1935.
79. Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group. Psychological aspects of continuous glucose monitoring in pediatric type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2006;7:32-38.
80. Nunnold T, Colberg SR, Herriott MT, et al. Use of the noninvasive GlucoWatch Biographer during exercise of varying intensity. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2004;6:454-462.
81. Jefferies C, Solomon M, Perlman K, et al. Continuous glucose monitoring in adolescents with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr. 2005;147: 396-398.
82. Brennan AL, Gyi KM, Wood DM, et al. Relationship between glycosylated haemoglobin and mean plasma glucose concentration in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2006;5:27-31.
83. Chee F, Fernando TL, Savkin AV, et al. Expert PID control system for blood glucose control in critically ill patients. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed. 2003;7:419-425.
84. Javid PJ, Halwick DR, Betit P, et al. The first use of live continuous glucose monitoring in patients on extracorporeal life support. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2005;7:431-439.
85. Beardsall K, Ogilvy-Stuart AL, Ahluwalia J, et al. The continuous glucose monitoring sensor in neonatal intensive care. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2005;90:F307-F310.
86. Hershkovitz E, Rachmel A, Ben-Zaken H, et al. Continuous glucose monitoring in children with glycogen storage disease type I. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2001;24:863-869.
87. Pittas AG, Hariharan R, Stark PC, et al. Interstitial glucose level is a significant predictor of energy intake in free-living women with healthy body weight. J Nutr. 2005;135:1070-1074.
88. Brynes AE, Adamson J, Dornhorst A, et al. The beneficial effect of a diet with low glycaemic index on 24 h glucose profiles in healthy young people as assessed by continuous glucose monitoring. Br J Nutr. 2005;93:179-182.
89. Abrahamian H, Francesconi M, Loiskandl A, et al. Evaluation of a new insulinotropic agent by using an innovative technology: efficacy and safety of nateglinide determined by continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2004;6:31-37.
90. Arsand E, Walseth OA, Andersson N, et al. Using blood glucose data as an indicator for epidemic disease outbreaks. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2005;116:217-222.