War and National Identity in the Mid-Eighteenth-Century British Isles

English Historical Review

Volumn 116, Issue 468, 2001, Pages 863-893

  Conway, Stephen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 84937376860     PISSN: 00138266     EISSN: 14774534     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ehr/CXVI.468.863     Document Type: Note

References (185)

1. Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837 (New Haven, 1992), esp. pp. 18,53, 322, 364-8, 370-1.
2. See also her essay on 'The Reach of die State, die Appeal of the Nation', in An Imperial State at War: Britain from 1680 to 181$, ed. Lawrence Stone (London, 1994), pp. 165-84.
3. On the issue of timing John M. Mackenzie has pertinently asked: 'Is the forging of Bririshnesj to be located in the sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth or nineteenth centuries?', 'Empire and National Identities: The Case of Scodand', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6di series, viii (1998), 215. For denials of the emergence of Britishness as a unifying concept, from very different standpoints,
4. see Adrian Hastings, The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism (Cambridge, 1997), esp. pp. 60-3;
5. Douglas Hay and Nicholas Rogers, Eighteenth-Century English Society (Oxford, 1997), esp. pp. 152—67;
6. and Richard J. FinJay, 'Caledonia or North Britain? Scottish Identity in the Eighteenth Century', in Image and Identity: The Making and Re-making of Scotland through the Ages, eds D. Broun, R. J. Finlay and M. Lynch (Edinburgh, 1998), pp. 143-56.
7. 1 have argued elsewhere for the importance of the American war in this regard: see Stephen Conway, The British Isles and the War of American Independence (Oxford, 2000), ch. 5. For the importance of the war against revolutionary France
8. see Murray G. H. Pittock, Inventing and Resisting Britain: Cultural identities in Britain and Ireland, 1685-178} (London, 1997), esp. p. 173. For a contrary view, which looks critically at the idea of a unifying tense of Britishness at this time,
9. see J. E. Cookion, The British Armed Nation I793—1815 (Oxford, 1997), esp. Introd.
10. For a subtle 2nd thorough examination of the extent to which central authorities 'disengaged' from local government see Joanna Inncs, 'The Domestic Face of the Military-Fiscal State: Government and Society in Eighteenrh-Century Britain' in An ImperialState at War, ed. L Stone, pp. 96—127.
11. She has stressed in two other important essays that parliament continued to play an important role in local affairs: 'Parliament and the Shaping of Eighteenth-Century Social Policy', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, xl (1990), 63-92,
12. and T h e Local ACTS of a National Parliament: Parliament's role in Sanctioning Local Acts in Eighteenth-Century Britain', Parliamentary History, xvii (1998), 23—47.
13. Colley, Britons, p. 80.
14. B[ritish] L[ibrary], Newcasde Papers, Additional] MS 32,705,fo.233.
15. H[istorical M[anuscripts] C[ommission], Various Collections (8 vols, London, 1901—13), viii. 106—7.
16. The Diary of Anhur Jessop', in Two Yorkshire Diaries, ed. C. E. Whiting (Yorkshire Archaeologies] Society, Record Series, vol. cxvii, Gateshead, 1952), p. 104.
17. The Diary of William Thomas of Michaelston-super-Ely. near St Pagans Glamorgan 1762-179;, ed. R. T. W. Denning (Cardiff, 1995), p. 4ft.
18. Quoted in Bruce C. Lainun, 'Scotland and Ireland 1741-1789', in British Politics andSociety from Walpole to Pitt 1741—ljfy, ed. Jeremy Black (London, 1990), p. 85.
19. Robert Clyde, From Rebel to Hero: The Image ofthe Highlander 1745—1830 (East Linton, 1995), p. 152. Clyde adds that die efforts of the Commissioners for die Annexed Estates, who were managing Fraser's father's estate, which had been confiscated after the Forty-five, should also be recognized.
20. See Andrew Mackillop, 'More Fruitful than the Soil': Army, Empire and the Scottish Highlands i/ij—iSi; (East Linton, 1999).
21. Sir James A. Picton (ed.), City of Liverpool: Municipal Archives ami Records (Liverpool, 1907), pp. 107-8.
22. Secret Comment: The Diaries of Gertrude Savile 1711—1757, ed. Alan Saville (Thoroton Society, Record Series, vol. zl, Nottingham, 1997), p. 170.
23. Records of the Borough of Nottingham (9 vols, Nottingham, 1882-1956), vi. 199.
24. Philipps wrote to Pitt in Aug. 1757 of his wish 'diat every English heart and fund may join widi and support you': Sir Lewis Namier and Johji Brooke, The History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1754-1790 (3 vols, London, 1964), iii. 274.
25. See Prys Morgan, A New History of Wales: The Eighteenth Century Renaissance (Llan 1981), p. 57;
26. and Hugh Owen (ed.), Additional Letters of the Morrises of Angelsey (1735-1786) (Society of Cymmrodorion, vol. xlix, pt. i, London, 1947), pp. 323-4.
27. Richard J. Finlay, 'Keeping die Covenant: Scottish National Identity', in T. M. Devine and
28. J. R. Young (ed.), Eighteenth-Century Scotland: New Perspectives (East Linton, 1999), pp. 121—33.
29. David Wemyss, Lord Elcho, A ShortAccount oftheAffairs of Scotlandin the Yean 1744,1745, 1746, ed. Hon. Evan Charteris (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 251.
30. Ian Gordon Brown and Hugh Cheape, Witness to Rebellion: John McLean's Journal ofthe Forty-Five and the Pentcuik Drawings (East Linton, 1996), p. 20.
31. T. M. Devine and Gordon Jackson (ed.), Glasgow, i. Beginnings to i8}0 (Manchester, 1995), chs 2 and 4.
32. Colin Kidd, 'North Britishness and die Nature of Eighteenth-Century British Patriotisms', Historical Journal, xxxix (1996), 361-82.
33. Robert Renwick et aL (ed.), Extracts from the Records of the Burgh of Glasgow (11 vols, Glasgow, 1881-1916), vi. 153.
34. Memoirs of the Lifi of Sir John Clerk of Penicuik, ed. John M. Gray (Scottish History Society, vol. xiii, Edinburgh, 1892), pp. 163,169, 207.
35. Charles O'Conor, a leading Catholic gendeman, had advocated such an approach as early as January 1755 (The Letters of Charles O'Conor of Belanagare, ed. Cadierine Coogan Ward and Robert E. Ward (2 vols, Ann Arbor, 1980), i. 10) and it was surely no coincidence rhat die Catholic Association, which began in earnest to lobby for die repeal of the penal laws, was founded in 1759.
36. See J. L. McCracken, 'Protestant Ascendancy and the Rise of Colonial Nationalism, 1714—1760,́ in A New History of Ireland, iv. Eighteenth-Century Ireland 1601—1S00, ed. T. W. Moody and W. E. Vaughan (Oxford, 1986), ch. 5.
37. HMC, CharUmont MSS (2 vols, London, 1891—3), i. 256.
38. See Graham Walker, Intimate Strangers: Political and Cultural Interaction between Scotland and Ulster in Modern Times (Edinburgh, 1995), ch. 1;
39. I. R. McBride, Scripture Politics: Ulster Presbyterians and Irish Radicalism in the Lou Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1998), esp. pp. 27-9 and chs 2 and 3.
40. For an insight into the connections between attitudes in different provinces of die British empire, see Ned C. Landsman, The Provinces and the Empire; Scodand, die American Colonies and die Development of British Provincial Identity', in An Imperial State at War, ed. L. Stone, pp. 258-87.
41. The Letters of Lord Chief Baron Edward Willes to the Earl of Warwick 175J—62, ed. James KeUy (Aberystwyth, 1990), p. 75.
42. See, eg. London Magazine (1745), 348;
43. Derbyshire RJecord] O[ffice], Wilmot Horton of Canon Papers, D 3155, WH 3433, J. Potter to [Sir Robert Wilmot], 21 Aug. 1745.
44. Vernon Papers, ed. B. McL. Ranft (Naval Records Society, London, 1958), p. 468.
45. Bodleian Library, Journal of Patrick Thomson, MS Eng. hist. D. 155, fo. 42.
46. Stanley Pargellis (ed.), Military Affairs in North America 174&-176S: SelectedDocuments from the Cumberland Papers (Hamden, Conn., 1969), p. 232.
47. Colley, Britons, p. 8, explicitly excludes die Irish-Protestant ai well as Catholic - from her analysis, on the grounds that die Irish could not subscribe to Britishness. Recendy, however, the inevitability of Irish disaffection has been questioned: see particularly S. J. Connolly, 'Varieties of Britishness: Ireland, Scotland and Wales in the Hanoverian Sate', in Uniting the Kingdom! The Making of British History, ed. A. Grant and K. J. Stringer (London, 1995), pp. 193—207.
48. See also Conway, British Isles and the War of American Independence, ch. 5, where die case is put for Irish inclusion at a later period.
49. Gentleman's Magazine, x (1740), 145.
50. Buckinghamshire RO, Howard-Vyse Papers, D/HV/B/2, pp. 17, 28,36. Later, in September 1742, there is a reference to 'British Troops' (p. 56), but this stands out as unusual.
51. The Correspondence of the Dukes of Richmond and Newcastle 1724—1750, ed. Timothy J. McCann (Sussex Record Society, vol. lxxiii, Lewes, 1984), p. 105.
52. G. A. Chinnery (ed.), Records of the Borough of Leicester, v. Hall Booh and Papers 16S0-iS}$ (Leicester, 1965), p. 194.
53. GeneralAdvertiser, 4 July 1744.
54. Thomas Turner, The Diary of a Georgian Shopkeeper, ed. G. H. Jennings (Oxford, 1979), p. 7.
55. B[ritish] M[useum, Department of Prints and Drawings] 3446 and 3454.
56. BM 3050.
57. Gentleman's Magazine, x (1740), 567.
58. True Patriot, 5 Nov. 1745.
59. BL, Hardwicke Papers, Add. MS 35,354, fos. 139 and 147.
60. Private Correspondence of Chesterfieldand Newcastle 1744—46, ed. Sir Richard Lodge (Royal Historical Society, Camden Series, vol. xliv, London, 1930), pp. 93,123,130.
61. See the comments of Lord Kilkerran, 19 May 1746, in The Correspondence of Philip Doddridge 1702-1751, ed. G. F. NutteU (Northants Record Society, vol. nut, London, 1979), p. 234.
62. Correspondence of the Dukes of Richmond and Newcastle, p. 191.
63. London Magazine (1745) 561, 602.
64. 'Dairy of Arthur Jessop', p. 120.
65. Gentleman's Magazine, ix (1739), 596-7.
66. Daily Advertiser, 5 July 1744.
67. BM 3331, 'Britain's Rights maintained; or French Ambition dismantled'.
68. l-
69. Turner, DUry, p. 41.
70. The Hawke Papers: A Selection 1743-1771, ed. Ruddock F. Mackay (Navy Records Society, Aldershot, 1990), pp. 54, 347.
71. Monitor, 27 Oct. 1759.
72. PH, xvi. 98.
73. Boswell's London Journal 1762-1763, ed. F. A. Potde (London, 1982 edn), 78.
74. BM 2648 and 3988.
75. Sec Colley, Britons, esp. pp. 105—21.
76. See Conway, British Isles and the War of American Independence, esp. pp. 180-2.
77. These are rough calculations, based on the numbers voted by the parliaments of Britain and Ireland to be (bund in the relevant volumes of The journals of the House of Commons and The Journals of the House of Commons . . . of Ireland. Fewer might have served; though it should be noted that die numbers in uniform over the course of the whole of these two wars would have been larger, given the substantial turnover of personnel caused by death, desertion and discharge.
78. See, e.g. N. A. M. Rodger,' "A Litde Navy of Your Own making"; Admiral Boscawen and the Comish Connection in die Royal Navy', in Parameters of British Naval Power 1650—1850, ed. Michael Duffy (Exeter, 1992), pp. 82-92.
79. Daniel A. Baugh, British Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole (Princeton, 1965), p. 164-5.
80. N. A. M. Rodger, The Wooden World- An Anatomy ofthe Georgian Navy (London, 1986), p. 156.
81. Hawke Papers, p. 161.
82. E.g, Gloucestershire RO, Rooke of Briavels Papers, D 1833
83. HMC, VariousCollections, viii. 178.
84. Gomer Morgan Roberts (ed.), Selected Trevecka Letters (1747-1794) (Caernarvon, 1962), pp. 71-2.
85. P[ublic] Rtecord] O[ffice], W[ar] O[ffice Papers] 25/3196.
86. HMC, Various Collections, viii. 414; HMC, Buccleuchand QueenshuryMSS (3 voli, London, 1899,1926), i. 412.
87. Picton (ed.), City of Liverpool: Municipal Archives and Records, pp. 119-20.
88. Renwidt et aL (ed.), Extractsfrom the Records of the Burgh of Glasgow, vii. 99.
89. PRO, WO 27/6.
90. James Hayes, 'Scottish Officers in the British Army, 1714—63,́ Scottish Historical Review, xxxvii (1958), 23-33.
91. Thomas Bartlett, 'Army and Society in Eighteenth-Century Ireland', in Kings in Conflict: The Revolutionary War in Ireland and its Aftermath, 1689—1750, ed. W. A. Maguire (Belfast, 1990), pp. 175,179-80.
92. John Murray Graham (ed.), Annals and Correspondence of the Viscount and the First and Second Earls of Stair (2 vols, Edinburgh and London, 1875), ii. 256. When the regiment was inspected in June 1758, 327 of the 385 troopers (or 85 per cent) were found to be Irish. See PRO, WO 27/5.
93. A. Francis Steuart (ed.), The Woodbouselee MS (London and Edinburgh, 1907), pp. 19, 35.
94. HMC, Charlemont MSS, i. 253.
95. For the case of Ensign Milo Bagot, see William Salt Library, S.MS 29/3 and 4;
96. and Derbyshire RO, Wilmot Horton of Catton Papers, D 3155, C2020-3. Later in the war, it should be said, recruitment of Protestants generally was permitted:
97. see Alan J. Guy (ed.), ColonelSamuelBagsbawe and the Army of George II i/}i^i/Si (Army Records Society, vol. vi, London, 1990), p. 210. The number actually recruited, however, does not seem to have been great:
98. see John H. Gebbie (ed.), An Introduction to the Aberrant Papers (Omagh, 1972), pp. 66-7.
99. Derbyshire RO, Wilmot Horton of Carton Papers, D 3155, C 657 and 697.
100. These percentages are calculated from information in PRO, WO 17/4 and 6.
101. E. E. Butcher (ed.), Bristol Corporation of the Poor 1606—1834 (Bristol Record Society Publications, vol. iii, Bristol, 1932), p. no.
102. P. J. Marshall, 'A Nation Defined by Empire, 1755-1776", in Uniting the Kingdom?, ed. A. Grant and K. Stringer, p. 210. It should be noted diat this contingent did not indude any of the Highland corps, and that most of die regiments had come from Ireland; a more representative sample would probably have shown a smaller Irish presence and larger English and Scottish ones.
103. As it was in some of the regiments still in Britain. The 46th Foot, when inspected in Sept. 1758, was reported to contain in its rank and file the following proportions: English and Welsh, 48 per cent; Scots, 32 per cent; Irish, 20 per cent. PRO, WO 27/5.
104. Sir Reginald Savory, His Britannic Majesty's Army in Germany during the Seven Years War (Oxford, 1966), pp. 460, 476.
105. Edward Gibbon, Memoirs of My Own Life, ed. Betty Radice (Harmondswordi, 1984), p. 126.
106. J. C. Dickinson (ed.), 'A Naval Diary of the Seven Years' War', Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society, new series, xxxviii (1938), 238-44.
107. Diary of William Thomas, pp. 53-4.
108. Chinnery (ed.), Records ofthe Borough of Leicester, v. 196.
109. In Falmouth, e.g. there were 177 marriages in the years 1730-9, only 8 of which involved soldiers (or 4.5 per cent). In die war years 1740-8, die number of marriages increased to 219, of which 25 (or 11.4 per cent) involved soldiers. In 1749-55, the numbers overall dropped back to 153, including only 3 military marriages (2 per cent).
110. See Susan E. Gay and Mrs Howard Fox (ed.), The Register of the Baptisms, Marriages and Burials of the Parish of Falmouth in the County of Cornwall 1663-1812, pt. I, Marriages, Baptisms (Devon and Cornwall Record Society, Exeter, 1914), pp. 23-38.
111. The Diary of Arthur Jessop', p. 105.
112. The Diary of Richard Kay, 1716-51, ed. W. Brockbank and F. Kenworrhy (Cherham Society, 3rd series, vol. xvi, Manchester, 1968), pp. 104,128.
113. 'Diary of Anhur Jessop', p. 80.
114. See Kathleen Wilson, 'Empire, Trade and Popular Politics in Mid-Hanoverian Britain: The Case of Admiral Vernon', Past & Present, no. 121 (1988), 74-109, and The Sense of the People: Politics, Culture and Imperialism in England, 1715-178;
115. (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 140—65;
116. Gerald Jordan and Nicholas Rogers, 'Admirals as Heroes: Patriotijm and Liberty in Hanoverian England', Journal of British Studies, xxviii (1989), 201-24;
117. Timothy Clayton, The English Print 1688—1802 (New Haven, 1997), pp. 150-1.
118. Donald Gibson (ed.), A Parson in the Vale of White Horse: George Woodward's Letters from East Hendred, 17$)-1761 (Gloucester, 1982), p. m .
119. Records of the Borough of Nottingham, vi. 277, 279, vii. 3, 7.
120. The Early Letters of Bishop Richard Hurd 1730—1762, ed. Sarah Brewer (Church of England Record Society, vol. iii, Woodbridge, 1995), p. 130;
121. The Orrery Papers, ed. Countess of Cork and Orrery (2 vols, London, 1903), ii. 181.
122. The Diary of James Clegg of Chapel en le Frith 1708—55, ed. Vanessa S. Doe (3 pts, Derbyshire Record Society, vols ii, iii and v, Madodc, 1978-81), pt. ii. 508.
123. Letters of Spencer Cowper, ed. Edward Hughes (Surtees Society Publications, vol. clxv, Durham and London, 1956), pp. 37,55.
124. Staffordshire RO, Eld Papers, D 798/3/1/1, Eld to Capt. [John] Eld, 7 Dec. 1745.
125. HMC, Lothian MSS (London, 1905), p. 156.
126. The Correspondence of Bishop Seeker, ed. A. P. Jenkins (Oxfordshire Record Society, vol. lvii, Stroud, 1991), p. 142.
127. The Diary of George Ridpath, ed. Sir James Bilfour Paul (Scottish History Society, 3rd series, vol. ii, Edinburgh, 1922), p. 34 (10 Oct. 175$).
128. HMC, Round MSS (London, 1895), p. 295.
129. Chinnery (ed.), Records of the Borough of Leicester, v. 194.
130. no. BL, Leeds Papers, Egerton MS 3443, fb. 173.
131. in. H M C Laing MSS (2 vols, London, 1914-25), ii. 426.
132. J. H. Gilbert and R. M. Gilbert (ed.), Calendar of Ancient Records of Dublin (19 vols, Dublin, 1889-1944), ix. 417.
133. See BM 2671, The Highland Visitors', 1 Jan. 1746.
134. H M C Cbarlemont MSS, i. 116.
135. BM 3454, The Invasion', pt 1, 'England'.
136. See Secret Comment, ed. Saville, p. 238; The Vernon Papers, pp. 102,118,175, 468.
137. See, for instance, BM 1419, 'Hocus Pocus; or the Political Juglers', 1739.
138. See Gerald Newman, The Rise of English Nationalism: A Cultural History 1740-1830 (London, 1997 edn), esp. chs 1-6.
139. See also Robin Eagles, 'Beguiled by France? The English Aristocracy, 1748—1848,́ in A Union of Multiple Identities: The British Isles, c.1750-1850, eds Laurence Brockliss and E)avid Eastwood (Manchester, 1997), pp. 60-77;
140. and for die association of the French widi 'effeminacy', Michde Cohen, 'Manliness, Effeminacy and die French: Gender and die Construction of National Character in Eighteendi-Century England', in English Masculinities 1660—1S00, ed. Tim Hitchcock and Michde Cohen (London, 1999), pp. 44—61.
141. Maladiay Posdethwayt, Great-Britain's True System (London, 1757), pp. vi—vii.
142. BM 3284, The Grand Monarque in afright;Or die British Lion roui'd from his Lethargy'; BM 3331, 'Britain's Rights maintaind; or French Ambition dismantled'.
143. HI. Jeremy Black, Natural & Necessary Enemies: Anglo-French Relations in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1986), vi; HMC, Buckinghamshire MSS (London, 1895), p. 131.
144. 122- Gomer Morgan Roberts (ed.), Selected Trevecka Letters (1742-1747) (Carnarvon, 1956), p. 130.
145. Chinnery (ed.). Records of the Borough of Leicester, v. 185.
146. BM 3446, The Invasion', pt 1, 'France'.
147. Correspondence of Emily, Duchess of Leinster, ed. Brian Fitzgerald (3 vols, Dublin, 1949—57), i. 182;
148. Owen (ed.), Additional Letters of the Morrises, p. 314; Gibson (ed.), A Parson in the Vale of White Horse, p. 105.
149. Sec Linda Colley, In Defiance of Oligarchy: The Tory Pony 1714—60 (Cambridge, 1982), p. 283.
150. Records of the Borough of Nottingham, vi. 269, 273.
151. Correspondence of Sir Roger Newdigate, ed. A. W. A. White (Dugdale Society Publications, vol. xrxvii, Hertford, 1995), p. 101.
152. The Family Memoirs of the Rev. William Stukeley (Surtees Society Publications, vol. bcziii, Durham, 1880), pp. 332-3.
153. See, e.g. BL, Hardwicke Papers, Add. MS 35,354, fo. 68;
154. and the comments of Lt.-Col. Charles Russell to his wife, 15 June 1743, on the 'great news from Italy' of me defeat of me Spanish forces by the Austrians: BL, Dropmore Papers, Add. 69,382, fo. 77.
155. HMC, Supfard Sackville MSS (2 vols, London, 1904-10), i. 289, 290.
156. Memoirs of the Life of Sir John Clerk of Penicuik, p. 191.
157. Buckinghamshire RO, Baker of Penn Papers, D/X 1069/2/116.
158. Orrery Papers, ii. 28; Secret Comment, ed. Saville, p. 186.
159. Bodleian Library, MS Eng. hist. C 314, fos. 13 and 33.
160. Memoirs of the Life of Sir John Clerk of Penicuik, p. 170.
161. HMC, Buckinghamshire MSS, p. 118.
162. BM Z665.
163. Uriel Dann, Hanover and Great Britain 1740—1760 (Leicester, 1991), pp. 55-6.
164. Orrery Papers, ii. 181.
165. H M C Buckinghamshire MSS, p. ioo.
166. BM 3342, The 1H. H.V, 1756.
167. For the reception of Mauduit's pamphlet see Karl Schweizer, 'Israel Mauduic Pamphleteering and Foreign Policy in the Age of the Elder Pitt', in Stephen Taylor n aL (ed.), Hanoverian Britain ami Empire: Essays in Memory of Philip Lawson (Woodbridge, 1998), pp. 198—109.
168. Buckinghamshire RO, Dashwood Papers, D/D/19/5.
169. BM 3826.
170. H M C Various Collections, viii. 519. See also 447,514, 559.
171. Beckles Willson, The Life and Letters of James Wolfe (London, 1909), p. 392.
172. HMC, Buckinghamshire MSS, p. 127.
173. See the 'Hymn to Victory on the taking of Cape Breton' in Gentleman't Magazine, xv (1745), 357. It should be added that other Britons recognized that Britain's interests were well served by maintaining the balance of power on the continent, and particularly by keeping the French out of the Low Countries.
174. See Bob Harris,' "American Idols": Empire, War and the Middling Ranks in Mid-Eighteenth Century Britain', Past & Present, no. 150 (1996), esp. 125;
175. and Eliga H. Gould, The Persistence of Empire: British Political Culture in the Age of the American Revolution (Chapel Hill, 2000), ch. 1.
176. See Picton (ed.), City of Liverpool: Municipal Archives and Records, p. 106.
177. Craftsman, 3 Aug. 1745.
178. See die piece by Robert Auckmuty on "The Importance of Cape Breton to die British nation', in Gentleman s Magazine, xv (1745), 356. There was some pride, it should be added, in the co-operation of die Royal Navy and the New England land forces. A contemporary newspaper. Old England, referred approvingly on 27 July 1745 to die courage of'Englishmen, in whatever latitude diey ire born' - a recognition that the Americans were part of die same nation, even if that nation was taken to be England rarher than Britain.
179. Two Letters, Concerning Somt of the Advantages and Improvements that May Seem Necessary to be Made on the Taking and Keeping of Cape Breton Humbly Offer 'd to the Public Consideration (London, 1746), p p. 10,12.
180. Gould, Persistence of Empire, ch. 2.
181. Diary of George Ridpath, pp. 16,17, 21, 71.
182. P. J. Marshall, 'Who Cared about the Colonies? Some Evidence from Philanthropy', journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, xxvii (1999), 64.
183. Thomas Whately, The Regulations Lately Made Concerning the Colonies, and the Taxes Imposed upon Them, Considered (London, 1765), esp. pp. 109—11.
184. See Gould, Persistence of Empire, chs 5 and 6;
185. and Stephen Conway, 'From Felkrw-Nationals to Foreigners: British Perceptions of the Americans, c. 1739—1783. William & Mary Quarterly (forth coming).