The global revolt of 1968 and Northern Ireland

Historical Journal

Volumn 49, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 851-875

  Prince, Simon ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUREAUCRACY; CAPITALISM; CULTURAL CONFLICT; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; IMPERIALISM; POLITICAL CONFLICT; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY; POLITICAL HISTORY;

EURASIA; EUROPE; NORTHERN IRELAND; UNITED KINGDOM; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 33748302730     PISSN: 0018246X     EISSN: 14695103     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X06005541     Document Type: Article

References (239)

1. Kristin Ross, May '68 and its afterlives (London, 2002), p. 204.
2. Alan Brinkley, '1968 and the unraveling of Liberal America', in Carole Fink, Philipp Gassert, and Detlef Junker, eds., 1968: The world transformed (Cambridge, 1998), p. 222.
3. Pierre Nora, 'Generation', in Pierre Nora, ed., Realms of Memory, 1 (New York, 1996), p. 500.
4. Carole Fink, Philipp Gassert and Detlef Junker, 'Introduction', in Fink, Gassert, and Junker, eds., 1968, pp. 1 and 2.
5. See, for instance, Thomas Hennessey, A history of Northern Ireland, 1920-1996 (London, 1997), p. 127.
6. Roy Foster, Modern Ireland, 1600-1972 (London, 1988), p. 587.
7. Margot Gayle Backus, '"Not quite Philadelphia, is it?": An interview with Eamonn McCann', Éire-Ireland, 36 (2001), pp. 178-191, at pp. 185 and 186.
8. Eamonn McCann, 'Preface', in Eamonn McCann, McCann: War & Peace in Northern Ireland (Dublin, 1998), p. 4.
9. Irish Militant, Oct. 1967.
10. Anthony Barnett, 'People's Democracy: A discussion on strategy', New Left Review, May-June 1969, pp. 3-19, at p. 5.
11. The Port Huron Statement, in James Miller, Democracy is in the streets: from Port Huron to the siege of Chicago (New York, 1987), pp. 329 and 330.
12. Seymour Martin Lipset, 'Introduction: Students and politics in comparative perspective', in Seymour Martin Lipset and Philip G. Altbach, eds., Students in revolt (Boston, 1969), p. xvii.
13. David Caute, Sixty-eight: The year of the barricades (London, 1988), p. 78.
14. 'Daniel Cohn-Bendit and Jean Pierre Duteuil', in Hervé Bourges, ed., The student revolt: The activists speak (London, 1968), p. 69.
15. Barnett, 'People's Democracy', p. 5.
16. Manfred Berg, '1968: A turning point in American race relations?', in Fink, Gassert, and Junker, eds., 1968, pp. 399 and 400.
17. Belfast Telegraph, 16 Dec. 1968.
18. Keith A. Reader and Khursheed Wadia, The May 1968 events in France: reproductions and interpretations (New York, 1995), p. 16.
19. Military aid to the civil authority in Northern Ireland, 13 Dec. 1968, London, National Archives, PREM/13/2841.
20. Eamonn McCann, War and an Irish town (London, 1993 edn), p. 117.
21. Henry Patterson, Ireland since 1939 (Oxford, 2002), pp. 211 and 218.
22. Konrad H. Jarausch, '1968 and 1989: Caesuras, comparisons and connections', in Fink, Gassert, and Junker, eds., 1968, p. 472.
23. Che Guevara, 'Guerrilla warfare: A method', in Jay Mallin, ed., Che Guevara on revolution (Coral Gables, 1969), p. 89.
24. Ross, May '68, p. 8.
25. Henry Patterson, 'Party versus order', Contemporary British History, 13 (1999), pp. 105-29, at p. 113.
26. Patterson, Ireland, pp. 121-5.
27. Michael Farrell, Arming the Protestants (London, 1983), pp. 268 and 269
28. A. D. Moses, 'The state and the student movement in West Germany, 1967-1977', in Gerard J. DeGroot, ed., Student protest: The sixties and after (London, 1998), p. 141.
29. Stuart J. Hilwig, 'The revolt against the establishment: Students versus the press in West Germany and Italy', in Fink, Gassert, and Junker, eds., 1968, p. 323.
30. Raymond Aron, The elusive revolution: Anatomy of a student revolt (New York, 1969), p. 117.
31. Sunil Khilnani, Arguing revolution: The intellectual left in postwar France (London, 1993), pp. 17 and 24.
32. Tony Judt, The burden of responsibility: Blum, Camus, Aron, and the French twentieth century (Chicago, 1998), p. 23.
33. Derry Journal, 25 June 1968.
34. Handwritten note of discussion, 19 Feb. 1965, Belfast, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, CAB/9D/31/2.
35. Terence O'Neill, Ulster at the crossroads (London, 1969), p. 48.
36. Doug McAdam and Dieter Rucht, 'The cross-national diffusion of movement ideas', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 528 (1993), pp. 56-74, at pp. 59, 60, and 66.
37. Sean Chabot and Jan Willem Duyvendak, 'Globalization and the transnational diffusion between social movements: Reconceptualizing the dissemination of the Gandhian repertoire and the "Coming out" routine', Theory and Society, 31 (2002), pp. 697-740, at pp. 699, 701, 706, 727, and 728.
38. Khilnani, Arguing revolution, pp. 50, 51, 67, 68, and 129.
39. Arthur Hirsh, The French New Left: An intellectual history from Sartre to Gorz (Boston, 1981), pp. 4, 5, 9, 16, 80, 91, 93, 110, and 112
40. Karl Marx, 'The economic and philosophical manuscripts ', in David McLellan, ed., Karl Marx: Selected writings (Oxford, 1997), pp. 75, 76, 77, 87, 88, 89, 96, 97, 108, 109, and 111.
41. Stuart Hall, 'The "first" New Left: Life and times', in Robin Archer, Diemut Bubeck, Hanjo Glock, Lesley Jacobs, Seth Moglen, Adam Steinhouse, and Daniel Weinstock, eds., Out of apathy: Voices of the New Left thirty years on (London, 1989), pp. 14, 15, 23, and 24.
42. Michael Kenny, The first New Left: British intellectuals after Stalin (London, 1995), pp. 15-18 and 54.
43. Anthony Coughlan, 'C. Desmond Greaves, 1913-1988: An obituary essay', in Saothar, 14 (1989), pp. 5-15, at pp. 6 and 12.
44. Roy Johnston, Century of endeavour: A biographical and autobiographical view of the 20th century in Ireland (Dublin, 2004), p. 123.
45. Irish Democrat, July 1960.
46. Ibid., Aug. 1968.
47. Ibid., June 1962.
48. Ibid., Jan. 1965.
49. Ibid., July 1964.
50. Ibid., July 1961.
51. Ibid., July 1960.
52. Johnston, Century, pp. 123, 153, 167, 170, 171, 228, and 235.
53. Ibid., pp. 152, 155, 156, 171, 175, 176, 177, 179, 185, 198, 228, 229, and 231.
54. Henry Patterson, The politics of illusion (London, 1997 edn), pp. 105, 110, 111 and 112
55. Richard English, Armed struggle (London, 2003), pp. 88 and 89.
56. Johnston, Century, pp. 215, 216 and 236
57. Government of Northern Ireland, Disturbances in Northern Ireland: Report of the commission appointed by the governor of Northern Ireland (Cameron report) (Belfast, 1969), p. 22.
58. Miller, Democracy, p. 86.
59. Kathryn Mills and Pamela Mills, eds., C. Wright Mills: Letters and autobiographical writings (Berkeley, 2000), pp. 241, 243, and 316.
60. C. Wright Mills, 'Letter to the New Left', New Left Review, Sept.-Oct. 1960, pp. 18-23.
61. Miller, Democracy, pp. 86 and 87.
62. Tom Hayden, Reunion: A memoir (London, 1989), p. 76.
63. Ibid., p. 39.
64. Harvard Sitkoff, The struggle for Black equality, 1954-1992 (New York, 1992 edn), pp. 94 and 95.
65. Todd Gitlin, The sixties: Years of hope, days of rage (New York, 1993 edn), pp. 128 and 129.
66. Ibid., p. 147.
67. Clayborne Carson, In struggle: S.N.C.C. and the Black awakening of the 1960s (Cambridge, MA, 1995 edn), pp. 96, 97, and 98.
68. Doug McAdam, Freedom Summer (Oxford, 1988), p. 5.
69. Arthur Marwick, The sixties: Cultural revolution in Britain, France Italy and the United States, c. 1958-1974 (New York, 1998), p. 565.
70. Doug Rossinow, The politics of authenticity: Liberalism, Christianity and the New Left in America (New York, 1998), pp. 86 and 165.
71. Sitkoff, Struggle, pp. 171, 177, 178, 179, 184, and 185
72. Carson, In struggle, pp. 108, 126, 127, 128, 236, 241, and 242
73. McAdam, Freedom Summer, pp. 49, 53, and 118.
74. Hayden, Reunion, pp. 76, 77, and 117
75. Mark Kurlansky, 1968: The year that rocked the world (London, 2004), p. 91.
76. McAdam, Freedom Summer, pp. 67, 68, 11, 117, 132, 137, 138, 163, 166, 168, 169, and 235.
77. Gabriel Cohn-Bendit and Daniel Cohn-Bendit, Obsolete Communism: The left-wing alternative (London, 1969), p. 24.
78. Dungannon Observer, 18 May 1963.
79. Berg, '1968', pp. 400 and 401.
80. Conn McCluskey, Up off their knees: A commentary on the civil rights movement in Northern Ireland (Dublin, 1998), pp. 10, 11, 12, and 129.
81. Fred Heatley, 'The early marches', Fortnight, 5 Apr. 1974.
82. Austin Currie, All hell will break loose (Dublin, 2004), pp. 96, 97, 98, and 106
83. Sitkoff, Struggle, pp. 126, 127, and 128.
84. Civil Rights March from Coalisland to Dungannon, 29 Aug. 1968, Belfast, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, CAB/9B/1205/7.
85. Gregory Nevala Calvert, Democracy from the heart: Spiritual values, decentralism and democratic idealism in the movement of the 1960s (Eugene, 1991), pp. 43 and 46.
86. Jonathan Schell, The unconquerable world (London, 2004), pp. 117, 118, and 119.
87. James Farmer, 'The march on Washington: The zenith of the Southern Movement', in Armstead L. Robinson and Patricia Sullivan, eds., New directions in civil rights studies (London, 1991), pp. 30 and 31.
88. Chabot and Duyvendak, 'Globalization', pp. 719, 720, 723, and 724.
89. Charles Marsh, 'The civil rights movement as a theological drama', in Ted Ownby, ed., The role of ideas in the civil rights South (Jackson, 2002), p. 31.
90. Francesca Poletta, 'Strategy and democracy in the New Left', in John McMillan and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left revisited (Philadelphia, 2003), p. 160
91. Student Non-violent Co-ordinating Committee Founding Statement, in Alexander Bloom and Wini Breines, eds., 'Takin' it to the streets': A sixties reader (Oxford, 1995), pp. 24 and 25.
92. Richard Taylor, Against the bomb: The British peace movement, 1958-1965 (Oxford, 1988), pp. 121, 122, 123, 167, 168, 178, and 188.
93. Geoff Eley, Forging democracy: The history of the left in Europe, 1850-2000 (Oxford, 2000), p. 356.
94. Taylor, Bomb, pp. 121 and 167.
95. Rob Burns and Wilfried van der Will, Protest and democracy in West Germany: Extra-parliamentary opposition and the democratic agenda (London, 1988), pp. 89, 92, and 93
96. Lawrence S. Wittner, 'The nuclear threat ignored: How and why the campaign against the bomb disintegrated in the late 1960s', in Fink, Gassert, and Junker, eds., 1968, pp. 441 and 442.
97. Irish Democrat, May 1960, Apr. 1961, June 1961, July 1961, Nov. 1961.
98. Bob Purdie, Politics in the streets: The origins of the civil rights movement in Northern Ireland (Belfast, 1990), p. 229.
99. Cameron report, p. 29.
100. Wittner, 'Nuclear threat', p. 449.
101. Irish Democrat, Nov. 1966.
102. Gitlin, Sixties, pp. 179, 183, 187, 188, 189, and 261
103. Ingo Juchler, Die Studentenbewegungen in den Vereinigten Staaten und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland der sechziger Jahre: Eine Untersuchung hinsichtlich ihrer Beeinflussung durch Befreiungsbewegungen und - theorien aus der Dritten Welt (Berlin, 1996), pp. 16, 17, 391, and 392.
104. Kenny, New Left, p. 179
105. Rudi Dutschke, Jeder hat sein Leben ganz zu leben: Die Tagebuücher, 1963-1979 (Cologne, 2003), pp. 51 and 52.
106. Rossinow, Authenticity, pp. 272 and 273
107. Gitlin, Sixties, p. 279.
108. Guevara, 'Guerrilla warfare', p. 89.
109. Barnett, 'People's democracy', p. 14
110. Michael Farrell, 'Introduction', in Michael Farrell, ed., Twenty years on (Dingle, 1988), pp. 11, 12, and 21
111. Jay Mallin, 'Introduction', in Mallin, ed., Che Guevara on revolution, pp. 22, 23, 30, 31, 41, 42, and 43.
112. Juchler, Studentenbewegungen, p. 398.
113. Gianni Statera, Death of a utopia: The development and decline of student movements in Europe (Oxford, 1975), p. 189.
114. Wilfried Mausbach, 'Auschwitz and Vietnam: West Germany's protest against America's war during the 1960s', in Andreas W. Daum, Lloyd C. Gardner, and Wilfried Mausbach, eds., America, the Vietnam War, and the world: Comparative and international perspectives (Cambridge, 2003), pp. 288 and 289
115. Juchler, Studentenbewegungen, pp. 396, 397, and 398.
116. Irish Militant, Oct. 1967.
117. Mausbach, 'Vietnam', p. 297.
118. Ingo Cornils, '"The struggle continues": Rudi Dutschke's long march', in DeGroot, ed., Student protest, p. 106.
119. Avant-Garde Jeunesse, Feb.-Mar. 1968, in Alain Schnapp and Pierre Vidal-Naquet, eds., The French student uprising November 1967-June 1968: an analytical record (Boston, 1971), pp. 74-9
120. Kurlansky, 1968, pp. 149, 150, and 152.
121. Kay Schiller, 'Political militancy and generation conflict in West Germany during the "Red Decade"', Debatte, 11 (2003), pp. 19-38, at pp. 23, 28, 29, and 34.
122. Donatella Della Porta, Social movements and political violence and the state (London, 1995), pp. 159 and 160.
123. Mausbach, 'Vietnam', pp. 287, 288, and 295
124. Juchler, Studentenbewegungen, pp. 396 and 397.
125. Avant-Garde Jeunesse, Feb.-Mar. 1968, pp. 74-9.
126. Schnapp and Vidal-Naquet, eds., French student uprising, p. 74.
127. Purdie, Politics, pp. 229 and 235.
128. W. H. Van Voris, Violence in Ulster: An oral documentary (Amhurst, 1975), pp. 60 and 61.
129. David Cooper, 'Beyond words', in David Cooper, ed., The dialectics of liberation (London 1967), pp. 201 and 202.
130. Ibid., pp. 7 and 9
131. Dutschke, Leben, p. 46.
132. Stokely Carmichael, 'Black power', in Cooper, ed., Dialectics, p. 168
133. Brian Dooley, Black and green: The fight for civil rights in Northern Ireland and Black America (London, 1998), p. 46.
134. Paul Arthur, People's Democracy (Belfast, 1974), pp. 23 and 24
135. Irish Democrat, July 1966.
136. John Callaghan, British Trotskyism: Theory and practice (Oxford, 1984), p. 133.
137. Colin Crouch, The student revolt (London, 1970), pp. 70 and 116.
138. Jean-François Lévy, 'La People's Democracy', Les Temps Modernes, 20 (1972), pp. 2009-47, at p. 2011
139. Purdie, Politics, pp. 211, 228-31, 233, 235, and 236.
140. Fink, Gassert, and Junker, 'Introduction', pp. 2, 3, 9, and 10.
141. Irish Militant, Sept. 1967.
142. Dooley, Black, pp. 50 and 55
143. Purdie, Politics, pp. 227, 230, 231, and 232.
144. Wilfried Mausbach, 'Historicising "1968"', Contemporary European History, 2 (2002), pp. 178-88, at p. 181.
145. Ingrid Gilcher-Holtey, 'May 1968 in France', in Fink, Gassert, and Junker, eds., 1968, p. 261
146. Reader and Wadia, May 1968, p. 11.
147. Todd Gitlin, The whole world is watching: Mass media in the making and unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley, 1980), pp. 194 and 195.
148. Ibid., p. 235.
149. Derry Journal, 2 July 1968
150. McCann, War, p. 86.
151. Derry Journal, 2 Apr. 1968.
152. Ibid., 3 May 1968.
153. Ibid., 25 June 1968.
154. Gitlin, Whole world, p. 234.
155. Backus, 'Philadelphia', pp. 184 and 185.
156. Seymour Martin Lipset, Rebellion in the university: A history of student activism in America (London, 1972), p. xxi.
157. Cohn-Bendit and Cohn-Bendit, Obsolete Communism, pp. 54 and 55.
158. Ross, May '68, pp. 42, 43, 44, 48, 49, 51, 52, and 53.
159. McCann, War, pp. 91, 92, and 93.
160. Derry Journal, 23 July 1968.
161. Greeves to Woods, Belfast, Public Record Office Northern Ireland, CAB/9B/ 1205/7.
162. Cameron report pp. 32, 33, and 80.
163. Parliament of Northern Ireland House of Commons Debates, vol. 170, cols. 1014-22 and 1025, 16 Oct. 1968.
164. Arthur, People's Democracy, p. 23.
165. Cohn-Bendit and Cohn-Bendit, Obsolete Communism, p. 47.
166. 'Resolution adopted by 142 students occupying the Nanterre administrative buildings at night 22 March 1968', in Vladimir Fišera, ed., Writing on the wall - May 1968: A documentary anthology (London, 1978), p. 76 and 77.
167. Kurlansky, 1968, p. 221.
168. Seamus Heaney, 'Old Derry's walls', in The Listener, 24 Oct. 1968.
169. Belfast Telegraph, 9 Oct. 1968.
170. Billy Liar, Nov. 1968, Belfast, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, D/3219/3
171. Cameron report, pp. 32, 33 and 80
172. Arthur, People's Democracy, pp. 29 and 30
173. Bernadette Devlin, The price of my soul (London, 1969), p. 101.
174. Gown, 22 Oct. 1968, Belfast, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, D/ 3297/2.
175. Bulletin du mouvement du 22 mars, no. 5494 in Fišera, ed., Writing on the wall, p. 80.
176. Arthur, People's Democracy, pp. 22 and 23
177. Lévy, 'People's democracy', p. 2011.
178. Purdie, Politics, pp. 232 and 233.
179. Cameron report, p. 81.
180. Defamator, no. 3, Belfast, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, D/ 3219/3.
181. Ibid., no. 2, Belfast, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, D/3219/ 3.
182. Arthur, People's Democracy, p. 39.
183. Van Voris, Violence, pp. 73, 74, 75, and 81.
184. Wini Breines, Community and organisation in the New Left, 1962-1968: The great refusal (New York, 1982), p. 27, 37, and 38
185. Cohn-Bendit and Cohn-Bendit, Obsolete Communism, pp. 24 and 53
186. Statera, Utopia, p. 174.
187. Michael McKeown, The greening of a nationalist (Lucan, 1986), pp. 47 and 48.
188. Devlin, Price, p. 117.
189. Derry Journal, 15 Nov. 1968, 13 Dec. 1968
190. Van Voris, Violence, p. 75
191. Cameron report, p. 180.
192. Albert Camus, Neither victims nor executioners, Belfast, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, D/3219/3
193. International Union of Students News Service, 1968, Belfast, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, D/3219/3.
194. Billy Liar, Nov. 1968, Belfast, PRONI, D/3219/3.
195. Tom Fawthrop, Education or examination, Belfast, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, D/3297/8.
196. Ronald Fraser, 1968: A student generation in revolt (New York, 1988), p. 20
197. Kurlansky, 1968, p. 197.
198. Defamator, no. 4, Belfast, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, D/ 3219/3.
199. Belfast Telegraph, 16 Nov. 1968.
200. Defamator, no. 2, PRONI, D/3219/3.
201. Ibid., no. 1, Belfast, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, D/3219/ 3.
202. Ibid., no. 3, PRONI, D/3219/3
203. Columbia Strike Co-ordinating Committee, in Bloom and Breines, eds., 'Takin' it to the streets', pp. 388, 389, and 390.
204. Gown - March Supplement, 5 Nov. 1968, Belfast, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, D/3219/3.
205. Devlin, Price, p. 117.
206. Derry Journal, 13 Dec. 1968.
207. 'A former supporter of PD' to Boyle, 10 Dec. 1968, Belfast, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, D/3297/1.
208. QUBIST, 12 Dec. 1968, Belfast, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, D/3297/3
209. Cameron report, p. 44
210. Arthur, People's Democracy, pp. 36 and 37.
211. Fraser, 1968, p. 210.
212. Arthur, People's Democracy, p. 39
213. Cameron report, pp. 44 and 82
214. Van Voris, Violence, p. 82
215. Devlin, Price, p. 121.
216. Farrell, 'Long march to freedom', in Farrell, ed., Twenty years on, p. 57.
217. Michael Farrell, Northern Ireland: The Orange state (London, 1975), p. 249.
218. Farrell, 'Long march', p. 57.
219. Belfast Telegraph, 1 Jan. 1969.
220. Witness seminar on British policy in Northern Ireland 1964-1970, 14 Jan. 1992, London, Institute of Contemporary British History.
221. Derry Journal, 27 Dec. 1968.
222. Ibid., 3 Jan. 1969,
223. Bowes Egan and Vincent McCormack, Burntollet (London, 1969), pp. 2, 3, 11, and 48.
224. Northern Ireland Information Service press release, 5 Jan. 1969, Belfast, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, CAB/9B/205/8.
225. Derry Journal, 7 Jan. 1969
226. Van Voris, Violence, pp. 87, 88, and 89
227. Devlin, Price, pp. 139, 140, and 141
228. Egan and McCormack, Burntollet, pp. 12, 13, 14, 26-40, and 56.
229. Patterson, Ireland, p. 209.
230. Frank Curran, Derry: Countdown to disaster (Dublin, 1986), p. 107.
231. Egan and McCormack, Burntollet, pp. 46, 47, 48, 57, and 58.
232. McCann, War, pp. 108, 109, and 110
233. Van Voris, Violence, pp. 92, 93, and 97.
234. Derry Journal, 7 Jan. 1969.
235. Cameron report, pp. 73 and 83.
236. Patterson, Ireland, pp. 209, 210, and 211.
237. Derry Journal, 28 June 1968.
238. Enda Staunton, The Nationalists of Northern Ireland, 1918-1973 (Blackrock, 2001), pp. 212 and 213.
239. Robert Tombs, France, 1814-1914 (London, 1996), p. 7.