Recent changes in cardiovascular risk factors among women and men

Journal of Women's Health

Volumn 15, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 734-746

  Kim, Jung Ki ^a   Alley, Dawn ^a   Seeman, Teresa ^b   Karlamangla, Arun ^b   Crimmins, Eillen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; HOMOCYSTEINE; HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC AGENT; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; DRUG USE; FEMALE; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INTERVIEW; LABORATORY TEST; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OBESITY; POSTMENOPAUSE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SEX DIFFERENCE; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TREND STUDY;

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; BODY MASS INDEX; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHOLESTEROL, HDL; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; COMORBIDITY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FEMALE; HEMOGLOBIN A, GLYCOSYLATED; HUMANS; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTENSION; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; SEX DISTRIBUTION; TRIGLYCERIDES; UNITED STATES;

EID: 33748456886     PISSN: 15409996     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2006.15.734     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Jemal A, Ward E, Hao Y, Thun M. Trends in the leading causes of death in the United States, 1970-2002. JAMA 2005;294:1255.
2. Freedman VA, Martin LG, Schoeni RF. Recent trends in disability and functioning among older adults in the United States: A systematic review. JAMA 2002;288:3137.
3. Hajjar I, Kotchen TA. Trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the U.S., 1998-2000. JAMA 2003;290:199.
4. Stein EA. New statins and new doses of older statins. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2001;3:14.
5. Manton KG. Gender differences in the cross-sectional and cohort age dependence of cause-specific mortality: The United States, 1962-1995. J Gend Specif Med 2000;4:47.
6. Crimmins EM, SaitoY. Trends in healthy life expectancy in the United States, 1970-1990: Gender, racial, and educational differences. Soc Sci Med 2001;52:1629.
7. Correa-de-Araujo R, Miller GE, Banthin JS, Trinh Y. Gender differences in drug use and expenditures in a privately insured population of older adults. J Womens Health 2005;14:73.
8. NCHS. Health, United States, 2002: With chartbook on trends in the health of Americans. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 2002.
9. Lawlor DA, Ebrahim S, Davey Smith G. Sex matters: Secular and geographical trends in sex differences in coronary heart disease mortality. BMJ 2001:323;541.
10. Mosca L, Manson JE, Sutherland SE, et al. for the American Health Association Writing Group. Cardiovascular disease in women: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 1997;96:2468.
11. Crimmins EM, Alley D, Reynolds SL, Johnston M, Karlamangla A, Seeman T. Changes in biological markers of health: Older Americans in the 1990s. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60:1409.
12. Carroll MD, Lacher DA, Sorlie PD, et al. Trends in serum lipids and lipoproteins of adults, 1960-2002. JAMA 2005;294:1773.
13. Ford ES, Mokdad AH, Giles WH, Mensah GA. Serum total cholesterol concentrations and awareness, treatment, and control of hypercholesterolemia among U.S. adults: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2000. Circulation 2003;107:2185.
14. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in obesity among U.S. adults, 1999-2000. JAMA 2002;288:1723.
15. Gregg EW, Cheng YJ, Cadwell BL, et al. Secular trends in cardiovascular disease risk factors according to body mass index in U.S. adults. JAMA 2005;293:1868.
16. Barker WH, Mullooly JP, Linton KL. Trends in hypertension prevalence, treatment, and control in a well-defined elderly population. Hypertension 1998;31:552.
17. Burt VL, Cutler JA, Higgins M, et al. Trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the adult U.S. population: Data from the Health Examination Surveys, 1960 to 1991. Hypertension 1995;26:60.
18. Ayala C, Greenlund KJ, Croft JB, et al. State-specific trends in self-reported blood pressure screening and high blood pressure - United States, 1991-1999. MMWR 2002;5:456.
19. Hertz RP, Unger AN, Cornell JA, et al. Racial disparities in hypertension prevalence, awareness, and management. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:2098.
20. Ford ES, Giles WH, Mokdad AH, Myers GL. Distribution and correlates of C-reactive protein concentrations among adult U.S. women. Clin Chem 2004;50: 574.
21. Hayes S, Taler S. Hypertension in women: Current understanding of gender differences. Mayo Clin Proc 1998;73:157.
22. Price J, Fowkes F. Risk factors and the sex differential in coronary artery disease. Epidemiology 1997;8:584.
23. Stoney C, Matthews K, McDonald R. et al. Sex differences in lipid, lipoprotein, cardiovascular, and neuroendocrine responses to acute stress. Psychophysiology 1988;26:645.
24. Wilsgaard T, Jacobsen B, Schirmer H, et al. Tracking of cardiovascular risk factors: The Tromsø Study, 1979-1995. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 154:418.
25. Kudielka BM, Hellhammer DH, Kirschbaum C. Sex differences in human stress response. In: Fink G, ed. Encyclopedia of stress. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000.
26. Ludwig DA, Vernikos J, Wade CE, Convertino VA. Blood pressure changes during orthostatic stress: Evidence of gender differences in neuroeffector distribution. Aviat Space Environ Med 2001;72:892.
27. Goldman N, Weinstein M, Cornman J, Singer B, Seeman T, Chang M. Sex differentials in biological risk factors for chronic disease: Estimates from population-based surveys. J Womens Health 2004;13:393.
28. Seeman TE, Singer BH, Ryff CD, Love GD, Levy-Storms L. Social relationships, gender, and allostatic load across two age cohorts. Psychosom Med 2002; 64:395.
29. Brattstrom L, Lindgren A, Israelsson B, Andersson A, Hultberg B. Homocysteine and cysteine: Determinants of plasma levels in middle-aged and elderly subjects. J Intern Med 1994;236:633.
30. Jacques PF, Rosenberg IH, Rogers G, et al. Serum total homocysteine concentrations in adolescent and adult Americans: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:482.
31. Kuo H-K, Yen C-J, Bean JF. Levels of homocysteine are inversely associated with cardiovascular fitness in women, but not in men: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. J Intern Med 2005;258:328.
32. Seidell JC, Cigolini M, Charzewska J, et al. Fat distribution and gender differences in serum lipids in men and women from four European communities. Atherosclerosis 1991;87:203.
33. Miller M, Zhan M, Havas S. High attributable risk of elevated C-reactive protein level to conventional coronary heart disease risk factors: The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:2063.
34. Burt VL, Whelton P, Roccella EJ, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in the U.S. adult population: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1991. Hypertension 1995;25:305.
35. Reckelhoff J. Gender differences in the regulation of blood pressure. Hypertension 2001;37:1199.
36. Wiinber N, Hoegholm A, Christensen HR, et al. 24-h ambulatory blood pressure in 352 normal Danish subjects, related to age and gender. Am J Hypertens 1995;8:978.
37. Ho EJ, Paultre F, Mosca A. The gender gap in coronary heart disease mortality: Is there a difference between blacks and whites? J Womens Health 2005;14:117.
38. Boushey CJ, Beresford SA, Omenn GS, Arno M. A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease: Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA 1995;274:1049.
39. Hokanson JE. Hypertriglyceridemia and risk of coronary heart disease. Curr Cardiol Rep 2002;4:488.
40. Kannel WB. Blood pressure as a cardiovascular risk factor: Prevention and treatment. JAMA 1996:275; 1571.
41. Must A, Spadano J, Coakley EH, Field AE, Colditz G, Dietz WH. The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity. JAMA 1999;282:1523.
42. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N. C-Reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 2000;342:836.
43. Sesso HD, Buring JE, Rifai N, Blake GJ, Gaziano JM, Ridker PM. C-Reactive protein and the risk of developing hypertension. JAMA 2003;290:2945.
44. Zemel PC, Sowers JR. Relation between lipids and atherosclerosis: Epidemiologic evidence and clinical implications. Am J Cardiol 1990;66:71.
45. Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: Application to clinical and public health practices. A statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2003;107:499.
46. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2003;42:1206.
47. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. Available at www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/cholesterol/atp3xsum.pdf Accessed March 4, 2004.
48. World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet 2004;363:157.
49. United States Preventive Services Task Force (USP-STF). Use of glycated hemoglobin and microalbuminuria in the monitoring of diabetes mellitus. Available at www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/glycasum.pdf Accessed March 4, 2004.
50. Ridker PM. C-Reactive protein: A simple test to help predict risk of heart attack and stroke. Circulation 2003;108:e81.
51. 12, and serum total homocysteine levels in confirmed Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 1998;55:1449.
52. 12 and folic acid deficiency in elderly subjects in Israel. Br J Haematol 2003;123:696.
53. Aktas MK, Ozduran V, Pothier CE, Lang R, Lauer MS. Global risk scores and exercise testing for predicting all-cause mortality in a preventive medicine program. JAMA 2004;292:1462.
54. Seeman TE, Singer BH, Rowe JW, Horwitz RI, McEwen BS. Price of adaptation - Allostatic load and its health consequences. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:2259.
55. Seeman TE, Crimmins EM, Huang M, et al. Cumulative biological risk and socioeconomic differences in mortality: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging. Soc Sci Med 2004;58:1985.
56. Godsland IF. Effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy on lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein(a) concentrations: Analysis of studies published from 1974 to 2000. Fertil Steril 2001;75:898.
57. Scuteri A, Bos AK, Brant L, Talbot L, Lakatta E, Fleg J. Hormone replacement therapy and longitudinal changes in blood pressure in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:229.
58. Cushman M, Legault C, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Effect of postmenopausal hormones on inflammation-sensitive proteins: The Postmenopausal Estrogen/ Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Study. Circulation 1999;100:717.
59. Pradhan A, Manson J, Rossouw J, et al. Inflammatory biomarkers, hormone replacement therapy, and incident coronary heart disease prospective analysis from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. JAMA 2002;288:980.
60. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Rifai N, Buring JE, Manson JE. Hormone replacement therapy and increased plasma concentration of C-reactive protein. Circulation 1999;100:713.
61. Ockene IS, Miller NH for the American Heart Association Task Force on Risk Reduction. Cigarette smoking, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. Circulation 1997;96:3243.
62. Choumenkovitch SF, Selhub J, Wilson PWF, Rader JI, Rosenberg IH, Jacques PF. Folic acid intake from fortification in United States exceeds predictions. J Nutr 2002;132:2792.
63. Selhub J, Jacques PE, Wilson PW, Rush D, Rosenberg IH. Vitamin status and intake as primary determinants of homocysteinemia in an elderly population. JAMA 1993;270:2693.
64. Hu FB. Overweight and obesity in women: Health risks and consequences. J Womens Health 2003;12:163.
65. Visser M, Bouter LM, McQuillan GM, Wener MH, Harris TB. Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults. JAMA 1999;282:2131.
66. Frohlich M, Sund M, Lowel H, Imhof A, Hoffmeister A, Koenig W. Independent associations of various smoking characteristics with markers of systemic inflammation in men: Results from a representative sample of the general population (MONICA Augsburg Survey 1994/95). Eur Heart J 2003;24:1365.