Therapeutic efficacy of amphotericin B lipid formulations;Eficiência terapêutica das formulações lipídicas de anfotericina B

Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Farmaceuticas/Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Volumn 42, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 167-194

  Branco Filippin, Fabíola ^a,b   Canes Souza, Liliete ^a  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF SANTA CATARINA   (Brazil)

^b Centro de Ciêcias da Saúde   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Amphotericin B; Lipid emulsions; Lipid formulations; Liposomes

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B; AMPHOTERICIN B CHOLESTEROL SULFATE; AMPHOTERICIN B DEOXYCHOLATE; AMPHOTERICIN B LIPID COMPLEX; CASPOFUNGIN; FLUCONAZOLE; LIPOSOME;

ANEMIA; CONFUSION; CONVULSION; DELIRIUM; DEPRESSION; DIURESIS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG STRUCTURE; FEVER; HEARING LOSS; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART VENTRICLE ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; HYPERNATREMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHERMIA; HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPOKALEMIA; HYPOMAGNESEMIA; HYPOTENSION; LEUKOPENIA; LIVER TOXICITY; NAUSEA; NEPHROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PAIN; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SYSTEMIC MYCOSIS; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREMOR; UREMIA; VISUAL DISORDER; VOMITING;

EID: 33748313025     PISSN: 15169332     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1590/s1516-93322006000200003     Document Type: Review

References (193)

1. ADEDOYIN, A.; SWENSON, C.; BOLCSAK, L.E.; HELLMANN, A.; RADOWSKA, D.; HORWITH, G.; JANOFF, A.S.; BRANCH, R.A. A pharmacokinetic study amphotericin B lipid complex injection (Abelcet) in patients with definite or probable systemic fungal infections. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 44, p. 2900-21902, 2000.
2. ADLER-MOORE, J.P.; CHIANG, S.; SATORIUS, A.; GUERRA, D.; McANDREWS, B.; McMANUS, E.J.; PROFFITT, R.T. Treatment of murine candidosis and cryptococcosis with a unilamellar liposomal amphotericin B formulation (AmBisome). J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 28, p. 63-71, 1991.
3. ALDER-SHOHET, F.; WASKIN, H.; LIEBERMAN, J.M. Amphotericin B lipid complex for neonatal invasive candidiasis. Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal, v. 84, p. 131-133, 2001.
4. AMATO, V.S.; NICODEMO, A.C.; AMATO, J.G.; BOULOS, M.; AMATO NETO, V. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis associated with HIV infection trated successfully with liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome). J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 46, p. 341-342, 2000.
5. ANDRÈS, E.; LIMACHER, J.M.; BERGERAT, J.P. Pulmonary invasive aspergilosis: interest of a treatment with amphotericin B given in a triglyceridic emulsion. Rev. Méd. Interne, v. 15, p. 244-249, 1994.
6. ANNAISSIE, E. Opportunistic mycoses in the immunocompromised host: experience at a cancer center and review. Clin. Infect. Dis., v. 14, p. 43-53 1992.
7. ANNAISSIE, E.J.; MATTIUZZI, G.N.; MILLER, C.B.; NOSKIN, G.A.; GURWITH, M.J.; MAMELOK, R.D.; PIETRELLI, L.A. Treatment pf invasive fungal infections in renally impaired patients with amphotericin B colloidal dispersion. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 42, p. 606-611, 1998.
8. AQUINO, V. R.; LUNARDI, L. W.; MACHADO, D. P.; PAIVA, R. M.; BARTH, A. L. Prevalência de fungos oportunistas em pacientes com neoplasias e doenças hematológicas no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PATOLOGIA CLÍNICA/MEDICINA LABORATORIAL, 38. Florianópolis, 2004. Resumos. Florianópolis: Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clínica/Medicina Laboratorial, 2004. res. 521,
9. ARIKAN, S.; LOZANO-CHIU, M.; PAETZNICK, V.; NANGIA, S.; REX, J.H. Microdilution Susceptibility Testing of Amphotericin B, Itraconazole, and Voriconazole against Clinical Isolates of Aspergillus and Fusarium Species. J. Clin. Microbiol., v. 37, p. 3946-3951, 1999.
10. ASHER, I.M.; SCHURARTZMAN, G. Amphotericin B. Anal. Profiles Drug Subst., v. 6, p. 1-42, 1977.
11. ATKINSON, A.J.; BENNETT, J.E. Amphotericin B pharmacokinetics in humans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 13, p. 271-276, 1978.
12. BALAKRISHNAN, A.R.; EASWARAN, K.R.F. CD and NMR studies on the aggregation of amphotericin B in solution. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., v. 1148, p. 269-277, 1993.
13. BALAKRISHNAN, A.R.; EASWARAN, K.R.K. Lipid-amphotericin B complex structure in solution: a possible first step in the aggregation process in cell membranes. Biochemistry, v. 32, p. 4139-4144, 1993.
14. BARCHIESI, F.; SCHIMIZZI, A.M.; CASELLI, F.; NOVELLI, A.; FALLANI, S.; GIANNINI, D.; ARZENI, D.; CESARE, S.; FRANCESCO, L.F.; FORTUNA, M.; GIACOMETTI, A.; CARLE, A.; MAZZEI, T.; SCALISE, G. Interactions between triazoles and amphotericin B against Cryptococcus neoformans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 44, p. 2435-2441, 2000.
15. BARTON, C.H.; PAHL, M.; VAZIRI, N.D. Renal magnesium wasting associated with amphotericin B therapy. Am. J. Med., v. 77, p. 471-474, 1984.
16. BECK-SAGUE, C.; JARVIS, W.R. Secular trends in the epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections in the United States, 1980-1990. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. J. Infect. Dis., v. 167, p. 1247-1251, 1993.
17. BEGGS, W.H. Physicochemical cell damage in relation to lethal amphotericin B action. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 38, p. 363-364, 1994.
18. BEKERSKY, I.; FIELDING R.M.; DRESSLER, D.H.; LEE, J.W.; BUELL, D.N.; WALSH, T.J. Pharmacokinetics, excretion, and mass balance of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) and Amphotericin B deoxycholate in humans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 46, p. 828-833, 2002.
19. BELAY, T.; HOSPENTHAL, D.R.; ROGERS, A.L.; PATTERSON, M.J. Treatment of systemic candidiasis in a neutropenic murine model using immunoglobulin G bearing liposomal amphotericin B. Mycopathologia, v. 123, p. 9-17, 1993.
20. BERNAUDIN, F.; HATHORN, J.; SCHAUFELE, R.; PIZZO, P.A. Effet in vitro de l'amphotéricine B sur le chimiotactisme des polynucléaires et des "large granular lymphocytes" à activité "natural killer". Pathol. Biol., v. 35, p. 1403-1407, 1987.
21. BHATHENA, D.B.; BULLOCK, W.E.; NUTTALL, C.E.; LUKE, R.G. The effects of amphotericin B therapy on the intrarenal vasculature and renal tubules in man. Clin. Nephrol., v. 9, p. 103-110, 1978.
22. BODEY, G.P. The emergence of fungi as major hospital pathogens. J. Hosp. Infect., v. 11, p. 411-426, 1988.
23. BOGGS, J.M.; CHANG, N.H.; GOUNDALKAR, A. Liposomal amphothericin B inhibits in vitro T-lymphocyte response to antigen. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 35, p. 879-885, 1991.
24. BOLARD, J.; JOLY, V.; YENI, P. Mechanism of action of amphotericin B at the cellular level. It's modulation by delivery system. J. Liposome Res., v. 3, p. 409-427, 1993.
25. BOLARD, J.; LEGRAND, P.; HEITZ, F.; CYBULSKA, B. One-sided action of amphotericin B on cholesterol-containing membranes is determined by its sell-association in the medium. Biochemistry, v. 30, p. 5707-5715, 1991.
26. BOLARD, J.; SEIGNEURET, M.; BOUDET, G. Interaction between phospholipid bilayer membranes and the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., v. 599, p. 280-293, 1980.
27. BORISOVA, M.P.; ERMINSHKIN, L.V.; SILBERSTEIN, A.Y. Mechanism of blockage of amphotericin B channels in a lipid bilayer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, v. 553, p. 450-459, 1979.
28. BOWDEN, R.A.; CAYS, M.; GOOLEY, T.; MAMELOK, R.D.; VAN BURIK, J.A. Phase I study of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion for the treatment of invasive fungal infections after marrow transplant. J. Infect. Dis., v. 173, p. 1208-1215, 1996.
29. BRAJTBURG, J.; ELBERG, S.; BOLARD, J.; KOBAYASHI, G.S.; LEVY, R.A.; OSTLUND, R.E.; SCHLESSINGER, D.; MEDOFF, G. Interaction of plasma proteins and lipoproteins with amphotericin B. J. Infect. Dis., v. 149, p. 986-997, 1984.
30. BRAJTBURG, J.; ELBERG, S.; KOBAYASHI, G.S.; BOLARD, J. Amphotericin B incorporated into egg lecithin-bile salt mixed micelles: molecular and cellular aspects relevant to therapeutic efficacy in experimental mycoses. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 38, n. 2, p. 300-306, 1994.
31. BRAJTBURG, J.; ELBERG, S.; SCHWARTZ, D.R.; VERTUTCROQUIN, A.; SCHLESSINGER, D.; KOBAYASHI, G.S.; MEDOFF, G. Involvement of oxidative damage in erythrocyte lysis induced by amphotericin B. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 29, p. 172-176, 1985.
32. BURGESS, D.S.; HASTINGS, R.W.; SUMMERS, K.K.; HARDIN, T.C.; RINALDI, M.G. Pharmacodynamics of fluconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B against Candida albicans. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., v. 36, p. 13-18, 2000.
33. BURGESS, J.L.; BIRCHALL, R. Nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B, with emphasis on changes in tubular function. Am. J. Med., v. 53, p. 77-84, 1972.
34. CAILLOT, D.; RENY, G.; SOLARY, E.; CASASNOVAS, O.; CHAVANET, P.; BONNOTTE, B.; PERELLO, L.; DUMAS, M.; ENTEZAM, F.; GUY, H. A controlled trial of the tolerance of amphotericin B infused in dextrose or in Intralipid in patients with haematological malignancies. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 33, p. 603-613, 1994.
35. CANNON, J.P.; GAREY, K.W.; DANZIGER, L.D. A Prospective and Retrospective Analysis of the Nephrotoxicity and Efficacy of Lipid-Based Amphotericin B Formulations. Pharmacotherapy, v. 21, n. 9, p. 1107-1114, 2001.
36. CHAVANET, P.; CHARLIER, N.; BRENET, A.; GOUX, A.; MUGGÉO, E.; CAILLOT, D.; CASASNOVAS, O.; KISTERMANN, J.P.; WALDNER, A.; PORTIER, H. Émulsion de l'amphotéricin B dans l'intralipide 20%: efficacité in vitro et in vivo. Pathol. Biol., v. 40, n. 5, p. 507-512, 1992b.
37. CHAVANET, P.; CHARLIER, N.; BRENET, A.; GOUX, A.; MUGGÉO, E.; CAILLOT, D.; CASASNOVAS, O.; KISTERMANN, J.P.; WALDNER, A.; PORTIER, H. Emulsion of amphotericin B in Intralipid 20%: in vitro and iv vivo efficacy. Pathol. Biol., v. 40, p. 507-12, 1992b.
38. CHAVANET, P.Y.; GARRY, I.; CHARLIER, N.; CAILLOT, D.; KISTERMAN, J.P.; D'ATHIS, M.; PORTIER, H. Trial of glucose versus fat emulsion in preparation of amphotericin for use in HIV infected patients with candidiasis. BMJ., v. 305, p. 921-925, 1992a.
39. CHEN, W.C.; BITTMAN, R. Kinetics of association of amphotericin B with vesicles. Biochemistry, v. 16, p. 4145-4149, 1977.
40. CHOPRA, R.; BLAIR, S.; STRANG, J.; CERVI, P.; PATTERSON, K.G.; GOLDSTONE, A.H. Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) in the treatment of fungal infections in neutropenic patients. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 28, p. 93-104, 1991.
41. CHRISTIANSEN, K.J.; BERNARD, E.M.; GOLD, J.W.M.; ARMSTRONG, D. Distribution and activity of amphotericin B in humans. J. Infect. Dis., v. 152, p. 1037-1043, 1985.
42. CLANCY, C.J.; NGUYEN, H. Correlation between in vitro susceptibility determined by E test and response to therapy with amphotericin B: results from a multicenter prospective study of candidemia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 43, n. 5, p. 1289-1290, 1999.
43. CLARK, J.M.; WHITNEY, R.R.; OLSEN, S.J.; GEORGE, R.J.; SWERDEL, M.R.; KUNSELMAN, L.; BONNER, D.P. Amphotericin B lipid complex therapy of experimental fungal infections in mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 35, p. 615-621, 1991.
44. CLARK, S.B.; DERKSEN, A. Phosphatidylcholine composition of emulsions influences triacylglycerol lipolysis and clearance from plasma. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, v. 13, p. 37-46, 1987.
45. CLEMONS, K.V.; SOBEL, R.A.; WILLIAMS, P.L.; PAPPAGIANIS, D.; STEVENS, D.A. Efficacy of intravenous liposonal amphotericin B (AmBisome) against coccidioidal meningitis in rabbits. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 46, p. 2420-2426, 2002.
46. CLEMONS, K.V.; STEVENS, D.A. Therapeutic efficacy of a liposomal formulation of amphotericin B (AmBisome) against murine blastomycosis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 32, p. 465-472, 1993.
47. COKER, R.J.; MURPHY, S.M.; HARRIS, J.R. Experience with liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) in cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 28, p. 105-109, 1991.
48. COLLETTE, N.; VAN der AUWERA, P.; MEUNIER, F.; LAMBERT, C.; SCULIER, J.P.; COUNE, A. Tissue distribution and bioactivity of amphotericin B administered in liposomes to cancer patients. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 21, p. 535-548, 1991.
49. CRAVEN, P.C.; GREMILLION, D.H. Risk factors of ventricular fibrillation during rapid amphotericin B infusion. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 27, p. 868-871, 1985.
50. CROFT, S.L.; DAVIDSON, R.N.; THORNTON, E.A. Liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 28, suppl. B, p. 111-8, 1991.
51. CYBULSKA, B.; HERVE, M.; BOROWSKI, E.; GARY-BOBO, C.M. Effect of the polar head structure of polyene macrolide antifungal antibiotics on the mode of permeabilization of ergosterol-and cholesterol-containing lipidic vesicles studied by 31P-NMR. Mol. Pharmacor., v. 29, p. 293-298, 1985.
52. DAVEY, K.G.; HOLMES, A.D.; JOHNSON, E.M.; SZEKELY, A.; WARNOCK, D.W. Comparative evaluation of FUNGITEST and broth microdilution methods for antifungal drug susceptibility testing of Candida species and Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Clin. Microbiol., v. 36, p. 926-930, 1998.
53. DAVIDSON, R.N.; CROFT, S.L.; SCOTT, A.; MAINI, M.; MOODY, A.H.; BRYCESON, A.D.M. Liposomal amphotericin B in drug-resistant visceral leishmaniasis. Lancet, v. 337, p. 1061-1062, 1991.
54. DIETZE, R.; MILAN, E.P.; BERMAN, J.D.; GROGL, M.; FALQUETO, A.; FEITOSA, T.F.; LUZ, K.G.; SUASSUNA, F.A.B.; MARINHO, L.A.C.; KSIONSKI, G. Treatment of brazilian kala-azar with a short course of Amphocil (amphotericin B cholesterol dispersion). Clin. Infect. Dis., v. 17, p. 981-986, 1993.
55. DISMUKES, W.E. Introdution to antifungical drugs. Clin. Infect. Dis., v. 30, p. 653-657, 2000.
56. DRISCOLL, D.F.; BHARGAVA, H.N.; LI, L.; ZAIM, R.H.; BABAYAN, V.K.; BISTRIAN, B.R.; Physicochemical stability of total nutrient admixtures. Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm., v. 52, p. 623-634, 1995.
57. DROMER, F.; BARBET, J.; BOLARD, J.; CHARREIRE, J.; YENI, P. Improvement of amphotericin B activity during experimental cryptococcosis by incorporation into specific immunoliposomes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 34, p. 2055-2060, 1990.
58. DRUMMOND, D.C.; WONG, C.W.; WHITMAN, L.M.; MCCORMACK, J.G. The effects of amphotericin B. fluconazole and miconazole on neutrophil and lymphocyte function in a guinea pig model. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 36, p. 375-384, 1995.
59. DURAND, R.; PAUL, M.; PRATLONG, RIVOLLET, D.; DUBREUIL-LEMAIRE, M.; HOUIN, R.; ASTIER, A.; DENIAU, M. Leishmania infantum: lack of parasite resistance to amphotericin B in a clinically resistant visceral leishmaniasis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 42, n. 8, p. 2141-2143, 1998.
60. ELDEM, T., ARICAN-CELLAT, N., AGABEYOGLU, I., AKOVA, M., KANSU, E. Pharmacokinetics of liposomal amphotericin B in neutropenic cancer patients. Int. J. Pharm., v. 213, p. 153-161, 2001.
61. ESPINEL-INGROFF, A.; BARTLETT, M.; BOWDEN, R.; CHIN, N.X.; COOPER, J.R.; FOTHERGILL, A.; MCGINNIS, M.R.; MENEZES, P.; MESSER, S.A.; NELSON, P.W.; ODDS, F.C.; PASARELL, PETER, J.; PFALLER, M.A.; REX, L.H.; RINALDI, M.G.; SHANKLAND, G.S.; WALSH, T.J.; WEITZMAN, I. Multicenter evaluation of proposed standardized procedure for antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi. J. Clin. Microbiol., v. 35, p. 139-143, 1997.
62. FIEEDING, R.M.; SINGER, A.W.; WANG, E.H.; BABBAR, S.; GUO, L.S.S. Relationship of pharmacokinetics and drug distribution in tissue to increased safety of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion in dogs. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 36, p. 299-307, 1992.
63. FIELDING, R.M.; SMITH, P.C.; WANG, L.H.; PORTER, J.; GUO, L.S.S. Comparative pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B after administration of a novel colloidal delivery system, ABCD, and a conventional formulation to rats. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 35, p. 1208-1213, 1991.
64. FISHER, N.C.; SINGUAL, S.; MILLER, S.J.; HASTING, J.G.M.; MUTIMER, D.J. Fungal infection and liposonal amphoericin B (AmBisome) therapy in liver transplantation: a 2 year review. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 43, p. 597-600, 1999.
65. FLEMING, R.V.; KANTARJIAN, H.M., HUSNI, R.; ROLSTON, K.; LIM, J.; RAAD, I.; PIERCE, S.; CORTES, J.; ESTEY, E. Comparison of amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) vs. ambisome in the treatment of suspected or documented fungal infections in patients with leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma., v. 40, p. 511-520, 2001.
66. FORSTER, D.; WASHINGTON, C.; DAVIS, S.S. Toxicity of solubilized and colloidal amphotericin B formulations to human erythrocytes. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., v. 40, p. 325-328, 1988.
67. GANIS, P.; AUITABILE, G.; MECHLINKI, W.; SCHAFFNER, C.P. Polyene macrolide antibiotic amphotericin B. Crystal structure of the N-iodo-acetyl derivative. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., v. 93, p. 4560-4564, 1971.
68. GARCIA, A.; ADLER-MOORE, J.P.; PROFFITT, R. Single-dose AmBisome (lipossomal amphotericin B) as prophylaxis for murine systemic candidiasis and histoplasmosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 44, p. 2327-2332, 2000.
69. GARCIA, A.; ADLER-MOORE, J.P.; PROFFITT, R. Single-dose AmBisome (lipossomal amphotericin B) as prophylaxis for murine systemic candidiasis and histoplasmosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 44, p. 2327-2332, 2000.
70. GERBAUD, E.; TAMION, F.; GIRAULT, C.; CLABAULT, K.; LEPRETRE, S.; LEROY, J.; BONMARCHAND, G. Persistent acute tubular toxicity after switch from conventional amphotericin B to liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome). J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 51, p. 473-475, 2003.
71. GERKENS, J.F.; BRANCH, R.A. The influence of sodium status and furosemide on canine acute amphotericin B nephrotoxicity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., v. 214, p. 306-311, 1980.
72. GOKHALE, P.C.; BARAPATRE, R.J.; ADVANI, S.H.; KSHIRSAGAR, M.A.; PANDYA, S.K. Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of liposomal amphotericin B in patients. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 32, p. 133-139, 1993.
73. GOLD, N.; STOUT, H.A.; PAGANO, J.F.; DONOVICK, R. Amphotericin A and B, antifungal antibiotics produced by a streptomycete. I. In vivo studies. Antibiot. Annu., v. 1955-1956, p. 579-586, 1956.
74. GONDAL, J.A.; SWARTZ, R.P.; RAHMAN, A. Therapeutic evaluation of free and liposome-encapsulated amphotericin B in the treatment of systemic candidiasis in mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 33, p. 1544-1548, 1989.
75. GONZALES, C.A.; SCOTT, I.U.; CHAUDHRY, N.A.; LUU, K.M.; MILLER, D.; MURRAY, T.G.; DAVIS, J.L. Endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum. A case report and a literature review. Ophthalmology, v. 107, p. 725-729, 2000.
76. GRAYBILI, J.R.; BOCANEGRA, R. Liposomal amphotericin B therapy of murine histoplasmosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 39, p. 1885-1887, 1995.
77. GROLL, A.H.; MICKIENE, D.; PISCITELLI, S.C.; WALSH, T.J. Distribution of lipid formulations of amphotericin B into bone marrow and fat tissue in rabbits. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 44, p. 408-410, 2000.
78. HAHN, R.C.; HAMDAN, J.S. Effects of amphotericin B and three azole derivatives on the lipids of yeast cells of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 44, p. 1997-2000, 2000.
79. HANSON, L.H.; STEVENS, D.A. Comparison of antifungal activity of amphotericin B deoxycholate suspension with that of amphotericin B cholesteryl sulfate colloidal dispersion. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 36, p. 486-488, 1992.
80. HEDEMAN, H.; BRONDSTED, H.; MULLERTZ, A.; FROKJAER, S. Fat emulsions based on structured lipids (1,3-specific triglycerides): an investigation of the in vivo fate. Pharm. Res., v. 13, p. 725-780, 1996.
81. HEIDEMANN, H.T.H.; GERKENS, J.F.; SPICKARD, W.A.; JACKSON, E.K.; BRANCH, R.A. Amphotericin B nephrotoxicity in humans decreased by salt repletion. Am. J. Med., v. 75, p. 476-81, 1983.
82. HEINEMANN, V.; BOSSE, D.; DEBUS, J.A.; WACHHOLZ, K.; FORST, H.; WILMANNS, W. Enhanced pulmonary accumulation of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) in acute liver transplant failure. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 40, p. 295-297, 1997.
83. HOOSHMAND-RAD, R.; CHU, A.; GOTZ, V.; MORRIS, J.; BATTY, S.; FREIFELD, A. Use of amphotericin B lipid complex in elderly patients. J. Infection., v. 50, p. 277-287, 2005.
84. HOPFER, R.L.; MILLS, K.; MEHTA, R.; LOPEZ-BERESTEIN, G.; FAINSTEIN, V.; JULIANO, R.L. In vitro antifungal activities of amphotericin B and liposome-encapsulated amphotericin B. Antimicmb. Agents Chemother., v. 25, p. 387-389, 1984.
85. HOPFER, R.L.; MEHTA, R.; LOPEZ-BERESTEIN, G. Synergistic antifungal activity and reduced toxicity of liposomal amphotericin B combined with gramicidin S or NF. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 31, p. 1978-1981, 1987.
86. HOSPENTHAL, D.; GRETZINGER, K.; ROGERS, A. Treatment of a murine model of systemic candidiasis with liposomal amphotericin B bearing antibody to Candida albicans. J. Med. Microbiol., v. 30, p. 193-197, 1989.
87. HOSPENTHAL, D.R.; ROGERS, A.L.; MILLS, G.L. Development of amphotericin B liposomes bearing antibody specific to Candida albicans. Mycopathologia, v. 110, p. 37-45, 1988.
88. HUANG, W.; ZHANG, Z.; HAN, X.; TANG, J.; WANG, J. DONG, S.; WANG, E. Ion channel behavior of amphotericin B in sterol-free and cholesterol- or ergosterol- containing supported bilayer model membranes investigated by electrochemistry and spectroscopy. Biophys. J., v. 83, p. 3245-3255, 2002.
89. HUDSON, J.; SCOTT, G.L.; WARNOCK, D.W. Treatment of hepatic candidosis with liposomal amphotericin B in patient with acute leukaemia. Lancet, v. 338, p. 1534-1535, 1991.
90. JANOFF, A.S.; BONI, L.T.; POPESCU, M.C.; MINCHEY, S.R.; CULLIS, P.R.; MADDEN, T.D.; TARASCHI, T.; GRUNER, S.M.; SHYAMSUNDER, E.; TATE, M.W.; MENDELSOHN, R.; BONNER, D. Unusual lipid structures selectively reduce the toxicity of amphotericin B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., v. 85, p. 6122-6126, 1988.
91. JOLY, V.; BOLARD, J.; SAINT-JULIEN, L.; CARBON, C.; YENI, P. Influence of phospholipid/amphotericin B ratio and phospholipid type on in vitro renal cell toxicities and fungicidal activities of lipid-associated amphotericin B formulations. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 36, p. 262-266, 1992.
92. JOLY, V.; DROMER, F.; BARGE, J.; YENI, P.; SETA, N.; MOLAS, G.; CARBON, C. Incorporation of amphotericin B (AMB) into liposomes alters AMB-induced acute nephrotoxicity in rabbits. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., v. 251, p. 311-316, 1989.
93. JOLY, V.; FARINOTTI, R.; SAINT-JULIEN, L.; CHÉRON, M.; CARBON, C.; YENI, P. In vitro renal toxicity and in vivo therapeutic efficacy in experimental murine cryptococcosis of amphotericin B (Fungizone) associated with Intralipid. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 38, p. 177-183, 1994.
94. JULLIÈN, S.; BRAJTBURG, J.; BOLARD, J. Affinity of amphotericin B for phosphatidylcholine vesicles as a determinant of the in vitro cellular toxicity of liposomal preparations. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., v. 1021, p. 39-45, 1990.
95. JULLIEN, S.; CAPUOZZO, E.; SALERNO, C.; CRIFÒ, C. Effects of polyene antibiotics on the activation of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol., v. 41, p. 2037-2040, 1991.
96. KAN, V.L.; BENNETT, J.E.; AMANTEA, M.A.; SMOLSKIS, M.C.; MCMANUS, E.; GRASELA, D.M.; SHERMAN, J.W. Comparative safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B lipid complex and amphotericin B desoxycholate in healthy male volunteers. J. Infect. Dis., v. 164, p. 418-421, 1991.
97. KASUMOV, K.M.; BORISOVA, M.P.; ERMISHKIN, L.N.; POTSELUYEV, V.M.; SILBERSTEIN, A.Y.; VAINSHTEIN, V.A. How do ionic channel properties depend on the structure of polyene antibiotic molecules? Biochim. Biophys. Acta, v. 551, p. 229-237, 1979.
98. KIRSH, R.; GOLDSTEIN, R.; TARLOFF, J.; PARRIS, D.; HOOK, J.; HANNA, N.; BUGELSKI, P.; POSTE, G. An emulsion formulation of amphotericin B improves the therapeutic index when treating systemic murine candidiasis. J. Infect. Dis., v. 158, p. 1065-1070, 1988.
99. KLASTERSKY, J. Empirical Antifungal Therapy. Int. J. Antimicr. Agents, v. 23, p. 105-112, 2004.
100. LAING, R.B.S.; MILNE, L.J.R.; LEEN, C.L.S.; MALCOM, G.P.; STEERS, A.J.W. Anaphylactic reactions to liposomal amphotericin. Lancet, v. 344, p. 682, 1994.
101. LAMB, K.A.; WASHINGTON, C.; DAVIS, S.S. Toxicity of amphotericin B emulsion to cultured canine kidney cell monolayers. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., v. 43, p. 522-524, 1990.
102. LAMPO, N.; SPILIOPOULOS, A.; LICKER, M.; TSCHOPP, J.M. Management of postpneumonectomy Aspergillus empyema extending into the thoracic wall: a plea for radical surgery and caution when using lipossomal amphotericin B. Inter. Cardiovasc. Thoracic Surg., v. 2, p. 682-684, 2003.
103. LAMY-FREUND, T.M.; SCHREIER, S.; PEITZSCH, R.M.; REED, W.F. Characterization and time dependence of amphotericin B: deoxycholate aggregation by quasielastic light scattering. J. Pharm. Sci., v. 80, n. 3, p. 262-266, 1991.
104. LEAKE, H.A.; APPLEYARD, M.N.; HARTLEY, J.P.R. Successful treatment of resistant cryptococcal meningitis with amphotericin B lipid emulsion after nephrotoxicity with conventional intravenous amphotericin B. J. Infect., v. 28, p. 319-322, 1994.
105. LEE, J.W.; AMANTEA, M.A.; FRANCIS, P.A.; NAVARRO, E.E.; BACHER, J.; PIZZO, P.A.; WALSH, T.J. Pharmacokinetics and safety of a unilamellar liposomal formulation of amphotericin B (AmBisome) in rabbits. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 38, n. 4, p. 713-718, 1994.
106. LEENDERS, A.C.A.P.; MARIE, S.; KATE, M.T.; BAKKER-WOUDENBERG, I.A.J.M.; VERBRUGH, H.A. Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) reduces dissemination of infection as compared with amphotericin B deoxycholate (Fungizone) in a rat model of pulmonary aspergillosis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 38, p. 215-225, 1997.
107. LEGRAND, P.; ROMERO, E.A.; COHEN, B.E.; BOLARD, J. Effects of aggregation and solvent on the toxicity of amphotericin B to human erythrocytes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 36, n. 11, p. 2518-2522, 1992.
108. LEQUAGLIE, C. Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome): efficacy and safety of low-dose therapy in pulmonary fungal infections. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 49, p. 49-50, 2002.
109. LI, R.; CIBLAK, M.A.; NORDOFF, N.; PASARELL, L.; WARNOCK, D.W.; MCGINNIS, M.R. In vitro activities of voriconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B against Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis, and Histoplasma capsulatum. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 44, p. 1734-1736, 2000.
110. LINDER, N.; KLINGER, G.; SHALIT, I.; LEVY, I.; ASHKENAZI, S.; HASKI, S.; LEVIT, O.; SIROTA, L. Treatment of candidaemia in premature infants: comparison of three amphotericin B preparations. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 52, p. 663-669, 2003.
111. LONGUET, P.; JOLY, V.; AMIRAULT, P.; SETA, N.; CARBON, C.; YENI, P. Limited protection by small unilamellar liposomes against the renal tubular toxicity induced by repeated amphotericin B infusions in rats. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 35, p. 1303-1308, 1991.
112. LOPEZ-BERESTEIN, G.; BODEY, G.P.; FRANKEL, L.S.; MEHTA, K. Treatment of hepatosplenic candidiasis with liposomal-amphotericin B. J. Clin. Oncol., v. 5, p. 310-317, 1987.
113. LOPEZ-BERESTEIN, G.; FAINSTEIN, V.; HOPFER, R.; MEHTA, K.; SULLIVAN, M.P.; KEATING, M.; ROSENBLUM, M.G.; MEHTA, R.; LUNA, M.; HERSH, E.M.; REUBEN, J.; JULIANO, R.L.; BODEY, G.P. Liposomal amphotericin B for the treatment of systemic fungal infections in patients with cancer: a preliminary study. J. Infect. Dis., v. 151, p. 704-710, 1985.
114. LOPEZ-BERESTEIN, G.; MEHTA, R.; HOPFER, R.L.; MILLS, K.; KASI, L.; MEHTA, K.; FAINSTEIN, V.; LUNA, M.; HERSH, E.M.; JULIANO, R. Treatment and prophylaxis of disseminated infection due to Candida albicans in mice with liposome-encapsulated amphotericin B. J. Infect. Dis., v. 147, p. 939-945, 1983.
115. MACEDO, M.C.M.A.; DULLEY, F.L.; OSTRONOFF, M.; MACHADO, C.M.; ZAMBON, E.; MATSUMOTO, C.; DORLHIAC-LLACCER, P.; CHAMONE, D.F. Effectiveness of amphotericin B in lipid emulsion for treating fungal septicemia in granulocytopenic patients. Clin. Infect. Dis., v. 19, p. 366-367, 1994.
116. MARTINO, R.; SUBIRA, M.; SURED, A.; SIERRA, J. Amphotericin B lipid complex at 3 mg/kg/day for treatment of invasive fungal infections in adults with haematological malignancies. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 44, p. 569-572, 1999.
117. MARZZULLO, L.; SOUZA, L.C.; CAMPA, A. Effect of amphotericin B associated with a lipid emulsion on the oxidative burst of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Gen. Pharmacol., v. 27, p. 203-207, 1997.
118. MBONGO, N.; LOISEAU, P.M.; BILLION, M.A.; ROBERT-GERO, M. Mechanism of amphotericin B resistance in Leishmania donavani promastigotes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 42, n. 2, p. 352-357, 1998.
119. MERHAV, H.; MIELES, L. Amphotericin B lipid complex in the treatment of invasive fungal infections in liver transplant patiens. Transpl. Proceed., v. 29, p. 2670-2674, 1997.
120. MERHAV, H.; NAKACHE, R.; HOURI, I.; ORNIWASSERLAUF, R. Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) is safe and effective in the treatment of invasive mycosis in organ transplant patients. Transpl. Proceed., v. 33, p. 2937-2938, 2001.
121. MILLS, W.; CHOPRA, R.; LINCH, D.C.; GOLDSTONE, A.H. Liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of fungal infections in neutropenic patients: a single-center experience of 133 episodes in 116 patients. Br. J. Haematol., v. 86, p. 754-760, 1994.
122. MIYAZAKI, T.; KOHNO, S.; YASUOKA, A.; MAESAKI, S.; YAMADA, H.; SASAYAMA, K.; DOHTSU, Y.; YAMAGUCHI, K.; HIROTA, M. A lipid emulsion formulation of amphotericin B for the treatment of murine candidiasis and cryptococcosis. Chemotherapy, v. 38, p. 548-551, 1990.
123. MOONIS, M.; AHMAD, I.; BACHHAWAT, B.K. Effect of elimination of phagocytic cells by liposomal dichloromethylene diphosphonate on aspergillosis virulence and toxicity of liposomal amphotericin B in mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 33, p. 571-583, 1994.
124. MORA-DUARTE, J.; BETTS, R.; ROTSTEIN, C.; COLOMBO, A.L.; THOMPSON-MOYA, L.; SMIETANA, J.; LUPINACCI, R.; SABLE, C.; KARTSONIS, N.; PERFECT, J. Comparison of caspofungin and amphotericin B for invasive candidiasis. NEJ M, v. 347, n. 25, p 2020-2029, 2002.
125. MOREAU, P.; MILPIED, N.; FAYETTE, N.; RAMÉE, J.F.; HAROUSSEAU, J.L. Reduced renal toxicity and improved clinical tolerance of amphotericin B mixed with Intralipid compared with conventional amphotericin B in neutropenic patients. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 30, p. 535-541, 1992.
126. MORIBE, K.; MARUYAMA, K.; IWATSURU, M. Molecular localization and state of amphotericin B in PEG liposomes. Int. J. Pharm., v. 193, p. 97-106, 1999.
127. NUCCI, M.; LOUREIRO, M.; SILVEIRA, F.; CASALL, A.R.; BOUZAS, L.F.; VELASCO, E.; SPECTOR, N.; PULCHERI, W. Comparison of the toxicity of amphotericin B in 5% dextrose with that of amphotericin B in fat emulsion in a randomized trial with cancer patients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 43, p. 1445-1448, 1999.
128. OAKLEY, K.L.; MOORE, C.B.; DENNING, D.W. In vitro activity of SCH-56592 and comparison with activities of amphotericin B and itraconazole against Aspergillus spp. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 41, p. 1124-1126, 1997.
129. OTSUBO, T.; MARUYAMA, K.; MAESAKI, S.; MIYAZAKI, Y.; TANAKA, E.; TAKIZAWA, T.; MORIBE, K.; TOMONO, K.; TASHIRO, T.; KOHNO, S. Long-circulating immunoliposomal amphotericin B against invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 42, p. 40-44, 1998.
130. OTSUBO, T.; MARUYAMA, K.; MAESAKI, S.; MIYAZAKI, Y.; TANAKA, E.; TAKIZAWA, T.; MORIBE, K.; TOMONO, K.; TASHIRO, T.; KOHNO, S. Long-circulating immunoliposomal amphotericin B against invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 42, p. 40-44, 1999.
131. OWENS, D.; FLEMING, R.A.; RESTINO, M.S.; CRUZ, J.M.; HURD, D.D. Stability of amphotericin B 0.05 and 0.5 mg/ml in 20% fat emulsion. Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm., v. 54, p. 683-685, 1997.
132. PAHLS, S.; SCHAFFNER, A. Comparison of the activity of free and liposomal amphotericin B in vitro and in a model of systemic and localized murine candidiasis. J. Infect. Dis., v. 169, p. 1057-1061, 1994.
133. PALLISTER, C.J.; JOHNSON, E.M.; WARNOCK, D.W.; ELLIOT, P.J.; REEVES, D.F. In-vitro effects of liposome-encapsulated amphotericin B (AmBisome) and amphotericin B-deoxycholate (Fungizone) on the phagocytic and candidacidal function of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 30, p. 313-320, 1992.
134. PALLISTER, C.J.; WARNOCK, D.W. Effect of antimicrobial and antineoplastic drugs alone and in combination on the phagocytic and candidacidal function of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 23, p. 87-94, 1989.
135. PATTERSON, T.F.; MINITER, P.; DIJKSTRA, J.; SZOKA, F.C.; RYAN, J.L.; ANDRIOLE, V.T. Treatment of experimental invasive aspergillosis with novel amphotericin B/cholesterol-sulfate complexes. J. Infect. Dis., v. 159, p. 717-724, 1989.
136. PERFECT, J.R.; WRIGHT, K.A. Amphotericin B lipid complex in the treatment of experimental cryptococcal meningitis and disseminated candidosis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 33, p. 73-81, 1994.
137. PFALLER, M.A.; DIEKEMA, D.J.; JONES, R.N.; MESSER, S.A.; HOLLIS, R.J. Trends in antifungal susceptibility of Candida spp. isolated from pediatric and adult patients with bloodstream infections: SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program, 1997 to 2000. J. Clin. Microbiol., v. 40, p. 852-856, 2002.
138. PFALLER, M.A.; DIEKEMA, D.J.; MESSER, S.A.; HOYKEN, L.; HOLLIS, R.J.; JONES, R.N. In vitro susceptibilities of rare Candida bloodstream isolates to ravuconazole and three comparative antifungal agents. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., v. 48, p. 101-105, 2004.
139. PIANCASTELLI, S.; HAMDAN, J.S. Effect of amphotericin B on the lipids of different strains of Cryptococcus neoformans. Mycopathologia, v. 128, p. 85-89, 1994.
140. PONCE, E.; PECHÉRE, J.C. Activity of amphotericin B and itraconazole against intraphagocytic Candida albicans. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., v. 9, p. 738-744, 1990.
141. PONCE, E.; PECHÉRE, J.C. Activity of amphotericin B and itraconazole against intraphagocytic Candida albicans. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., v. 9, p. 738-744, 1990.
142. PRENTICE, H.G.; HANN, I.M.; HERBRECHT, R. A randomized comparison of liposomal versus conventional amphotericin for treatment of pyrexia of unknown origin in neutropenic patients. Br. J. Haematol., v. 98, p. 711-718, 1997.
143. RACIS, S.P.; PLESCIA, O.J.; GELLER, H.M.; SCHAFFNER, C.P. Comparative toxicities of amphotericin B and its monomethyl ester derivative on glial cells in culture. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 34, p. 1360-1365, 1990.
144. RALPH, E.D.; BARBER, K.R.; GRANT, C.W.M. Liposomal amphotericin B: an effective, nontoxic preparation for the treatment of urinary tract infections caused by Candida albicans. Am. J. Nephrol., v. 11, p. 118-122, 1991.
145. RALPH, E.D.; KHAZINDAR, A.M.; BARBER, K.R.; GRANT, C.W.M. Comparative in vitro effects of liposomal amphotericin B, amphotericin B-deoxycholate, and free amphotericin B against fungal strains determined by using MIC and minimal lethal concentration susceptibility studies and time-kill curves. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 35, p. 188-191, 1991.
146. RAMOS, H.; SAINT-PIERRE-CHAZALET, M.; BOLARD, J.; COHEN, B.E. Effect of ketoconazole on lethal action of amphotericin B on Leishmania mexicana promastigotes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 38, p. 1079-1084, 1994.
147. REDGRAVE, T.G.; MARANHÃO, R.C. Metabolism of protein-free lipid emulsion models of chylomicrons in rats. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, v. 835, p. 104-112, 1985.
148. REDGRAVE, T.G.; VASSILIOU, G.G.; CALLOW, M.J. Cholesterol is necessary for triacylglycerol-phospholipid emulsions to mimic the metabolism of lipoproteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta v. 921, p. 157-157, 1987.
149. RINGDÉN, O.; MEUNIER, F.; TOLLEMAR, J.; RICCI, P.; TURA, S.; KUSE, E.; VIVIANI, M.A.; GORIN, N.C.; KLASTERSKY, J.; FENAUX, P.; PRENTICE, H.G.; KSIONSKI, G. Efficacy of amphotericin B encapsulated in liposomes (AmBisome) in the treatment of invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 28, p. 73-82, 1991.
150. SABRA, R.; TAKAHASHI, K.; BRANCH, R.A.; BARD, K.F. Mechanisms of amphotericin B-induced reduction of the glomerular filtration rate: a micropuncture study. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., v. 253, p. 34-7, 1990.
151. SAINT-PIERRE-CHAZALET, M.; THOMAS, C.; DUPEYRAT, M.; GARY-BOBO, C.M. Amphotericin B-sterol complex formation and competition with egg phosphatidylcholine: a monolayer study. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., v. 944, p. 477-486, 1988.
152. SALLAH, S.; SEMELKA, R.C.; SALLAH, W.; VAINRIGHT, J.R.; PHILIPS, D.L. Amphotericin B lipid complex for the treatment of patients with acute leukemia and hepatosplenic candidiasis. Leukemia Res., v. 23, p. 995-999, 1999.
153. SANDERS, S.E.; BUCHI, K.N.; GODDARD, M.S.; LANG, J.K.; TOLMAN, K.G. Single dose pharmacokinetics and tolerance of a cholesteryl sulfate complex of amphotericin B administered to healthy volunteers. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 35, p. 1029-1034, 1991.
154. SCHÖFFSKI, P.; FREUND, M.; WUNDER, R.; PETERSEN, D.; KÖHNE, C.H.; HECKER, H.; SCHUBERT, U.; GANSER, A. Safety and toxicity of amphotericin B in glucose 5% or intralipid 20% in neutropenic patients with pneumonia or fever of unknown origin: randomized study. BMJ, v. 317, p. 379-384, 1998.
155. SCHREIER, S.; FERREIRA, V.F.N.; LAMY-FREUND, T. ESR studies of molecular aspects of the mechanism of drug action: autoxidation of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B. In: GOUIL, G., KHETRAPAL, C.L., E.A. SARAN., Eds. Magnetic resonance in biology and medicine. New Delhi: Iata McGraw-Hill, 1985, p. 319-331.
156. SCHÜRMANN, D.; MARQUES, B.M.; GRÜNEWALD, T.; POHLE, H.D.; HAHN, H.; RUF, B. Safety and efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B in treating AIDS-associated disseminated cryptococcosis. J. Infect. Dis., v. 164, p. 620-622, 1991.
157. SERRANO, M.C.; VALVERDE-CONDE, A.; CHÁVEZ, M.; BERNAL, S.; CLARO, R.M.; PEMÁN, J.; RAMIREZ, M.; MARTIN-MAZUELOS, E. In vitro activity of voriconazole, itraconazole, caspofungiin, anidulafungin (VER002, LY303366) and amphotericin B against Aspergillus spp. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., v. 45, p. 131-135, 2003.
158. SHADKCHAN, Y.; SEGAL, E. Treatment of experimental candidosis with amphotericin B - Intralipid admixtures in immunocompromisedmice. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 48, p. 245-251, 2001.
159. SINGH, M.; RAVIN, L.J. Parenteral Emulsions As Drug Carrier Systems. J. Parenter. Sci. Technol., v. 40, p. 34-41, 1986.
160. SOKOL-ANDERSON, M.L.; BRAJTBURG, J.; MEDOFF, G. Amphotericin B-induced oxidative damage and killing of Candida albicans. J. Infect. Dis., v. 154, p. 76-83, 1986.
161. SOKOL-ANDERSON, M.L.; SLIGH J.E.; ELBERG, S.; BRAJTBURG, J.; KOBAYASHI, G.S.; MEDOFF, G. Role of cell defence against oxidative damage in the resistance of Candida albicans to the killing effect of amphotericin B. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 32, p. 702-705, 1988.
162. SOUZA, L.C.; CAMPA, A. Pharmacological parameters of intravenously administered amphotericin B in rats: comparison of the conventional formulation with amphotericin B associated with atriglyceride-rich emulsion. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 44, p. 77-84, 1999.
163. SOUZA, L.C.; MARANHÃO, R.C.; SCHREIER, S.; CAMPA, A. In-vitro and iv-vivo studies of the decrease of amphotericin B toxicity upon association with a triglyceride-rich emulsion. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 32, p. 123-132, 1993.
164. SOUZA, L.C.; SALDIVA, P.H.N.; CAMPA, A. Lipid emulsion reduces subacute tocixity of amphotericin B: a histopathological study. Exp. Toxic. Pathol., v. 52, p. 169-175, 2000.
165. SWENSON, C.E.; PERKINS, W.R.; ROBERTS, P.; AHMAD, I.; STEVENS, R.; STEVENS, D.A.; JANOOF, A.S. In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of amphotericin B lipid complex: are phospholipases important? Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 42, p. 767-771, 1998.
166. SZOKA, F.C.; MILHOLLAND, D.; BARZA, M. Effect of lipid composition and liposome size on toxicity and in vitro fungicidal activity of liposome-intercalated amphotericin B. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 31, p. 421-429, 1987.
167. TABOSA DO EGITO, E.S.; FESSI, H.; APPEL, M.; BARRAT, G.; LEGRAND, P.; BOLARD, J.; DEVISSAGUET, J-PH. A morphological study of an amphotericin B emulsion-based delivery system. Int. J. Pharm., v. 145, p. 17-27, 1996.
168. TEERLINK, T.; DE KRUIJFF, B.; DEMEL, R.A. The action of pimaricin, etruscomycin and amphotericin B on liposomes with varying sterol content. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, v. 599, p. 484-492, 1980.
169. TOLLEMAR, J.; DURAJ, F.; ERICZON, B.G. Liposomal amphotericin B treatment in a 9-month-old liver recipient. Mycoses, v. 33, p. 251-252, 1990.
170. TOLLEMAR, J.; RINGDÉN, O.; ANDERSSON, S.; SUNDBERG, B.; LJUNGMAN, P.; TYDÉN, G. Randomized double-blind study of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections in bone marrow transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant., v. 12, p. 577-582, 1993.
171. VAIDYA, S.J.; SEYDEL, C.; PATEL, S.R.; ORTIN, M. Anaphylactic reaction to liposomal amphotericin B. Ann. Pharmacother., v. 36, p. 1480-1481, 2002.
172. VALERO, G.; GRAYBILL, J.R. Successful treatment of cryptococcal meningitis with amphotericin B colloidal dispersion: report of four cases. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 39, p. 2588-2590, 1995.
173. VAN ETTEN, E.W.M.; GROOT, C.H.; BAKKER-WOUDENBERG, I.A.J.M. Efficacies of amphotericin B-desoxycholate (Fungizone), liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) and fluconazole in the treatment of systemic candidosis in immunocompetent and leucopenic mice. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 32, p. 723-739, 1993.
174. VAN ETTEN, E.W.M.; SNIJDERS, S.V.; BAKKER-WOUDENBERG, I.A.J.M. Interactions of liposomal amphotericin B with extracellular and intracellular Candida albicans. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 36, p. 961-914, 1995.
175. VAN ETTEN, E.W.M.; VAN VIANEN, W.; HAK, J.; BAKKER-WOUDENBERG, I.A. Activity of liposomal amphotericin B with prolonged circulation in blood versus those of AmBisome and Fungison against peritoneal macrophages. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 42, p. 2437-2439, 1998.
176. VAN ETTEN, W.M.; OTTE-LAMBILLION, M.; VAN VIANEN, W.; ten KATE, M.T.; BAKKER-WOUDENBERG, I.A.J.M. Biodistribution of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) and amphotericin B-desoxycholate (Fungizone) in uninfected immunocompetent mice and leucopenic mice infected with Candida albicans. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., v. 35, p. 509-519, 1995.
177. VANDEPUTTE, J.; WACHTEL, J.L.; STILLER, E.T. Amphotericin A and B antifungal antibiotics produced by a Streptomycete. II The isolation and properties of the crystalline amphotericins. Antibiot. Annu., v. 1955-1956, p. 587-591, 1956.
178. VARLAM, D.E.; SIDDIQ, M.M.; PARTON, L.A.; RUSSMANN, H. Apoptosis contributes to amphotericin B- induced nephrotoxicity. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 45, n. 3, p. 679-685, 2001.
179. VASCONCELLOS, L.S.; MOURAO, P.H.O.; PAIVA, L.F.R. Aumento da positividade de fungemias isoladas em hemoculturas no setor de microbiologia do Laboratório Central do HC-UFMG nos últimos 6 anos. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PATOLOGIA CLÍNICA/MEDICINA LABORATORIAL, 38, Florianópolis, 2004. Resumos. Florianópolis: Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clínica/Medicina Laboratorial, 2004. res. 514.
180. VERTUT-CROQUIN, A.; BOLARD, J.; CHABBERT, M.; GARY-BOBO, C. Differences in the interaction of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B with cholesterol-or ergosterol-containing phospholipid vesicles. A circular dichroism and permeability study. Biochemistry, v. 22, p. 2939-2944, 1983.
181. WALSH, T.; FINBERG, R.W.; ARNDT, C.; HIEMENZ, J.; SCHWARTZ, C.; BODENSTEINER, D.; PAPPAS, P.; SEIBEL, N.; GREENBERG, R.N.; DUMMER, S.; SCHUSTER, M.; HOLCENBERG, J.S. Liposomal amphotericin B por empirical therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. NEJM, v. 340, p. 764-771, 1999.
182. WALSH, T.J.; YELDANDI, V.; MCEVOY, M.; GONZALES, C.; CHANOCK, S.; FREIFELD, A.; SEIBEL, N.I.; WHITCOMB, P.O.; JARASINSKI, P.; BOSWELL, G.; BEKERSKY, I.; ALAK, A.; BUELL, D.; BARRET, J.; WILSON, W. Safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of a small unilamellar liposomal formulation of amphotericin B (AmBisome) in neutropenic patients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 42, p. 2391-2398, 1998.
183. WASAN, T.J.; BRAZEAU, G.A.; KEYHANI, A.; HAYMAN, A.C.; LOPEZ-BERESTEIN, G. Roles of liposome composition and temperature in distribution of amphotericin B in serum lipoproteins. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 37, p. 246-250, 1993.
184. WASAN, T.J.; ROSENBLUM, M.G.; CHEUNG, L.; LOPEZ-BERESTEIN, G. Influence of lipoproteins on renal cytotoxicity and antifungal activity of amphtoericin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 38, p. 223-227, 1994.
185. WHITE, M.H.; ANAISSIE, R.J.; KUSNE, S.; WINGARD, J.R.; HIEMENZ, J.H.; CANTOR, A.; GURWITH, M.; DU MOND, C.; MAMELOK, R.D.; BOWDEN, R.A. Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion vs. amphotericin B as therapy for invasive aspergillosis. Clin. Infect. Dis., v. 24, p. 635-642, 1997.
186. WHYTE, B.S.; PETERSON, R.P.; HARTSEL, S.C. Amphotericin B and nystatin show different activities on sterol free vesicles. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., v. 164, p. 609-614, 1989.
187. WILSON, E.; THORSON, L.; SPEERT, D.P. Enhancement of macrophage superoxide anion production by amphotericin B. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 35, p. 796-800, 1991.
188. WILSON, R.; FELDMAN, S. Toxicity of amphotericin B in children with cancer. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med., v. 133, p. 731-734, 1979.
189. WINGARD, J.R.; WHITE, M.H.; ANAISSIE, H.; RAFFALLI, J.; GOODMAN, J.; ARRIETA, A. A randomized, double-blind comparative trial evaluating the safety of liposomal amphotericin B versus amphotericin B lipid complex in the empirical treatment of febrile neutropenia. Clin. Infec. Dis. v. 31, p. 1115-1163, 2000.
190. WU, T.C. On the development of antifungal agents: perspective of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Clin. Infect. Dis., v. 19, p. 54-58, 1994.
191. WU, T.C. On the development of antifungal agents: perspective of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Clin. Infect. Dis., v. 19, p. 54-58, 1994.
192. YOUNG, L.Y.; HULL, C.M.; HEITMAN, J. Disruption of ergosterol biosynthesis confers resistance to amphotericin B in Candida lusitaniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 47, p. 2717-2724, 2003.
193. ZYGMUNT, W.A. Intracellular loss of potassium in Candida albicans after exposure of polyene antifungal antibiotics. Appl. Microbiol., v. 14, p. 953-956, 1966.