The Strength-focused and Meaning-oriented Approach to Resilience and Transformation (SMART): A body-mind-spirit approach to trauma management

Social Work in Health Care

Volumn 43, Issue 2-3, 2006, Pages 9-36

  Chan, Cecilia L W ^a,b   Chan, Timothy H Y ^a   Ng, Siv Man ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b Pauline Chan Building   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Body mind spirit; CISD; Meaning reconstruction; Resilience; SARS; Strength focused intervention; Transformation; Trauma

Indexed keywords

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; ANXIETY; CONFERENCE PAPER; COPING BEHAVIOR; CRISIS INTERVENTION; FEAR; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN; INJURY; MEDITATION; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PSYCHOEDUCATION; SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SOCIAL WORK; SPIRITUAL CARE; STRENGTH; YOGA;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; BREAST NEOPLASMS; BUDDHISM; CRISIS INTERVENTION; FEMALE; HOLISTIC HEALTH; HUMANS; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MIND-BODY RELATIONS (METAPHYSICS); MIND-BODY RELATIONS, METAPHYSICAL; PATIENT ACCEPTANCE OF HEALTH CARE; PATIENT CARE TEAM; PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT; PROBLEM SOLVING; RELIGIOUS PHILOSOPHIES; SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; SICK ROLE; SOCIAL WORK, PSYCHIATRIC; SPIRITUALITY; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC;

EID: 33748466707     PISSN: 00981389     EISSN: 1541034X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1300/J010v43n02_03     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (88)

1. Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20-28.
2. Bonanno, G. A., Keltner, D., Holen, A., & Horowitz, M. J. (1995). When avoiding unpleasant emotions might not be such a bad thing: Verbal-autonomic response dissociation and midlife conjugal bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 975-989.
3. Carlier, I. V. E. (2000). Critical incident stress debriefing. In A. Y. Shalev (Ed.), International handbook of human response to trauma (pp. 379-387). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
4. Carlier, I. V. E., Voerman, A. E., & Gersons, B. P. R. (2000). The influence of occupational debriefing on post-traumatic stress symptomatology in traumatized police officers. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 73(1), 87-98.
5. Chan, C. L. W. (2001). An Eastern Body-Mind-Spirit approach: A training manual with one-second techniques. Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong.
6. Chan, C. L. W., Chan, Y., Law, W. F., Wong, F. L., & Yu, S. C. (1998). Manual for emotional healing for divorced women. University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
7. Chan, C. L. W., Chow, A., Au, T., Leung, P., Chau, P., Chang, F. et al. (1996). Therapeutic groups in medical settings (Resource paper no. 25). University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
8. Chan, C. L. W., Fan, F. W., & Gong, R. Y. (2003). The Body-Mind-Spirit integrative health approach: Group counselling theory and application. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing (in Chinese).
9. Chan, C. L. W., Ho, J., Ng, H. S., & Chau, M. (1996). Quality of life for chronic patients: Report of the community rehabilitation network (Resource paper no. 27). University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
10. Chan, C. L. W., Ho, P. S. Y., & Chow, E. (2001). A body-mind-spirit model in health: An Eastern approach. Social Work in Health Care, 34(3-4), 261-282.
11. Chan, C. L. W., & Rhind, N. (Eds.). (1997). Social work intervention in health care, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
12. Chapin, R., & Cox, E. O. (2001). Changing the paradigm: Strengths-based and empowerment-oriented social work with frail elders. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 36(3-4), 165-179.
13. Chazin, R., Kaplan, S., & Terio, S. (2000). The strengths perspective in brief treatment with culturally diverse clients. Crisis Intervention and Time Limited Treatment, 6(1), 41-50.
14. Davis, C. G., Nolen Hoeksema, S., & Larson, J. (1998). Making sense of loss and benefiting from the experience: Two construals of meaning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(2), 561-574.
15. Derogatis, L. R., & Melisaratos, N. (1983). The Brief Symptom Inventory: An introductory report. Psychological Medicine, 13(3), 595-605.
16. Drazen, J. M. (2003). SARS-Looking back over the first 100 days. New England Journal of Medicine, 349(4), 319-320.
17. Ellis, A. (1976). The rational-emotive view. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 8(1), 20-28.
18. Everly, G. S., Jr., & Boyle, S. H. (1999). Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD): A meta-analysis. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 1(3), 165-168.
19. Fraser, J. S. (1998). A process view of crisis and crisis intervention: Critique and reformulation. Crisis Intervention and Time Limited Treatment, 4(2-3), 125-143.
20. Friedman, H. S. (2002). Health Psychology (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education.
21. Graybeal, C. (2001). Strengths-based social work assessment: Transforming the dominant paradigm. Families in Society, 82(3), 233-242.
22. HKSAR Department of Health. (2003). SARS Bulletin. Retrieved March 25, 2004, from http://www.info.gov.hk/dh/diseases/ap/eng/bulletin.htm
23. Ho, S. M. Y., Fung, W. K., Chan, C. L. W., Watson, M., & Tsui, Y. K. Y. (2003). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer (Mini-MAC) scale. Psycho Oncology, 12(6), 547-556.
24. Hong Kong Mood Disorders Center. (2003a, May 18). Overview of mood disorders among Hong Kong people after SARS. Retrieved March 25, 2004, from http://www. hmdc.med.cuhk.edu.hk/report/report12.html
25. Hong Kong Mood Disorders Center. (2003b, December 18). Social and emotional disturbances among residents in Amoy Garden due to SARS. Retrieved March 25, 2004, from http://www.hmdc.med.cuhk.edu.hk/report/report16.html
26. Hung, S. L., Kung, W. W., & Chan, C. L. W. (2003). Women coping with divorce in the unique sociocultural context of Hong Kong. Journal of Family Social Work, 7(3), 1-22.
27. Janoff Bulman, R. (1989). Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: Applications of the schema construct. Social Cognition, 7(2), 113-136.
28. Jin, P. (1992). Efficacy of Tai Chi, brisk walking, meditation, and reading in reducing mental and emotional stress. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 36(4), 361-370.
29. Kabat-Zinn, J., Massion, A. O., Kristeller, J., Peterson, L. G., Fletcher, K. E., Pbert, L., et al. (1992). Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(7), 936-943.
30. Karlberg, J., Chong, D. S., & Lai, W. Y. (2004). Do men have a higher case fatality rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome than women do? American Journal of Epidemiology, 159(3), 229-231.
31. Lamprecht, F., & Sack, M. (2002). Posttraumatic stress disorder revisited. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64(2), 222-237.
32. Lane, P. S. (1993). Critical incident stress debriefing for health care workers. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 28(4), 301-315.
33. Lao-zi. (6th century B.C.). Tao Te Ching (W. H. Chan, Trans.). Hong Kong: Commercial Press.
34. Lee, P. (1995). An exploratory study of the effectiveness of relaxation techniques on rheumatoid arthritis patients. Unpublished Master's dissertation, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
35. Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive Change Following Trauma and Adversity: A Review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(1), 11-21.
36. Man, W. K. (1996). The empowering of Hong Kong Chinese families with a brain damaged member: Its investigation, measurement and intervention. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
37. Miller, J. (2002). Affirming flames: Debriefing survivors of the World Trade Center attack. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 2(1), 85-94.
38. Mitchell, J. T., & Everly, G. S., Jr. (2000). Critical incident stress management and critical incident stress debriefings: Evolutions, effects and outcomes. In B. Raphael & J. P. Wilson (Eds.), Psychological debriefing: Theory, practice and evidence (pp. 71-90). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
39. Mitchell, J. T., Schiller, G., Eyler, V. A., & Everly, G. S., Jr. (1999). Community crisis intervention: The Coldenham tragedy revisited. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 1(4), 227-236.
40. Morgan, K. E., & White, P. R. (2003). The functions of art-making in CISD with children and youth. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 5(2), 61-76.
41. Moxley, D. P., & Washington, O. G. M. (2001). Strengths-based recovery practice in chemical dependency: A transpersonal perspective. Families in Society, 82(3), 251-262.
42. Neimeyer, R. A. (2000). Lessons of loss: A guide to coping. Memphis, Tennessee: Center for the Study of Loss and Transition.
43. Neimeyer, R. A. (2001). Reauthoring life narratives: Grief therapy as meaning reconstruction. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 38(3-4), 171-183.
44. Ng, S. M., Chan, T. H. Y., Chan, C. L. W., Lee, A., Yau, J. K. Y., Chan, C. H. Y. et al. (2004). Group debriefing for persons with chronic diseases during the SARS pandemic: Strength-focused and Meaning-oriented Approach for Resilience and Transformation (SMART).Unpublished manuscript.
45. O'Shea, B. (2001). Post-traumatic stress disorder: A review for the general psychiatrist. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 5(1), 11-18.
46. Parkes, C. M. (1996). Bereavement: Studies of grief in adult life (3rd ed.). New York: International Universities.
47. Peiris, J. S., Yuen, K. Y., Osterhaus, A. D., & Stohr, K. (2003). The severe acute respiratory syndrome. The New England Journal of Medicine, 349(25), 2431-2441.
48. Peterson, A. L., Nicolas, M. G., McGraw, K., Englert, D., & Blackman, L. R. (2002). Psychological intervention with mortuary workers after the September 11 attack: The Dover Behavioral Health Consultant Model. Military Medicine, 167(Suppl9), 83-86.
49. Pollio, D. E., McDonald, S. M., & North, C. S. (1996). Combining a strengths-based approach and feminist theory in group work with persons "on the street." Social Work with Groups, 19(3-4), 5-20.
50. Rapp, C. A. (1998). The strengths model: Case management with people suffering from severe and persistent mental illness. New York: Oxford University Press.
51. Ray, O. (2004). How the mind hurts and heals the body. American Psychologist January, 59(1), 29-40.
52. Robbins, A. (1998). Dance/movement and art therapies as primary expressions of the self. In A. Robbins (Ed.), Therapeutic presence: Bridging expression and form (pp. 261-270). London, England: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, Ltd.
53. Rose, S., Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Kirk, M. (1999). A randomized controlled trial of individual psychological debriefing for victims of violent crime. Psychological Medicine, 29(4), 793-799.
54. Rowlands, A. (2001). Ability or disability? Strengths-based practice in the area of traumatic brain injury. Families in Society, 82(3), 273-286.
55. Russell, J. A., & Yik, M. S. M. (1996). Emotion among the Chinese. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 166-188). London: Oxford University Press.
56. Russo, R. J. (1999). Applying a strengths-based approach in working with people with developmental disabilities and their families. Families in Society, 80(1), 25-33.
57. Saleebey, D. (1996). The strengths perspective in social work practice: Extensions and cautions. Social Work, 41(3), 296-305.
58. Saleebey, D. (1999). The Strengths Perspective: Principles and Practices. In B. R. Compton & B. Galaway (Eds.), Social Work Processes (6th ed.). CA: Brooks/Cole.
59. Sandlund, E. S., & Norlander, T. (2000). The effects of Tai Chi Chuan relaxation and exercise on stress responses and well-being: An overview of research. International Journal of Stress Management, 7(2), 139-149.
60. Schaefer, J. A., & Moos, R. H. (1998). The context for posttraumatic growth: Life crises, individual and social resources and coping. In R. G. Tedeschi, C. L. Park & L. G. Calhoun (Eds.), Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crises (pp. 99-125). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
61. Schaefer, J. A., & Moos, R. H. (2001). Bereavement experiences and personal growth. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, W. Stroebe & H. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care (pp. 145- 167). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
62. Schlenger, W. E., Caddell, J. M., Ebert, L., Jordan, B. K., Rourke, K. M., Wilson, D. et al. (2002). Psychological reactions to terrorist attacks: Findings from the National Study of Americans Reactions to September 11. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 288(5), 581-588.
63. Schneider, J. M. (1994). Finding my way: Healing and transformation through loss and grief. Colfax, WI: Seasons Press.
64. Schuster, M. A., Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Collins, R. L., Marshall, G. N., Elliott, M. N. et al. (2001). A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. New England Journal of Medicine, 345(20), 1507-1512.
65. Sewell, J. D. (1993). Traumatic stress of multiple murder investigations. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6(1), 103-118.
66. Society for Rehabilitation. (2003). Survey report of the chronic patients' views of SARS. Hong Kong: Society for Rehabilitation.
67. Stoll, B., & Edwards, L. A. (2002). Critical incident stress management with inmates: An atypical application. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 3(4), 245-247.
68. Stroebe, M. (2001). Gender differences in adjustment to bereavement: An empirical and theoretical review. Review of General Psychology, 5(1), 62-83.
69. Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (2001a). Meaning making in the dual process model of coping with bereavement. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Meaning reconstruction & the experience of loss (pp. 55-73). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
70. Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (2001b). Models of coping with bereavement: A review. In M. S. Stroebe (Ed.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care (pp. 375-403). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
71. Stroebe, M., Stroebe, W., Schut, H., Zech, E., & van den Bout, J. (2002). Does disclosure of emotions facilitate recovery from bereavement? Evidence from two prospective studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(1), 169-178.
72. Sullivan, W. P., & Fisher, B. J. (1994). Intervening for success: Strengths-based case management and successful aging. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 22(1-2), 61-74.
73. Taylor, S. E., Kemeny, M. E., Reed, G. M., Bower, J. E., & Gruenewald, T. L. (2000). Psychological resources, positive illusions, and health. American Psychologist, 55(1), 99-109.
74. Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1995). Trauma and transformation: Growing in the aftermath of suffering. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
75. Thornton, A. A. (2002). Perceiving benefits in the cancer experience. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 9(2), 153-165.
76. Tomich, P. L., & Helgeson, V. S. (2002). Five years later: A cross-sectional comparison of breast cancer survivors with healthy women. Psycho Oncology, 11(2), 154-169.
77. Tsai, J. L., & Levenson, R. W. (1997). Cultural influences of emotional responding: Chinese American and European American dating couples during interpersonal conflict. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 28(5), 600-625.
78. Tsuei, W. (1992). Roots of Chinese culture and medicine. Java: Pelanduk Publications.
79. Tu, W. M. (1978). Humanity and self-cultivation: Essays in Confucian thought. Lancaster: Miller Publisher.
80. van Emmerik, A. A. P., Kamphuis, J. H., Hulsbosch, A. M., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2002). Single session debriefing after psychological trauma: A meta-analysis. Lancet, 360(9335), 766-771.
81. Vickberg, S. M. J., Duhamel, K. N., Smith, M. Y., Manne, S. L., Winkel, G., Papadopoulos, E. B. et al. (2001). Global meaning and psychological adjustment among survivors of bone marrow transplant. Psycho Oncology, 10(1), 29-39.
82. Walker, J. P., & Lee, R. E. (1998). Uncovering strengths of children of alcoholic parents. Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal, 20(4), 521-538.
83. Watson, M., Law, M., dos Santos, M.,&Greer, S. (1994). The Mini-MAC: Further development of the Mental Adjustment to Cancer scale. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 12(3), 33-46.
84. Wolfsdorf, B. A., & Zlotnick, C. (2001). Affect management in group therapy for women with posttraumatic stress disorder and histories of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(2), 169-181.
85. World Health Organization. (2003). Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): Status of the outbreak and lessons for the immediate future. Retrieved March 25, 2004, from http://www.who.int/csr/media/sars_wha.pdf
86. Yau, J. K. Y., Chan, C. L. W., Lee, A., Chan, C. H. Y., Ng, S. M., Chan, A. et al. (2004). Growth through SARS: Effectiveness of an intervention to build strength in adolescents in Hong Kong. Paper presented at the Fourth International Conference in Social Work on Health and Mental Health, Quebec, Canada.
87. Yin, H. H., Zhang, B. L., Zhang, C. Y., Zhang, S. C., & Meng, S. M. (Eds.). (1994). Foundations of Chinese medicine. Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific.
88. Zebrack, B. (2000). Quality of life of long-term survivors of leukemia and lymphoma. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 18(4), 39-59.