메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 133, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 321-361

Unraveling the Gordian Knot: Interactions among vegetation, topography, and soil properties in the central and southern Appalachians

Author keywords

Allegheny Plateau; Appalachian Mountains; Cumberland Plateau; Disturbance; Soil development; Vegetation

Indexed keywords

BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; FOREST ECOSYSTEM; LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE; SOIL PROPERTY; TOPOGRAPHY; VEGETATION STRUCTURE;

EID: 33748278039     PISSN: 10955674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3159/1095-5674(2006)133[321:UTGKIA]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (49)

References (207)
  • 1
    • 4143085920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying ecosystem geomorphology of the southern Appalachian mountains
    • ABELLA, S. R. 2003. Quantifying ecosystem geomorphology of the southern Appalachian mountains. Phys. Geog. 24: 488-501.
    • (2003) Phys. Geog. , vol.24 , pp. 488-501
    • Abella, S.R.1
  • 3
    • 2342478611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest understory vegetation along a productivity gradient
    • ADKINSON, G. P. AND S. K. GLEESON. 2004. Forest understory vegetation along a productivity gradient. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 131: 32-44.
    • (2004) J. Torrey Bot. Soc. , vol.131 , pp. 32-44
    • Adkinson, G.P.1    Gleeson, S.K.2
  • 5
    • 1042287893 scopus 로고
    • Composition of the forest floor layers under different forest types on the same soil
    • ALWAY F. J., J. KITTREDGE, AND W. J. METHLEY. 1933. Composition of the forest floor layers under different forest types on the same soil. Soil Sci. 35: 387-39.
    • (1933) Soil Sci. , vol.35 , pp. 387-439
    • Alway, F.J.1    Kittredge, J.2    Methley, W.J.3
  • 6
    • 0042521645 scopus 로고
    • Ordination studies in Abner's Hollow, a south-central Ohio deciduous forest
    • ANDERSON, D. S. AND J. L. VANKAT. 1978. Ordination studies in Abner's Hollow, a south-central Ohio deciduous forest. Bot. Gaz. 139: 241-248.
    • (1978) Bot. Gaz. , vol.139 , pp. 241-248
    • Anderson, D.S.1    Vankat, J.L.2
  • 7
    • 0000611921 scopus 로고
    • Forest windthrow and their influence on soil morphology
    • ARMSON, K. A. AND R. J. FESSENDEN. 1973. Forest windthrow and their influence on soil morphology. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 37: 781-783.
    • (1973) Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. , vol.37 , pp. 781-783
    • Armson, K.A.1    Fessenden, R.J.2
  • 8
    • 22144463497 scopus 로고
    • Forest types of the Appalachians and White Mountains
    • ASHE W. W. 1922. Forest types of the Appalachians and White Mountains. J. Eliza Mitchell Soc. 37: 183-198.
    • (1922) J. Eliza Mitchell Soc. , vol.37 , pp. 183-198
    • Ashe, W.W.1
  • 9
    • 33748253050 scopus 로고
    • A critical discussion of soil classification with special reference to forests
    • AUTEN, J. T. 1940. A critical discussion of soil classification with special reference to forests. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 5: 341-343.
    • (1940) Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. , vol.5 , pp. 341-343
    • Auten, J.T.1
  • 10
    • 0346670200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of edaphic factors on sugar maple nutrition and health on the Allegheny Plateau
    • BAILEY, S. W., S. B. HORSLEY, R. P. LONG, AND R. A. HALLETT. 2004. Influence of edaphic factors on sugar maple nutrition and health on the Allegheny Plateau. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 68: 243-252.
    • (2004) Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. , vol.68 , pp. 243-252
    • Bailey, S.W.1    Horsley, S.B.2    Long, R.P.3    Hallett, R.A.4
  • 11
    • 0000675902 scopus 로고
    • Repeatability in forest gap research: Studies in the Great Smoky Mountains
    • BARDEN, L. S. 1989. Repeatability in forest gap research: Studies in the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecology 70: 558-559.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 558-559
    • Barden, L.S.1
  • 12
    • 0029840647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecophysiology of seedlings of oaks and red maple across a topographic gradient in eastern Kentucky
    • BARTON, A. M. AND S. K. GLEESON. 1996. Ecophysiology of seedlings of oaks and red maple across a topographic gradient in eastern Kentucky. For. Sci. 42: 335-342.
    • (1996) For. Sci. , vol.42 , pp. 335-342
    • Barton, A.M.1    Gleeson, S.K.2
  • 13
    • 0003175078 scopus 로고
    • The primeval forests of a periglacial area in the Allegheny Plateau (Vinton and Jackson Counties, Ohio)
    • BEATLEY, J. C. 1959. The primeval forests of a periglacial area in the Allegheny Plateau (Vinton and Jackson Counties, Ohio). Bull. Ohio Biol. Surv. (New Series) 1: 1-182.
    • (1959) Bull. Ohio Biol. Surv. (New Series) , vol.1 , pp. 1-182
    • Beatley, J.C.1
  • 14
    • 0021556740 scopus 로고
    • Influence of microtopography and canopy species on spatial patterns of forest understory plants
    • BEATTY, S. W. 1984. Influence of microtopography and canopy species on spatial patterns of forest understory plants. Ecology 65: 1406-1419.
    • (1984) Ecology , vol.65 , pp. 1406-1419
    • Beatty, S.W.1
  • 16
    • 0033364121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prescribed fire affects eastern white pine recruitment and survival on eastern Kentucky ridgetops
    • BLANKENSHIP, B. A. AND M. A. ARTHUR. 1999a. Prescribed fire affects eastern white pine recruitment and survival on eastern Kentucky ridgetops. South. J. Appl. For. 23: 144-150.
    • (1999) South. J. Appl. For. , vol.23 , pp. 144-150
    • Blankenship, B.A.1    Arthur, M.A.2
  • 17
    • 0001937427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil nutrient and microbial response to prescribed fire in an oak-pine ecosystem in eastern Kentucky
    • J. W. Stringer and D. L. Loftis [eds.]. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-24. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC
    • BLANKENSHIP, B. A. AND M. A. ARTHUR. 1999b. Soil nutrient and microbial response to prescribed fire in an oak-pine ecosystem in eastern Kentucky, p. 39-50. In J. W. Stringer and D. L. Loftis [eds.], Proceedings of the 12th Central Hardwood Forest Conference. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-24. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC.
    • (1999) Proceedings of the 12th Central Hardwood Forest Conference , pp. 39-50
    • Blankenship, B.A.1    Arthur, M.A.2
  • 18
    • 0021545080 scopus 로고
    • Nutrient fluxes in litterfall and decomposition in four forests along a gradient of soil nutrient availability within a southern Ohio watershed
    • BOERNER, R. E. J. 1984a. Nutrient fluxes in litterfall and decomposition in four forests along a gradient of soil nutrient availability within a southern Ohio watershed. Can. J. For. Res. 14: 794-802.
    • (1984) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.14 , pp. 794-802
    • Boerner, R.E.J.1
  • 19
    • 0021554712 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal nutrient dynamics and nutrient use efficiency of four deciduous tree species in relation to site fertility
    • BOERNER, R. E. J. 1984b. Seasonal nutrient dynamics and nutrient use efficiency of four deciduous tree species in relation to site fertility. J. Appl. Ecol. 21: 1029-1040.
    • (1984) J. Appl. Ecol. , vol.21 , pp. 1029-1040
    • Boerner, R.E.J.1
  • 20
    • 0000806443 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal nutrient dynamics and relative growth rate of Hamemalis virginiana in three differing microhabitats
    • BOERNER, R. E. J. 1985a. Seasonal nutrient dynamics and relative growth rate of Hamemalis virginiana in three differing microhabitats. Can. J. Bot. 63: 1476-1481.
    • (1985) Can. J. Bot. , vol.63 , pp. 1476-1481
    • Boerner, R.E.J.1
  • 21
    • 33748251279 scopus 로고
    • Interrelations among soil nutrient availability, N and P cycling, and N and P use efficiency in four hardwood forest stands
    • J. O. Dawson and K. A. Majerus [eds.], University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL
    • BOERNER, R. E. J. 1985b. Interrelations among soil nutrient availability, N and P cycling, and N and P use efficiency in four hardwood forest stands, p. 125-137. In J. O. Dawson and K. A. Majerus [eds.], Proceedings of the Fifth Central Hardwood Forest Conference, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL.
    • (1985) Proceedings of the Fifth Central Hardwood Forest Conference , pp. 125-137
    • Boerner, R.E.J.1
  • 22
    • 0005112273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of fire on the ecology of the forest floor and soil of central hardwood forests
    • D. A. Yaussy [ed.], U.S.D.A. Forest Service General Technical Report NE-274, Newtown Square, PA
    • BOERNER, R. E. J. 2000. Effects of fire on the ecology of the forest floor and soil of central hardwood forests, p. 56-63. In D. A. Yaussy [ed.], Proceedings, Conference on Fire, People, and the Central Hardwood Landscape, U.S.D.A. Forest Service General Technical Report NE-274, Newtown Square, PA.
    • (2000) Proceedings, Conference on Fire, People, and the Central Hardwood Landscape , pp. 56-63
    • Boerner, R.E.J.1
  • 23
    • 0002339919 scopus 로고
    • Leaf litter redistribution among forest patches in an Allegheny Plateau watershed
    • BOERNER, R. E. J. AND J. G. KOOSER. 1989. Leaf litter redistribution among forest patches in an Allegheny Plateau watershed. Landscape Ecol. 2: 81-92.
    • (1989) Landscape Ecol. , vol.2 , pp. 81-92
    • Boerner, R.E.J.1    Kooser, J.G.2
  • 24
    • 0024200126 scopus 로고
    • Localized ice storm damage in an Appalachian plateau watershed
    • BOERNER, R. E. J., S. D. RUNGE, D. S. CHO, AND J. G. KOOSER. 1988. Localized ice storm damage in an Appalachian plateau watershed. Amer. Midi. Natur. 119: 199-208.
    • (1988) Amer. Midi. Natur. , vol.119 , pp. 199-208
    • Boerner, R.E.J.1    Runge, S.D.2    Cho, D.S.3    Kooser, J.G.4
  • 25
    • 0024880233 scopus 로고
    • Microscale variations in nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in a beech-maple forest
    • BOERNER, R. E. J. AND S. D. KOSLOWSKY. 1989. Microscale variations in nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in a beech-maple forest. Soil Biol. Biochem. 21: 795-801.
    • (1989) Soil Biol. Biochem. , vol.21 , pp. 795-801
    • Boerner, R.E.J.1    Koslowsky, S.D.2
  • 26
    • 0031462773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil chemical characteristics of control and experimentally-thinned plots in mesic oak forests along a historical deposition gradient
    • BOERNER, R. E. J. AND E. K. SUTHERLAND. 1997. Soil chemical characteristics of control and experimentally-thinned plots in mesic oak forests along a historical deposition gradient. Appl. Soil Ecol. 7: 59-72.
    • (1997) Appl. Soil Ecol. , vol.7 , pp. 59-72
    • Boerner, R.E.J.1    Sutherland, E.K.2
  • 27
    • 0037911241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire frequency and soil enzyme activity in southern Ohio oak-hickory forests
    • BOERNER, R. E. J. AND J. A. BRINKMAN. 2003. Fire frequency and soil enzyme activity in southern Ohio oak-hickory forests. Appl. Soil Ecol. 23: 137-146.
    • (2003) Appl. Soil Ecol. , vol.23 , pp. 137-146
    • Boerner, R.E.J.1    Brinkman, A.J.2
  • 28
    • 20344381435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial, temporal, and restoration treatment effects on soil resources in Ohio hardwood forests
    • D. A. Yaussy, D. M. Mix, R. P. Long, and P. C. Goebel [eds.]. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report NE-316, Newtown Square, PA
    • BOERNER, R. E. J. AND J. A. BRINKMAN. 2004. Spatial, temporal, and restoration treatment effects on soil resources in Ohio hardwood forests, p. 241-254. In D. A. Yaussy, D. M. Mix, R. P. Long, and P. C. Goebel [eds.], Proceedings of the 14th Central Hardwood Forest Conference. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report NE-316, Newtown Square, PA.
    • (2004) Proceedings of the 14th Central Hardwood Forest Conference , pp. 241-254
    • Boerner, R.E.J.1    Brinkman, J.A.2
  • 29
    • 2942750342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of fire at two frequencies on forest soils in a nitrogen-enriched landscape
    • BOERNER, R. E. J., J. A. BRINKMAN, AND E. K. SUTHERLAND. 2004. Effect of fire at two frequencies on forest soils in a nitrogen-enriched landscape. Can. J. For. Res. 34: 609-618.
    • (2004) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.34 , pp. 609-618
    • Boerner, R.E.J.1    Brinkman, J.A.2    Sutherland, E.K.3
  • 30
    • 0033939211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prescribed burning effects on soil enzyme activity in a southern Ohio hardwood forest: A landscape scale analysis
    • BOERNER, R. E. J., K. L. M. DECKER, AND E. KENNEDY SUTHERLAND. 2000a. Prescribed burning effects on soil enzyme activity in a southern Ohio hardwood forest: a landscape scale analysis. Soil Biol. Biochem. 32: 899-908.
    • (2000) Soil Biol. Biochem. , vol.32 , pp. 899-908
    • Boerner, R.E.J.1    Decker, K.L.M.2    Kennedy Sutherland, E.3
  • 31
  • 32
    • 0025658469 scopus 로고
    • Single-tree influence on soil properties in the mountains of eastern Kentucky
    • BOETTCHER, S. E. AND P. J. KALISZ. 1990. Single-tree influence on soil properties in the mountains of eastern Kentucky. Ecology 71: 1365-1372.
    • (1990) Ecology , vol.71 , pp. 1365-1372
    • Boettcher, S.E.1    Kalisz, P.J.2
  • 33
    • 0026359953 scopus 로고
    • Single-Tree influence on earthworms in forest soils in eastern Kentucky
    • BOETTCHER, S. E. AND P. J. KALISZ. 1991. Single-Tree influence on earthworms in forest soils in eastern Kentucky. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 55: 862-865.
    • (1991) Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. , vol.55 , pp. 862-865
    • Boettcher, S.E.1    Kalisz, P.J.2
  • 34
    • 0021565238 scopus 로고
    • The role of black locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia) in forest succession
    • BORING, L. S., AND W. T. SWANK. 1984. The role of black locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia) in forest succession. J. Ecol. 72: 749-766.
    • (1984) J. Ecol. , vol.72 , pp. 749-766
    • Boring, L.S.1    Swank, W.T.2
  • 35
    • 0042882938 scopus 로고
    • The vegetation of Pine Mountain, Kentucky
    • BRAUN, E. L. 1935. The vegetation of Pine Mountain, Kentucky. Amer. Midi. Natur. 16: 517-565.
    • (1935) Amer. Midi. Natur. , vol.16 , pp. 517-565
    • Braun, E.L.1
  • 36
    • 0007375438 scopus 로고
    • Some relationships of the flora of the Cumberland Plateau and Cumberland Mountains in Kentucky
    • BRAUN, E. L. 1937. Some relationships of the flora of the Cumberland Plateau and Cumberland Mountains in Kentucky. Rhodora 39: 193-208.
    • (1937) Rhodora , vol.39 , pp. 193-208
    • Braun, E.L.1
  • 37
    • 0033178486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial patterns of aboveground production and mortality of woody biomass for eastern US forests
    • BROWN S. J. AND P. E. SCHROEDER. 1999. Spatial patterns of aboveground production and mortality of woody biomass for eastern US forests. Ecol. Appl. 9: 968-980.
    • (1999) Ecol. Appl. , vol.9 , pp. 968-980
    • Brown, S.J.1    Schroeder, P.E.2
  • 38
    • 13444282143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree mortality, canopy turnover, and woody detritus in old cove forests of the southern Appalachians
    • BUSING, R. T. 2005. Tree mortality, canopy turnover, and woody detritus in old cove forests of the southern Appalachians. Ecology 86: 73-84.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 73-84
    • Busing, R.T.1
  • 39
    • 0030618213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Species diversity and small-scale disturbance in an old-growth temperate forest: A consideration of gap partitioning concepts
    • BUSING, R. T. AND P. S. WHITE. 1997. Species diversity and small-scale disturbance in an old-growth temperate forest: A consideration of gap partitioning concepts. Oikos 78: 562-568.
    • (1997) Oikos , vol.78 , pp. 562-568
    • Busing, R.T.1    White, P.S.2
  • 40
    • 0002690993 scopus 로고
    • Ecological studies of the vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. I. Soil reaction and plant distribution
    • CAIN, S. A. 1931. Ecological studies of the vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. I. Soil reaction and plant distribution. Bot. Gaz. 91: 22-41.
    • (1931) Bot. Gaz. , vol.91 , pp. 22-41
    • Cain, S.A.1
  • 41
    • 0024252102 scopus 로고
    • An index for understory light levels in and around canopy gaps
    • CANHAM, C. D. 1988a. An index for understory light levels in and around canopy gaps. Ecology 69: 1634-1638.
    • (1988) Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 1634-1638
    • Canham, C.D.1
  • 42
    • 0024192856 scopus 로고
    • Growth and canopy architecture of shade-tolerant trees: Response to canopy gaps
    • CANHAM, C. D. 1988b. Growth and canopy architecture of shade-tolerant trees: Response to canopy gaps. Ecology 69: 786-795.
    • (1988) Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 786-795
    • Canham, C.D.1
  • 43
    • 0028180423 scopus 로고
    • Causes and consequences of resource heterogeneity in forests: Interspecific variation in light transmission by forest trees
    • CANHAM, C. D. AND D. H. BURBANK. 1994. Causes and consequences of resource heterogeneity in forests: Interspecific variation in light transmission by forest trees. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 337-349.
    • (1994) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.24 , pp. 337-349
    • Canham, C.D.1    Burbank, D.H.2
  • 44
    • 0025683767 scopus 로고
    • Light regimes beneath closed forest canopies and tree-fall gaps in temperate and tropical forests
    • CANHAM, C. D., J. S. DENSLOW, W. J. PLATT, J. R. RUNKLE, T. A. SPIES, AND P. S. WHITE. 1990. Light regimes beneath closed forest canopies and tree-fall gaps in temperate and tropical forests. Can. J. For. Res. 20: 620-631.
    • (1990) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.20 , pp. 620-631
    • Canham, C.D.1    Denslow, J.S.2    Platt, W.J.3    Runkle, J.R.4    Spies, T.A.5    White, P.S.6
  • 45
    • 0000033672 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation and microclimates on north and south slopes of Cushetunk Mountain, New Jersey
    • CANTLON, J. E. 1953. Vegetation and microclimates on north and south slopes of Cushetunk Mountain, New Jersey. Ecol. Mono. 22: 241-270.
    • (1953) Ecol. Mono. , vol.22 , pp. 241-270
    • Cantlon, J.E.1
  • 46
    • 0001158441 scopus 로고
    • Black oak site quality in relation to soil and topography in southeastern Ohio
    • CARMEAN, W. H. 1965. Black oak site quality in relation to soil and topography in southeastern Ohio. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 29: 308-312.
    • (1965) Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. , vol.29 , pp. 308-312
    • Carmean, W.H.1
  • 47
    • 15244360827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: A review
    • CERTINI, G. 2005. Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: a review. Oecologia. 143: 1-10.
    • (2005) Oecologia , vol.143 , pp. 1-10
    • Certini, G.1
  • 48
    • 0026049950 scopus 로고
    • Canopy disturbance patterns and regeneration of Quercus species in two Ohio old-growth forests
    • CHO, D. S. AND R. E. J. BOERNER. 1991. Canopy disturbance patterns and regeneration of Quercus species in two Ohio old-growth forests. Vegetatio 93: 9-18.
    • (1991) Vegetatio , vol.93 , pp. 9-18
    • Cho, D.S.1    Boerner, R.E.J.2
  • 49
    • 0024921226 scopus 로고
    • Secondary succession, gap dynamics, and community tructure in a southern Appalachian cove forest
    • CLEBSCH, E. E. C. AND R. T. BUSING. 1989. Secondary succession, gap dynamics, and community tructure in a southern Appalachian cove forest. Ecology 70: 728-735.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 728-735
    • Clebsch, E.E.C.1    Busing, R.T.2
  • 50
    • 0345359484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Light, temperature, and soil moisture responses to elevation, evergreen understory, and small, canopy gaps in the southern Appalachians
    • CLINTON, B. D. 2003. Light, temperature, and soil moisture responses to elevation, evergreen understory, and small, canopy gaps in the southern Appalachians. For. Ecol. Manag. 186: 243-255.
    • (2003) For. Ecol. Manag. , vol.186 , pp. 243-255
    • Clinton, B.D.1
  • 51
    • 0034142152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catastrophic windthrow in the southern Appalachians: Characteristics of pits and mounds and initial vegetation responses
    • CLINTON B. D. AND C. R. BAKER. 2000. Catastrophic windthrow in the southern Appalachians: characteristics of pits and mounds and initial vegetation responses. For. Ecol. Manag. 126: 51-60.
    • (2000) For. Ecol. Manag. , vol.126 , pp. 51-60
    • Clinton, B.D.1    Baker, C.R.2
  • 53
    • 0000726558 scopus 로고
    • The phytosociology of an oak woods in southwestern Wisconsin
    • COTTAM, G. 1949. The phytosociology of an oak woods in southwestern Wisconsin. Ecology 30: 271-287.
    • (1949) Ecology , vol.30 , pp. 271-287
    • Cottam, G.1
  • 54
    • 34248192570 scopus 로고
    • The influence of underlying rock on the character of the vegetation
    • COWLES, H. C. 1901. The influence of underlying rock on the character of the vegetation. Bull. Amer. Bur. Geog. 2: 1-26.
    • (1901) Bull. Amer. Bur. Geog. , vol.2 , pp. 1-26
    • Cowles, H.C.1
  • 55
    • 0000437990 scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen in wood and its role in wood deterioration
    • COWLING, E. B. AND W. MERRILL. 1966. Nitrogen in wood and its role in wood deterioration. Can. J. Bot. 44: 1539-1544.
    • (1966) Can. J. Bot. , vol.44 , pp. 1539-1544
    • Cowling, E.B.1    Merrill, W.2
  • 57
    • 0002133184 scopus 로고
    • Litter production, decomposition, and nutrient cycling in a mixed hardwood watershed and a white pine watershed
    • F. G. Howell, J. B. Gentry, and M. H. Smith [eds.]. Technical Information Center, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Washington, DC
    • CROMACK, K., JR. AND C. D. MONK. 1975. Litter production, decomposition, and nutrient cycling in a mixed hardwood watershed and a white pine watershed, p. 609-624. In F. G. Howell, J. B. Gentry, and M. H. Smith [eds.], Mineral cycling in southeastern ecosystems. Technical Information Center, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Washington, DC.
    • (1975) Mineral Cycling in Southeastern Ecosystems , pp. 609-624
    • Cromack Jr., K.1    Monk, C.D.2
  • 58
    • 0021539848 scopus 로고
    • Correlations of understory herb distribution with microhabitats under different tree species in a mixed mesophytic forest
    • CROZIER, C. R. AND R. E. J. BOERNER. 1984. Correlations of understory herb distribution with microhabitats under different tree species in a mixed mesophytic forest. Oecologia 62: 337-343.
    • (1984) Oecologia , vol.62 , pp. 337-343
    • Crozier, C.R.1    Boerner, R.E.J.2
  • 59
    • 0345332104 scopus 로고
    • Stemflow induced forest floor heterogeneity in a mixed mesophytic forest
    • CROZIER, C. R. AND R. E. J. BOERNER. 1986. Stemflow induced forest floor heterogeneity in a mixed mesophytic forest. Bartonia 52: 1-8.
    • (1986) Bartonia , vol.52 , pp. 1-8
    • Crozier, C.R.1    Boerner, R.E.J.2
  • 60
    • 0023523944 scopus 로고
    • Virgin hardwood forest soils of the southern Appalachian Mountains. I. Soil morphology and geomorphology
    • DANIELS, W. J., C. J. EVERETT, AND L. W. ZELASZNY. 1987a. Virgin hardwood forest soils of the southern Appalachian Mountains. I. Soil morphology and geomorphology. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 51: 722-729.
    • (1987) Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. , vol.51 , pp. 722-729
    • Daniels, W.J.1    Everett, C.J.2    Zelaszny, L.W.3
  • 61
    • 0023523940 scopus 로고
    • Virgin hardwood forest soils of the southern Appalachian Mountains. II. Weathering, mineralogy, and chemical properties
    • DANIELS, W. J., C. J. EVERETT, AND L. W. ZELASZNY. 1987b. Virgin hardwood forest soils of the southern Appalachian Mountains. II. Weathering, mineralogy, and chemical properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 51: 730-738.
    • (1987) Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. , vol.51 , pp. 730-738
    • Daniels, W.J.1    Everett, C.J.2    Zelaszny, L.W.3
  • 62
    • 4143101302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An analysis of tornado days in Missouri for the period 1950-2002
    • DAOUST, M. 2003. An analysis of tornado days in Missouri for the period 1950-2002. Phys. Geog. 24: 467-487.
    • (2003) Phys. Geog. , vol.24 , pp. 467-487
    • Daoust, M.1
  • 63
    • 0007620186 scopus 로고
    • The "big woods" of Minnesola: Its structure in relation to climate, fire, and soils
    • DAUBENMIRE, R. 1936. The "big woods" of Minnesola: its structure in relation to climate, fire, and soils. Ecol. Mono. 6: 238-268.
    • (1936) Ecol. Mono. , vol.6 , pp. 238-268
    • Daubenmire, R.1
  • 64
    • 0032913538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scale-dependent patterns of soil enzyme activity in a forested landscape
    • DECKER, K. L. M, R. E. J. BOERNER, AND S. J. MORRIS. 1999. Scale-dependent patterns of soil enzyme activity in a forested landscape. Can. J. For. Res. 29: 232-241.
    • (1999) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.29 , pp. 232-241
    • Decker, K.L.M.1    Boerner, R.E.J.2    Morris, S.J.3
  • 66
    • 1842406031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pre-columbian native American use of fire on southern Appalachian landscapes
    • DELCOURT, P. A. AND H. R. DELCOURT. 1997. Pre-columbian native American use of fire on southern Appalachian landscapes. Cons. Biol. 11: 1010-1014.
    • (1997) Cons. Biol. , vol.11 , pp. 1010-1014
    • Delcourt, P.A.1    Delcourt, H.R.2
  • 67
    • 0344002098 scopus 로고
    • Effects of 27 years of prescribed fire on an oak forest and its soils in middle Tennessee
    • S. S. Coleman and D. G. Neary [eds.]. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station Gen. Tech. Rpt. 70, Asheville, NC
    • DESELM, H. R., E. E. C. CLEBSCH, AND J. C. RENNIE. 1991. Effects of 27 years of prescribed fire on an oak forest and its soils in middle Tennessee, p. 409-417. In S. S. Coleman and D. G. Neary [eds.], Proceedings of the 6th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station Gen. Tech. Rpt. 70, Asheville, NC.
    • (1991) Proceedings of the 6th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference , pp. 409-417
    • Deselm, H.R.1    Clebsch, E.E.C.2    Rennie, J.C.3
  • 69
    • 0034864804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Root biomass and production in relation to fire frequency and landscape position in Ohio oak-hickory forests
    • DRESS, W. J. AND R. E. J. BOERNER. 2001. Root biomass and production in relation to fire frequency and landscape position in Ohio oak-hickory forests. Can. J. For. Res. 31: 644-653.
    • (2001) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.31 , pp. 644-653
    • Dress, W.J.1    Boerner, R.E.J.2
  • 70
    • 0037384490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decomposition and nitrogen dynamics of roots in relation to fire and landscape position in an oak-hickory forest landscape
    • DRESS, W. J. AND R. E. J. BOERNER. 2003. Decomposition and nitrogen dynamics of roots in relation to fire and landscape position in an oak-hickory forest landscape. Amer. Midl. Natur. 149: 245-257.
    • (2003) Amer. Midl. Natur. , vol.149 , pp. 245-257
    • Dress, W.J.1    Boerner, R.E.J.2
  • 71
    • 1442314088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of microarthropod abundance in oak-hickory ecosystems in relation to prescribed fire and landscape position
    • DRESS, W. J. AND R. E. J. BOERNER. 2004. Patterns of microarthropod abundance in oak-hickory ecosystems in relation to prescribed fire and landscape position. Pedobiologia 48: 1-8.
    • (2004) Pedobiologia , vol.48 , pp. 1-8
    • Dress, W.J.1    Boerner, R.E.J.2
  • 72
    • 0037109089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) decline during 1979-1989 in northern Pennsylvania
    • DROHAN, P. J., S. L. STOUT AND G. W. PETERSEN. 2002. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) decline during 1979-1989 in northern Pennsylvania. For. Ecol. Manag. 170: 1-17.
    • (2002) For. Ecol. Manag. , vol.170 , pp. 1-17
    • Drohan, P.J.1    Stout, S.L.2    Petersen, G.W.3
  • 73
    • 0043224375 scopus 로고
    • Influence of topographic heterogeneity on deciduous litter decomposition
    • DWYER, L. M. AND G. MERRIAM. 1981. Influence of topographic heterogeneity on deciduous litter decomposition. Oikos 37: 228-237.
    • (1981) Oikos , vol.37 , pp. 228-237
    • Dwyer, L.M.1    Merriam, G.2
  • 74
    • 0030443280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of long-term prescribed burning on the activity of selected soil enzymes in an oak-hickory forest
    • EIVASI, F. AND M. R. BAYAN. 1996. Effects of long-term prescribed burning on the activity of selected soil enzymes in an oak-hickory forest. Can. J. For. Res. 26: 1799-1804.
    • (1996) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.26 , pp. 1799-1804
    • Eivasi, F.1    Bayan, M.R.2
  • 75
    • 0020429003 scopus 로고
    • Debris avalanches in eastern upland forests
    • ESCHNER, A. R. AND J. H. PATRIC. 1992. Debris avalanches in eastern upland forests. J. For. 80: 343-347.
    • (1992) J. For. , vol.80 , pp. 343-347
    • Eschner, A.R.1    Patric, J.H.2
  • 76
    • 0026358185 scopus 로고
    • High-elevation forest soils of the southern Appalachians. 1. Distribution of parent materials and soil landscape relationships
    • FELDMAN S. B., L. W. ZELAZNY AND J. C. BAKER. 1991. High-elevation forest soils of the southern Appalachians. 1. Distribution of parent materials and soil landscape relationships. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 55: 1629-1637.
    • (1991) Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. , vol.55 , pp. 1629-1637
    • Feldman, S.B.1    Zelazny, L.W.2    Baker, J.C.3
  • 77
    • 0001216556 scopus 로고
    • The influence of microclimate on the morphology of certain soils of the Allegheny Plateau of Ohio
    • FINNEY, H. R., N. HOLOWAYCHUK, AND M. R. HUDDLESON. 1962. The influence of microclimate on the morphology of certain soils of the Allegheny Plateau of Ohio. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 26: 287-292.
    • (1962) Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. , vol.26 , pp. 287-292
    • Finney, H.R.1    Holowaychuk, N.2    Huddleson, M.R.3
  • 78
    • 0002922104 scopus 로고
    • Fire frequency and the New Jersey Pine Barrens
    • FORMAN, R. T. T. AND R. E. J. BOERNER. 1981. Fire frequency and the New Jersey Pine Barrens. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 108: 34-50.
    • (1981) Bull. Torrey Bot. Club , vol.108 , pp. 34-50
    • Forman, R.T.T.1    Boerner, R.E.J.2
  • 81
    • 0001921913 scopus 로고
    • The individualistic concept of the plant association
    • GLEASON, H. A. 1928. The individualistic concept of the plant association. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 53: 98-117.
    • (1928) Bull. Torrey Bot. Club , vol.53 , pp. 98-117
    • Gleason, H.A.1
  • 82
    • 0031948174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest disturbance in hurricane-related downbursts in the Appalachian mountains of North Carolina
    • GREENBERG, C. H. AND W. H. McNAB. 1998. Forest disturbance in hurricane-related downbursts in the Appalachian mountains of North Carolina. For. Ecol. Manag. 104: 179-191.
    • (1998) For. Ecol. Manag. , vol.104 , pp. 179-191
    • Greenberg, C.H.1    McNab, W.H.2
  • 83
    • 0030741953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing the distribution of pteridophytes in a southeastern Ohio hardwood forest
    • GREER, G. K., R. M. LLOYD, AND B. C. MCCARTHY BC. 1997. Factors influencing the distribution of pteridophytes in a southeastern Ohio hardwood forest. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 124: 11-21.
    • (1997) J. Torrey Bot. Soc. , vol.124 , pp. 11-21
    • Greer, G.K.1    Lloyd, R.M.2    Mccarthy, B.C.3
  • 84
    • 0030884029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of structural and compositional characteristics of southern Appalachian young second-growth, maturing second-growth and old growth stands
    • HARDT, R. A. AND W. T. SWANK. 1997. A comparison of structural and compositional characteristics of southern Appalachian young second-growth, maturing second-growth and old growth stands. Nat. Areas J. 17: 42-52.
    • (1997) Nat. Areas J. , vol.17 , pp. 42-52
    • Hardt, R.A.1    Swank, W.T.2
  • 86
    • 33748251280 scopus 로고
    • Slope exposure and the distribution of plants in eastern Pennsylvania
    • HARSHBERGER, J. W. 1919. Slope exposure and the distribution of plants in eastern Pennsylvania. Geog. Soc. Phila. Bull. 17: 53-61.
    • (1919) Geog. Soc. Phila. Bull. , vol.17 , pp. 53-61
    • Harshberger, J.W.1
  • 88
    • 0000793913 scopus 로고
    • Nutrient budgets of Appalachian and Cascade region watersheds: A comparison
    • HENDERSON, G. S., W. T. SWANK, J. B. WAIDE, AND C. C. GRIER. 1978. Nutrient budgets of Appalachian and Cascade region watersheds: a comparison. For. Sci. 24: 385-397.
    • (1978) For. Sci. , vol.24 , pp. 385-397
    • Henderson, G.S.1    Swank, W.T.2    Waide, J.B.3    Grier, C.C.4
  • 89
    • 0033601716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 fixation by native herbaceous legumes in burned pine ecosystems of the southeastern U.S.
    • 2 fixation by native herbaceous legumes in burned pine ecosystems of the southeastern U.S. For. Ecol. Manag. 113: 167-177.
    • (1999) For. Ecol. Manag. , vol.113 , pp. 167-177
    • Hendricks, J.J.1    Boring, L.R.2
  • 90
    • 0000798056 scopus 로고
    • Soil temperatures during fire in the longleaf pine region
    • HEYWARD, F 1938. Soil temperatures during fire in the longleaf pine region. J. For. 36: 478-491.
    • (1938) J. For. , vol.36 , pp. 478-491
    • Heyward, F.1
  • 91
    • 0021593882 scopus 로고
    • Relationship of aspect to soil nutrients, species importance, and biomass in a forested watershed in West Virginia
    • HICKS, R. R. JR., AND P. S. FRANK, JR. 1984. Relationship of aspect to soil nutrients, species importance, and biomass in a forested watershed in West Virginia. For. Ecol. Manag. 8: 281-291.
    • (1984) For. Ecol. Manag. , vol.8 , pp. 281-291
    • Hicks Jr., R.R.1    Frank Jr., P.S.2
  • 92
    • 0035077435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of a major ice storm on an old-growth hardwood forest
    • HOOPER, M. C., K. ARII, M. LECHOWICZ. 2001. Impact of a major ice storm on an old-growth hardwood forest. Can. J. Bot. 79: 70-75.
    • (2001) Can. J. Bot. , vol.79 , pp. 70-75
    • Hooper, M.C.1    Arii, K.2    Lechowicz, M.3
  • 93
    • 1542379970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stand restoration burning in oak-pine forests in the southern Appalachians: Effects on aboveground biomass and carbon and nitrogen cycling
    • HUBBARD, R. M., J. M. VOSE, B. D. CLINTON, K. J. ELLIOT, AND J. D. KNOEPP. 2004. Stand restoration burning in oak-pine forests in the southern Appalachians: effects on aboveground biomass and carbon and nitrogen cycling. For. Ecol. Manag. 190: 311-321.
    • (2004) For. Ecol. Manag. , vol.190 , pp. 311-321
    • Hubbard, R.M.1    Vose, J.M.2    Clinton, B.D.3    Elliot, K.J.4    Knoepp, J.D.5
  • 94
    • 0037593315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of endemic densities of canopy herbivores on nutrient dynamics along a gradient in elevation in the southern Appalachians
    • HUNTER, M. D., C. R. LINNEN, AND B. C. REYNOLDS. 2003. Effects of endemic densities of canopy herbivores on nutrient dynamics along a gradient in elevation in the southern Appalachians. Pedobiologia 47: 231-244.
    • (2003) Pedobiologia , vol.47 , pp. 231-244
    • Hunter, M.D.1    Linnen, C.R.2    Reynolds, B.C.3
  • 95
    • 0001676875 scopus 로고
    • Influence of soils and microclimate on vegetation of forested slopes in eastern Kentucky
    • HUTCHINS, R. B., R. L. BLEVINS, J. D. HILL, AND E. H. WHITE. 1976. Influence of soils and microclimate on vegetation of forested slopes in eastern Kentucky. Soil Sci. 121: 234-241.
    • (1976) Soil Sci. , vol.121 , pp. 234-241
    • Hutchins, R.B.1    Blevins, R.L.2    Hill, J.D.3    White, E.H.4
  • 96
    • 0032831188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape patterns of understory composition and richness across a moisture and nitrogen mineralization gradient in Ohio (U.S.A.) Quercus forests
    • HUTCHINSON, T. F., R. E. J. BOERNER, L. R. IVERSON, AND S. SUTHERLAND. 1999. Landscape patterns of understory composition and richness across a moisture and nitrogen mineralization gradient in Ohio (U.S.A.) Quercus forests. Plant Ecology 144: 179-189.
    • (1999) Plant Ecology , vol.144 , pp. 179-189
    • Hutchinson, T.F.1    Boerner, R.E.J.2    Iverson, L.R.3    Sutherland, S.4
  • 98
    • 0000071031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A GIS derived integrated moisture index to predict forest composition and productivity of Ohio forests (U.S.A.)
    • IVERSON, L. R., M. E. DALE, C. T. SCOTT AND A. PRASAD. 1997. A GIS derived integrated moisture index to predict forest composition and productivity of Ohio forests (U.S.A.). Landscape Ecol. 12: 331-348.
    • (1997) Landscape Ecol. , vol.12 , pp. 331-348
    • Iverson, L.R.1    Dale, M.E.2    Scott, C.T.3    Prasad, A.4
  • 99
    • 0036773812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil temperature fluctuations during and after prescribed burning in mixed-oak forests, USA
    • IVERSON, L. R. AND T. F. HUTCHINSON. 2002. Soil temperature fluctuations during and after prescribed burning in mixed-oak forests, USA. Nat. Areas J. 22: 296-304.
    • (2002) Nat. Areas J. , vol.22 , pp. 296-304
    • Iverson, L.R.1    Hutchinson, T.F.2
  • 103
    • 0022836692 scopus 로고
    • Soil properties of steep Appalachian old fields
    • KALISZ, P. J. 1986. Soil properties of steep Appalachian old fields. Ecology 67: 1011-1023.
    • (1986) Ecology , vol.67 , pp. 1011-1023
    • Kalisz, P.J.1
  • 104
    • 0026307676 scopus 로고
    • Soil formation on loess sandstone toposequences in west-central Kentucky. 1. Morphology and physicochemical properties
    • KARATHANASIS, A. D. AND P. A. GOLRICK. 1991. Soil formation on loess sandstone toposequences In west-central Kentucky. 1. Morphology and physicochemical properties. Soil Sci. 152: 14-24.
    • (1991) Soil Sci. , vol.152 , pp. 14-24
    • Karathanasis, A.D.1    Golrick, P.A.2
  • 105
    • 0033392661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canopy gap fraction and origin in second-growth forests of Washington County, Ohio
    • KELLER, J. A. AND D. M. HIX. 1999. Canopy gap fraction and origin in second-growth forests of Washington County, Ohio. Castanea 64: 252-258.
    • (1999) Castanea , vol.64 , pp. 252-258
    • Keller, J.A.1    Hix, D.M.2
  • 106
    • 0011822008 scopus 로고
    • Hydrologic response and nutrient concentrations following spring burns in an oak-hickory forest
    • KNIGHTON, M. D. 1977. Hydrologic response and nutrient concentrations following spring burns in an oak-hickory forest. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 41: 627-632.
    • (1977) Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. , vol.41 , pp. 627-632
    • Knighton, M.D.1
  • 107
    • 0032453628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rates of nitrogen mineralization across an elevation and vegetation gradient in the southern Appalachians
    • KNOEPP, J. D. AND W. T. SWANK. 1998. Rates of nitrogen mineralization across an elevation and vegetation gradient in the southern Appalachians. Plant Soil 204: 235-241.
    • (1998) Plant Soil , vol.204 , pp. 235-241
    • Knoepp, J.D.1    Swank, W.T.2
  • 108
    • 4644257765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term soil responses to site preparation burning in the southern Appalachians
    • KNOEPP, J. D., J. M. VOSE AND W. T. SWANK. 2004. Long-term soil responses to site preparation burning in the southern Appalachians. For. Sci. 90: 540-550.
    • (2004) For. Sci. , vol.90 , pp. 540-550
    • Knoepp, J.D.1    Vose, J.M.2    Swank, W.T.3
  • 109
    • 0042239295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glomalin content of forest soils in relation to fire frequency and landscape position
    • KNORR, W. A., R. E. J. BOERNER, AND M. C. RILLIG. 2003. Glomalin content of forest soils in relation to fire frequency and landscape position. Mycorrhiza 13: 205-210.
    • (2003) Mycorrhiza , vol.13 , pp. 205-210
    • Knorr, W.A.1    Boerner, R.E.J.2    Rillig, M.C.3
  • 110
    • 0022172842 scopus 로고
    • Foliar nutrient dynamics and nutrient use efficiency in Cornus florida along a gradient of soil moisture and nutrient availability
    • KOST, J. A. AND R. E. J. BOERNER. 1985. Foliar nutrient dynamics and nutrient use efficiency in Cornus florida along a gradient of soil moisture and nutrient availability. Oecologia 66: 602-606.
    • (1985) Oecologia , vol.66 , pp. 602-606
    • Kost, J.A.1    Boerner, R.E.J.2
  • 111
    • 0000727210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships between soil properties and community structure of soil macro-invertebrates in oak-hickory forests along an acidic deposition gradient
    • KUPERMAN, R. G. 1996. Relationships between soil properties and community structure of soil macro-invertebrates in oak-hickory forests along an acidic deposition gradient. Appl. Soil Ecol. 4: 125-137.
    • (1996) Appl. Soil Ecol. , vol.4 , pp. 125-137
    • Kuperman, R.G.1
  • 112
    • 0005203047 scopus 로고
    • Detritus dynamics in a mature oak forest: Hutcheson Memorial Forest, New Jersey
    • LANG, G. E. AND R. T. T. FORMAN. 1978. Detritus dynamics in a mature oak forest: Hutcheson Memorial Forest, New Jersey. Ecology 59: 580-595.
    • (1978) Ecology , vol.59 , pp. 580-595
    • Lang, G.E.1    Forman, R.T.T.2
  • 113
    • 33748276056 scopus 로고
    • Surface litter, soil organic matter, and the chemistry of mineral soils and foliar tissue: Landscape patterns in forests located on mountainous terrain in West Virginia
    • R. N. Muller [ed.], University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
    • LANG, G. E. AND K. A. ORNDORFF. 1982. Surface litter, soil organic matter, and the chemistry of mineral soils and foliar tissue: landscape patterns in forests located on mountainous terrain in West Virginia, p. 303-321. In R. N. Muller ([ed.], Proceedings of the 4th Central Hardwood Forest Conference, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
    • (1982) Proceedings of the 4th Central Hardwood Forest Conference , pp. 303-321
    • Lang, G.E.1    Orndorff, K.A.2
  • 115
    • 0002453440 scopus 로고
    • Forest ecology of ice storms
    • LEMON, P. C. 1961. Forest ecology of ice storms. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 88: 21-29.
    • (1961) Bull. Torrey Bot. Club , vol.88 , pp. 21-29
    • Lemon, P.C.1
  • 116
    • 0001744529 scopus 로고
    • Effects of fire on nutrient movement in a South Caroline pine forest
    • LEWIS, W. M. 1974. Effects of fire on nutrient movement in a South Caroline pine forest. Ecology 55: 1120-1127.
    • (1974) Ecology , vol.55 , pp. 1120-1127
    • Lewis, W.M.1
  • 117
    • 0027386355 scopus 로고
    • Aboveground net primary productivity and nitrogen mineralization in a mixed mesophytic forest of eastern Kentucky
    • LIU, Y. AND R. N. MULLER. 1993. Aboveground net primary productivity and nitrogen mineralization in a mixed mesophytic forest of eastern Kentucky. For. Ecol. Manag. 59: 53-62.
    • (1993) For. Ecol. Manag. , vol.59 , pp. 53-62
    • Liu, Y.1    Muller, R.N.2
  • 119
    • 0014791059 scopus 로고
    • Soils of steeply sloping landscapes in southern Appalachian Mountains
    • LOSCHE, E. K., R. J. MCCRACKEN AND C. B. DAVEY. 1970. Soils of steeply sloping landscapes in southern Appalachian Mountains. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 34: 473-478.
    • (1970) Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. , vol.34 , pp. 473-478
    • Losche, E.K.1    McCracken, R.J.2    Davey, C.B.3
  • 123
    • 0024218895 scopus 로고
    • Decomposition of coarse woody debris in an old-growth Indiana forest
    • MACMILLAN, P. C. 1988. Decomposition of coarse woody debris in an old-growth Indiana forest. Can. J. For. Res. 18: 1353-1362.
    • (1988) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.18 , pp. 1353-1362
    • MacMillan, P.C.1
  • 124
    • 0028163346 scopus 로고
    • Distribution and abundance of coarse woody debris in a managed forest landscape of the central Appalachians
    • MCCARTHY, B. C. AND R. R. BAILEY. 1994. Distribution and abundance of coarse woody debris in a managed forest landscape of the central Appalachians. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 1317-1329.
    • (1994) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.24 , pp. 1317-1329
    • Mccarthy, B.C.1    Bailey, R.R.2
  • 125
    • 0023556929 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation patterns and structure of an old-growth forest in southeastern Ohio
    • MCCARTHY, B. C., C. A. HAMMER, G. L. KAUFFMAN AND P. D. CANTINO. 1987. Vegetation patterns and structure of an old-growth forest in southeastern Ohio. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 114: 33-45.
    • (1987) Bull. Torrey Bot. Club , vol.114 , pp. 33-45
    • Mccarthy, B.C.1    Hammer, C.A.2    Kauffman, G.L.3    Cantino, P.D.4
  • 126
    • 0035862935 scopus 로고
    • Composition, structure, and dynamics of Dysart Woods, an old-growth mixed mesophytic forest of southeastern Ohio
    • MCCARTHY, B. C., C. J. SMALL, AND D. L. RUBINO. 1991. Composition, structure, and dynamics of Dysart Woods, an old-growth mixed mesophytic forest of southeastern Ohio. For. Ecol. Manage. 140: 193-213.
    • (1991) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.140 , pp. 193-213
    • Mccarthy, B.C.1    Small, C.J.2    Rubino, D.L.3
  • 127
    • 0021577091 scopus 로고
    • Species ordination of upper slope oak-hickory stands of southeastern Ohio
    • MCCARTHY, B. C., T. L. VIERHELLER, AND W. A. WISTENDAHL. 1984. Species ordination of upper slope oak-hickory stands of southeastern Ohio. Bull. Torrey Bot. Soc. 111: 56-60.
    • (1984) Bull. Torrey Bot. Soc. , vol.111 , pp. 56-60
    • Mccarthy, B.C.1    Vierheller, T.L.2    Wistendahl, W.A.3
  • 128
    • 20844447660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetation-environment relationships among woody species in four canopy-layers in an old-growth mixed mesophytic forest
    • MCEWAN, R. W., R. N. MULLER AND B. C. MCCARTHY. 2005. Vegetation-environment relationships among woody species in four canopy-layers in an old-growth mixed mesophytic forest. Castanea 70: 32-46.
    • (2005) Castanea , vol.70 , pp. 32-46
    • Mcewan, R.W.1    Muller, R.N.2    Mccarthy, B.C.3
  • 129
    • 0033763274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contribution of beech bark disease-induced mortality to coarse woody debris loads in northern hardwood stands in the Adiron-dack National Park, New York, USA
    • MCGEE, G. 2000. The contribution of beech bark disease-induced mortality to coarse woody debris loads in northern hardwood stands in the Adiron-dack National Park, New York, USA. Can. J. For. Res. 30: 1453-1462.
    • (2000) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.30 , pp. 1453-1462
    • Mcgee, G.1
  • 130
    • 0000180725 scopus 로고
    • Laws of temperature control of the geographic distribution of animals and plants
    • MERRIAM, C. H. 1894. Laws of temperature control of the geographic distribution of animals and plants. Nat. Geog. 6: 229-238.
    • (1894) Nat. Geog. , vol.6 , pp. 229-238
    • Merriam, C.H.1
  • 131
    • 0000437991 scopus 로고
    • Role of nitrogen in wood deterioration: Amounts and distribution in tree stems
    • MERRILL, W. AND E. B. COWLING. 1966. Role of nitrogen in wood deterioration: Amounts and distribution in tree stems. Can. J. Bot. 44: 1555-1580.
    • (1966) Can. J. Bot. , vol.44 , pp. 1555-1580
    • Merrill, W.1    Cowling, E.B.2
  • 132
    • 0344312382 scopus 로고
    • Prescribed burning and soil mesofauna on the Santee Experimental Forest
    • Anonymous [ed.]. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC
    • METZ, L. J. AND M. H. FARRIER. 1971. Prescribed burning and soil mesofauna on the Santee Experimental Forest, pp 100-105. In Anonymous [ed.] Proceedings, Prescribed Burning Symposium. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC.
    • (1971) Proceedings, Prescribed Burning Symposium , pp. 100-105
    • Metz, L.J.1    Farrier, M.H.2
  • 133
    • 0028975894 scopus 로고
    • Altered forest composition and soil properties of historic charcoal hearths in southeastern Pennsylvania
    • MIKAN, C. J. AND M. D. ABRAMS. 1995. Altered forest composition and soil properties of historic charcoal hearths in southeastern Pennsylvania. Can. J. For. Res. 25: 687-696.
    • (1995) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.25 , pp. 687-696
    • Mikan, C.J.1    Abrams, M.D.2
  • 134
    • 0346670204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil organic carbon content in frigid southern Appalachian Mountain soils
    • MILLER, J. O., J. M. GALBRAITH AND W. L. DANIELS. 2004. Soil organic carbon content in frigid southern Appalachian Mountain soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 68: 194.
    • (2004) Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. , vol.68 , pp. 194
    • Miller, J.O.1    Galbraith, J.M.2    Daniels, W.L.3
  • 135
    • 10544222871 scopus 로고
    • Forest plantation success and soil-site characteristics on old fields in the Great Appalachian Valley
    • MINEKLER, L. S. 1941. Forest plantation success and soil-site characteristics on old fields in the Great Appalachian Valley. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 6: 396-398.
    • (1941) Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. , vol.6 , pp. 396-398
    • Minekler, L.S.1
  • 136
    • 0028130871 scopus 로고
    • Effects of drought and site fertility on seasonal nutrient dynamics and resorption by the understory shrub Viburnum acerifolium (maple-leaf viburnum)
    • MINOLETTI, M. L. AND R. E. J. BOERNER. 1994. Effects of drought and site fertility on seasonal nutrient dynamics and resorption by the understory shrub Viburnum acerifolium (maple-leaf viburnum). Amer. Midi. Natur. 131: 109-119.
    • (1994) Amer. Midi. Natur. , vol.131 , pp. 109-119
    • Minoletti, M.L.1    Boerner, R.E.J.2
  • 137
    • 0032550329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactive influences of soil acidification and silvicultural management on microbial abundance and nitrogen mineralization
    • MORRIS, S. J. AND R. E. J. BOERNER. 1998a. Interactive influences of soil acidification and silvicultural management on microbial abundance and nitrogen mineralization. For. Ecol. Manag. 103: 129-139.
    • (1998) For. Ecol. Manag. , vol.103 , pp. 129-139
    • Morris, S.J.1    Boerner, R.E.J.2
  • 138
    • 0031858273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape patterns of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in southern Ohio hardwood forests
    • MORRIS, S. J. AND R. E. J. BOERNER. 1998b. Landscape patterns of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in southern Ohio hardwood forests. Landscape Ecol. 13: 215-224.
    • (1998) Landscape Ecol. , vol.13 , pp. 215-224
    • Morris, S.J.1    Boerner, R.E.J.2
  • 139
    • 0034067998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ice storm damage to a mixed hardwood forest and its impact on forest regeneration in the ridge and valley region of southwestern Virginia
    • MOU, P. AND M. WARRILLOW. 2000. Ice storm damage to a mixed hardwood forest and its impact on forest regeneration in the ridge and valley region of southwestern Virginia. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 127: 66-82.
    • (2000) J. Torrey Bot. Soc. , vol.127 , pp. 66-82
    • Mou, P.1    Warrillow, M.2
  • 140
    • 0028164570 scopus 로고
    • Decomposition of leaflitter in an Appalachian forest-Effects of leaf species, aspect, slope position and time
    • MUDRICK, D. A., M. HOOSEIN, R. R. HICKS AND E. L. TOWNSEND. 1994. Decomposition of leaflitter in an Appalachian forest-Effects of leaf species, aspect, slope position and time. For. Ecol. Manag. 68: 231-250.
    • (1994) For. Ecol. Manag. , vol.68 , pp. 231-250
    • Mudrick, D.A.1    Hoosein, M.2    Hicks, R.R.3    Townsend, E.L.4
  • 141
    • 0020384428 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation patterns in the mixed mesophytic forest of eastern Kentucky
    • MULLER, R. N. 1982. Vegetation patterns in the mixed mesophytic forest of eastern Kentucky. Ecology 63: 1901-1917.
    • (1982) Ecology , vol.63 , pp. 1901-1917
    • Muller, R.N.1
  • 142
    • 0037795502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape patterns of change in coarse woody debris accumulation in an old-growth deciduous forest on the Cumberland Plateau, south-eastern Kentucky
    • MULLER, R. N. 2003. Landscape patterns of change in coarse woody debris accumulation in an old-growth deciduous forest on the Cumberland Plateau, south-eastern Kentucky. Can. J. For. Res. 33: 763-769.
    • (2003) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.33 , pp. 763-769
    • Muller, R.N.1
  • 143
    • 0026274147 scopus 로고
    • Coarse woody debris in an old-growth deciduous forest on the Cumberland Plateau, southeastern Kentucky
    • MULLER, R. N. AND Y. LIU. 1991. Coarse woody debris in an old-growth deciduous forest on the Cumberland Plateau, southeastern Kentucky. Can. J. For. Res. 21: 1567-1572.
    • (1991) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.21 , pp. 1567-1572
    • Muller, R.N.1    Liu, Y.2
  • 145
    • 0022928194 scopus 로고
    • Debris avalanching in the southern Appalachians - An influence on forest soil formation
    • NEARY, D. G., L. W. SWIFT, D. M. MANNING AND R. G. BURNS. 1986. Debris avalanching in the southern Appalachians-An influence on forest soil formation. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 50: 465-471.
    • (1986) Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. , vol.50 , pp. 465-471
    • Neary, D.G.1    Swift, L.W.2    Manning, D.M.3    Burns, R.G.4
  • 146
    • 0031945213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of geomorphological heterogeneity on biodiversity II. A landscape perspective
    • NICHOLS, W. F., K. T. KILLINGBECK AND P. V. AUGUST. 1998. The influence of geomorphological heterogeneity on biodiversity II. A landscape perspective. Cons. Biol. 12: 371-379.
    • (1998) Cons. Biol. , vol.12 , pp. 371-379
    • Nichols, W.F.1    Killingbeck, K.T.2    August, P.V.3
  • 147
    • 0027071299 scopus 로고
    • Community, edaphic, and historical-analysis of mixed oak forests of the ridge and valley province in central Pennsylvania
    • NOWACKI, G. J. AND M. D. ABRAMS. 1992. Community, edaphic, and historical-analysis of mixed oak forests of the ridge and valley province in central Pennsylvania. Can. J. For. Res. 22: 790-800.
    • (1992) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.22 , pp. 790-800
    • Nowacki, G.J.1    Abrams, M.D.2
  • 148
    • 0031672863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of aspect and stand age on ground flora of southeastern Ohio forest ecosystems
    • OLIVERO, A. M. AND D. M. HIX. 1998. Influence of aspect and stand age on ground flora of southeastern Ohio forest ecosystems. Plant Ecol. 139: 177-187.
    • (1998) Plant Ecol. , vol.139 , pp. 177-187
    • Olivero, A.M.1    Hix, D.M.2
  • 149
    • 0343834430 scopus 로고
    • Leaf litter redistribution in a West Virginia hardwood forest
    • ORNDORFF, K. A. AND G. E. LANG. 1981. Leaf litter redistribution in a West Virginia hardwood forest. J. Ecol. 43: 322-331.
    • (1981) J. Ecol. , vol.43 , pp. 322-331
    • Orndorff, K.A.1    Lang, G.E.2
  • 151
    • 0033612516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of nitrogen availability within a forested watershed exhibiting symptoms of nitrogen saturation
    • PETERJOHN, W. T., C. J. FOSTER, M. J. CHRIST AND M. B. ADAMS. 1999. Patterns of nitrogen availability within a forested watershed exhibiting symptoms of nitrogen saturation. For. Ecol. Manag. 119: 247-257.
    • (1999) For. Ecol. Manag. , vol.119 , pp. 247-257
    • Peterjohn, W.T.1    Foster, C.J.2    Christ, M.J.3    Adams, M.B.4
  • 152
    • 84986857920 scopus 로고
    • Microsite and elevational influences on early forest regeneration after catastrophic windthrow
    • PETERSON, C. P. AND S. T. A. PICKETT. 1990. Microsite and elevational influences on early forest regeneration after catastrophic windthrow. J. Veg. Sci. l: 657-662.
    • (1990) J. Veg. Sci. , vol.50 , pp. 657-662
    • Peterson, C.P.1    Pickett, S.T.A.2
  • 153
    • 0033776633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patch type influences on forest regeneration in a western Pennsylvania, USA catastrophic windthrow
    • PETERSON, C. P. AND S. T. A. PICKETT. 2000. Patch type influences on forest regeneration in a western Pennsylvania, USA catastrophic windthrow. Oikos 90: 489-500.
    • (2000) Oikos , vol.90 , pp. 489-500
    • Peterson, C.P.1    Pickett, S.T.A.2
  • 155
    • 0023509577 scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen mineralization in two forest soils: Experimental evaluation of the effects of initial soil chemistry and site of incubation
    • PLYMALE, A. E., R. E. J. BOERNER AND T. J. LOGAN. 1987. Nitrogen mineralization in two forest soils: Experimental evaluation of the effects of initial soil chemistry and site of incubation. For. Ecol. Manag. 21: 21-36.
    • (1987) For. Ecol. Manag. , vol.21 , pp. 21-36
    • Plymale, A.E.1    Boerner, R.E.J.2    Logan, T.J.3
  • 156
    • 0037877024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Importance of charred organic matter in black Chernozem soils of Saskatchewan
    • PONOMARENKO, E. V. AND D. W ANDERSON. 2001. Importance of charred organic matter in black Chernozem soils of Saskatchewan. Can. J. Soil Sci. 81: 285-297.
    • (2001) Can. J. Soil Sci. , vol.81 , pp. 285-297
    • Ponomarenko, E.V.1    Anderson, D.W.2
  • 157
    • 3342987902 scopus 로고
    • Microclimate and a notable case of its influence on a ridge in central Indiana
    • POTZGER, J. E. 1939. Microclimate and a notable case of its influence on a ridge in central Indiana. Ecology 20: 29-37.
    • (1939) Ecology , vol.20 , pp. 29-37
    • Potzger, J.E.1
  • 158
    • 0006295757 scopus 로고
    • Reproduction of three species of oak in relation to vegetational and environmental gradients in the southern Blue Ridge
    • RACINE, C. H. 1971. Reproduction of three species of oak in relation to vegetational and environmental gradients in the southern Blue Ridge. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 98: 297-310.
    • (1971) Bull. Torrey Bot. Club , vol.98 , pp. 297-310
    • Racine, C.H.1
  • 159
    • 0001847329 scopus 로고
    • Modification of the soil environment by vegetation fires, with particular reference to nitrogen transformations: A review
    • RAISON, P. J. 1979. Modification of the soil environment by vegetation fires, with particular reference to nitrogen transformations: a review. Plant Soil 51: 73-108.
    • (1979) Plant Soil , vol.51 , pp. 73-108
    • Raison, P.J.1
  • 160
    • 0037248538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of soil invertebrates to forest canopy inputs along a productivity gradient
    • REYNOLDS, B. C., D. A. CROSSLEY AND M. D. HUNTER. 2003. Response of soil invertebrates to forest canopy inputs along a productivity gradient. Pedobiologia 47: 127-139.
    • (2003) Pedobiologia , vol.47 , pp. 127-139
    • Reynolds, B.C.1    Crossley, D.A.2    Hunter, M.D.3
  • 161
    • 1942446336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil properties in fire-consumed log burnout openings in a Missouri oak savanna
    • RHOADES, C. C., A. J. MEIER, AND A. J. REBERTUS. 2004. Soil properties in fire-consumed log burnout openings in a Missouri oak savanna. For. Ecol. Manage. 192: 277-284.
    • (2004) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.192 , pp. 277-284
    • Rhoades, C.C.1    Meier, A.J.2    Rebertus, A.J.3
  • 162
    • 0041767557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Past and present forest composition and natural history of Deep Woods, Hocking County, OH
    • RICCARDI, C. L. AND B. C. MCCARTHY. 2003. Past and present forest composition and natural history of Deep Woods, Hocking County, OH. Ohio J. Sci. 103: 42-51.
    • (2003) Ohio J. Sci. , vol.103 , pp. 42-51
    • Riccardi, C.L.1    Mccarthy, B.C.2
  • 164
    • 0035426805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of gypsy moth suppression tactics on litter- and ground-dwelling arthropods in the central hardwood forests of the Cumberland Plateau for
    • RIESKE, L. K. AND L. J. BUSS. 2001. Effects of gypsy moth suppression tactics on litter- and ground-dwelling arthropods in the central hardwood forests of the Cumberland Plateau For. Ecol. Manag. 149: 181-195.
    • (2001) Ecol. Manag. , vol.149 , pp. 181-195
    • Rieske, L.K.1    Buss, L.J.2
  • 165
    • 0042194467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of coarse woody debris and vegetation along topographic gradients in a southern Ohio forest
    • RUBINO, D. L. AND B. C. MCCARTHY. 2003. Evaluation of coarse woody debris and vegetation along topographic gradients in a southern Ohio forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 183: 221-238.
    • (2003) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.183 , pp. 221-238
    • Rubino, D.L.1    Mccarthy, B.C.2
  • 166
    • 0020461658 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of disturbance in some old-growth mesic forests of eastern North America
    • RUNKLE, J. R. 1982. Patterns of disturbance in some old-growth mesic forests of eastern North America. Ecology 63: 1533-1546.
    • (1982) Ecology , vol.63 , pp. 1533-1546
    • Runkle, J.R.1
  • 167
    • 4143151632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sediment flux and compaction trends on off-road vehicle (ORV) and other trails in an Appalachian forest setting
    • SACK, D. AND S. DA LUZ. 2003. Sediment flux and compaction trends on off-road vehicle (ORV) and other trails in an Appalachian forest setting. Phys. Geog. 24: 536-544.
    • (2003) Phys. Geog. , vol.24 , pp. 536-544
    • Sack, D.1    Da Luz, S.2
  • 168
    • 0030613969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pedogenic influence on base saturation and calcium/magnesium ratios in soils of southeastern Ohio
    • SAIF, H. T., N. E. SMECK AND J. M. BIGHAM. 1997. Pedogenic influence on base saturation and calcium/magnesium ratios in soils of southeastern Ohio. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 61: 509-515.
    • (1997) Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. , vol.61 , pp. 509-515
    • Saif, H.T.1    Smeck, N.E.2    Bigham, J.M.3
  • 169
    • 33748259796 scopus 로고
    • Stratification and hydrogen-ion concentration of the soil in relation to leaching and plant succession with special reference to woodlands
    • SALISBURY, E. J. 1922. Stratification and hydrogen-ion concentration of the soil in relation to leaching and plant succession with special reference to woodlands. J. Ecol. 9: 220-240.
    • (1922) J. Ecol. , vol.9 , pp. 220-240
    • Salisbury, E.J.1
  • 171
    • 3342963884 scopus 로고
    • Microclimate variation in a small valley in eastern Tennessee
    • SHANKS, R. E. AND F. H. NORRIS. 1950. Microclimate variation in a small valley in eastern Tennessee. Ecology 31: 532-539.
    • (1950) Ecology , vol.31 , pp. 532-539
    • Shanks, R.E.1    Norris, F.H.2
  • 172
    • 0024196647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of underlying material on the weathering of loess in Ohio
    • SHIPITALO, M. J., N. E. SMECK, AND J. M. BIGHAM. 1998. Influence of underlying material on the weathering of loess in Ohio. Soil Sci. 146: 92-101.
    • (1998) Soil Sci. , vol.146 , pp. 92-101
    • Shipitalo, M.J.1    Smeck, N.E.2    Bigham, J.M.3
  • 173
    • 3142768950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical and hydrological characteristics of reclaimed minesoils in southeastern Ohio
    • SHUKLA, M. K., R. LAL, J. UNDERWOOD AND M. EBINGER. 2004. Physical and hydrological characteristics of reclaimed minesoils in southeastern Ohio. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 68: 1352-1359.
    • (2004) Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. , vol.68 , pp. 1352-1359
    • Shukla, M.K.1    Lal, R.2    Underwood, J.3    Ebinger, M.4
  • 174
    • 0037284283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal variability of herbaceous vegetation in an eastern deciduous forest
    • SMALL, C. J. AND B. C. MCCARTHY. 2002. Spatial and temporal variability of herbaceous vegetation in an eastern deciduous forest. Plant Ecol. 164: 37-48.
    • (2002) Plant Ecol. , vol.164 , pp. 37-48
    • Small, C.J.1    Mccarthy, B.C.2
  • 175
    • 26244467032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of understory diversity to soil nitrogen, topographic variation, and stand age in an eastern oak forest, USA
    • SMALL, C. J. AND B. C. MCCARTHY. 2005. Response of understory diversity to soil nitrogen, topographic variation, and stand age in an eastern oak forest, USA. For. Ecol. Manag. 217: 229-243.
    • (2005) For. Ecol. Manag. , vol.217 , pp. 229-243
    • Small, C.J.1    Mccarthy, B.C.2
  • 176
    • 0027072229 scopus 로고
    • Soils on hillslopes in acid gray and black shales
    • SOBECKI, T. M. AND A. D. KARATHANASIS. 1992. Soils on hillslopes in acid gray and black shales. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 56: 1218-1226.
    • (1992) Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. , vol.56 , pp. 1218-1226
    • Sobecki, T.M.1    Karathanasis, A.D.2
  • 177
    • 1842798743 scopus 로고
    • Decay of logging slash in the northeast
    • U.S.D.A., Washington, DC. 21p
    • SPAULDING, P. AND J. R. HANSBOROUGH. 1944. Decay of logging slash in the northeast. Technical Bulletin 896, U.S.D.A., Washington, DC. 21p.
    • (1944) Technical Bulletin 896
    • Spaulding, P.1    Hansborough, J.R.2
  • 178
    • 0032903328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional distribution and dynamics of coarse woody debris in Midwestern old-growth forests
    • SPETICH, M. A., S. R. SHIFFLEY, AND G. R. PARKER. 1999. Regional distribution and dynamics of coarse woody debris in Midwestern old-growth forests. For. Sci. 45: 302-313.
    • (1999) For. Sci. , vol.45 , pp. 302-313
    • Spetich, M.A.1    Shiffley, S.R.2    Parker, G.R.3
  • 179
    • 0000234074 scopus 로고
    • The uprooting of trees: A forest process
    • STEPHENS, E. P. 1956. The uprooting of trees: a forest process. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 20: 113-116.
    • (1956) Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. , vol.20 , pp. 113-116
    • Stephens, E.P.1
  • 180
    • 0033167070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contrasting vegetation of noses and hollows in the Valley and Ridge province, southwestern Virginia
    • STEPHENSON, S. L. AND H. H. MILLS. 1999. Contrasting vegetation of noses and hollows in the Valley and Ridge province, southwestern Virginia. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 126: 197-212.
    • (1999) J. Torrey Bot. Soc. , vol.126 , pp. 197-212
    • Stephenson, S.L.1    Mills, H.H.2
  • 181
    • 0003940803 scopus 로고
    • A method for predicting the depth of lethal heat penetration into mineral soils exposed to fires of various intensities
    • STEWARD, F R., S. PETER AND J. B. RICHON. 1990. A method for predicting the depth of lethal heat penetration into mineral soils exposed to fires of various intensities. Can. J. For. Res. 20: 919-926.
    • (1990) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.20 , pp. 919-926
    • Steward, F.R.1    Peter, S.2    Richon, J.B.3
  • 182
    • 0027882698 scopus 로고
    • Soil landscape relationships in Virginia. 1. Soil variability and parent material uniformity
    • STOLT, M. H., J. C. BAKER AND T. W. SIMPSON. 1993. Soil landscape relationships in Virginia. 1. Soil variability and parent material uniformity. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 57: 414-421.
    • (1993) Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. , vol.57 , pp. 414-421
    • Stolt, M.H.1    Baker, J.C.2    Simpson, T.W.3
  • 183
    • 0242677512 scopus 로고
    • Leaf dispersal in a pole-size maple stand
    • STONE, D. M. 1977. Leaf dispersal in a pole-size maple stand. Can. J. For. Res. 7: 189-192.
    • (1977) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.7 , pp. 189-192
    • Stone, D.M.1
  • 184
    • 0034915655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical storms and the flood hydrology of the central Appalachians
    • STURDEVANT-REES, P., J. A. SMITH, J. MORRISON AND M. L. BAECK. 2001. Tropical storms and the flood hydrology of the central Appalachians. Water Res. Res. 37: 2143-2168.
    • (2001) Water Res. Res. , vol.37 , pp. 2143-2168
    • Sturdevant-Rees, P.1    Smith, J.A.2    Morrison, J.3    Baeck, M.L.4
  • 185
    • 0043102645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction, study area description, and experimental design
    • E. K. Sutherland and T. F. Hutchinson, [eds.]. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Northeastern Experiment Station, Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-299. Newtown Square, PA
    • SUTHERLAND, E. K., T. F. HUTCHINSON AND D. A. YAUSSY, 2003. Introduction, study area description, and experimental design, p. 1-16. In E. K. Sutherland and T. F. Hutchinson, [eds.] Characteristics of mixed-oak forest ecosystems in southern Ohio prior to the reintroduction of fire. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Northeastern Experiment Station, Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-299. Newtown Square, PA.
    • (2003) Characteristics of Mixed-Oak Forest Ecosystems in Southern Ohio Prior to the Reintroduction of Fire , pp. 1-16
    • Sutherland, E.K.1    Hutchinson, T.F.2    Yaussy, D.A.3
  • 187
    • 22744458127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil carbon storage estimation in a forested watershed using quantitative soil-landscape modeling
    • THOMPSON, J. A. AND R. K. KOLKA. 2005. Soil carbon storage estimation in a forested watershed using quantitative soil-landscape modeling. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 69: 1086-1093.
    • (2005) Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. , vol.69 , pp. 1086-1093
    • Thompson, J.A.1    Kolka, R.K.2
  • 188
    • 0342762626 scopus 로고
    • Some effects of fires on litter, soil, and hardwood regeneration
    • Anonymous [ed.]. Tallahassee, FL
    • THOR, E. AND G. M. NICHOLS. 1973. Some effects of fires on litter, soil, and hardwood regeneration, p. 317-329. In Anonymous [ed.], Proceedings, 1973 Tall Timbers Fire Conference. Tallahassee, FL.
    • (1973) Proceedings, 1973 Tall Timbers Fire Conference , pp. 317-329
    • Thor, E.1    Nichols, G.M.2
  • 189
    • 33748267895 scopus 로고
    • Significance of biological nitrogen fixation and denitrification in a deciduous forest ecosystem
    • F.G. Howell, J.B. Gentry, and M.H. Smith [eds.]. Technical Information Center, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Washington, DC
    • TODD, R. L., J. B. WAIDE, AND B. W. CORNABY. 1975. Significance of biological nitrogen fixation and denitrification in a deciduous forest ecosystem, p. 729-735. In F.G. Howell, J.B. Gentry, and M.H. Smith [eds.], Mineral cycling in southeastern ecosystems. Technical Information Center, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Washington, DC.
    • (1975) Mineral Cycling in Southeastern Ecosystems , pp. 729-735
    • Todd, R.L.1    Waide, J.B.2    Cornaby, B.W.3
  • 190
    • 33748260583 scopus 로고
    • Some soil characteristics influencing the distribution of forest types and rate of growth of trees in Arkansas
    • TURNER, L. M. 1936. Some soil characteristics influencing the distribution of forest types and rate of growth of trees in Arkansas. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 1: 345.
    • (1936) Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. , vol.1 , pp. 345
    • Turner, L.M.1
  • 191
    • 33748253910 scopus 로고
    • Some soil characteristics influencing the distribution of forest types and rate of growth of trees in Arkansas
    • TURNER, L. M. 1937. Some soil characteristics influencing the distribution of forest types and rate of growth of trees in Arkansas. J. For. 35: 5-11.
    • (1937) J. For. , vol.35 , pp. 5-11
    • Turner, L.M.1
  • 192
    • 0021644719 scopus 로고
    • Soil nitrogen availability following long-term burning in an oak-hickory forest
    • VANCE, E. E. AND G. S. HENDERSON. 1984. Soil nitrogen availability following long-term burning in an oak-hickory forest. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 48: 184-190.
    • (1984) Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. , vol.48 , pp. 184-190
    • Vance, E.E.1    Henderson, G.S.2
  • 193
    • 0034793967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire effects on nitrogen pools and dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems: A meta-analysis
    • WAN, S., D. HUI AND Y. LUO. 2001. Fire effects on nitrogen pools and dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems: a meta-analysis. Ecol. Appl. 11: 1349-1365.
    • (2001) Ecol. Appl. , vol.11 , pp. 1349-1365
    • Wan, S.1    Hui, D.2    Luo, Y.3
  • 194
    • 0031817596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The charcoal effect in Boreal forests: Mechanisms and ecological consequences
    • WARDLE, D. A., O. ZACKRISSON AND M. C. NILSSON. 1998. The charcoal effect in Boreal forests: mechanisms and ecological consequences. Oecologia 115: 419-426.
    • (1998) Oecologia , vol.115 , pp. 419-426
    • Wardle, D.A.1    Zackrisson, O.2    Nilsson, M.C.3
  • 196
    • 0033120624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ice storm damage to forest tree species in the ridge and valley region of southwestern Virginia
    • WARRILLOW, M. AND P. MOU. 1999. Ice storm damage to forest tree species in the ridge and valley region of southwestern Virginia. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 126: 147-158.
    • (1999) J. Torrey Bot. Soc. , vol.126 , pp. 147-158
    • Warrillow, M.1    Mou, P.2
  • 197
    • 0001284130 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of net litter inputs with respect to slope position and wind direction
    • WELBOURN, M. L., E. L. STONE, AND J. P. LASSOIE, 1981. Distribution of net litter inputs with respect to slope position and wind direction. For. Sci. 27: 651-659.
    • (1981) For. Sci. , vol.27 , pp. 651-659
    • Welbourn, M.L.1    Stone, E.L.2    Lassoie, J.P.3
  • 199
    • 0021549734 scopus 로고
    • Ice storms and forest succession in southwestern Virginia
    • WHITNEY, H. E., AND W. C. JOHNSON. 1984. Ice storms and forest succession in southwestern Virginia. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 111: 429-437.
    • (1984) Bull. Torrey Bot. Club , vol.111 , pp. 429-437
    • Whitney, H.E.1    Johnson, W.C.2
  • 200
    • 0001817177 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation of the great smoky mountains
    • WHITTAKER, R. H. 1956. Vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecol. Monogr. 26: 1-80.
    • (1956) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.26 , pp. 1-80
    • Whittaker, R.H.1
  • 201
    • 4444282717 scopus 로고
    • The relation of soils and forest vegetation in the Lake States region
    • WILDE, S. A. 1933. The relation of soils and forest vegetation in the Lake States region. Ecology 14: 94-105.
    • (1933) Ecology , vol.14 , pp. 94-105
    • Wilde, S.A.1
  • 202
    • 33748262058 scopus 로고
    • Soil reaction in relation to forestry and its determination by simple tests
    • WILDE, S. A. 1934. Soil reaction in relation to forestry and its determination by simple tests. J. For. 32: 411-418.
    • (1934) J. For. , vol.32 , pp. 411-418
    • Wilde, S.A.1
  • 203
    • 22144491542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of dead wood over 20 years in a New England oak forest
    • WILSON, B. F. AND B. C. MCCOMB. 2005. Dynamics of dead wood over 20 years in a New England oak forest. Can. J. For. Res. 35: 682-692.
    • (2005) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.35 , pp. 682-692
    • Wilson, B.F.1    Mccomb, B.C.2
  • 204
    • 0002745138 scopus 로고
    • Microclimates and macroclimate of Neotoma Valley, a small valley in central Ohio
    • WOLFE, J. N., R. T. WAREHAM AND H. T. SCOFIELD. 1949. Microclimates and macroclimate of Neotoma Valley, a small valley in central Ohio. Ohio Biol. Surv. Bull. 8: 1-267.
    • (1949) Ohio Biol. Surv. Bull. , vol.8 , pp. 1-267
    • Wolfe, J.N.1    Wareham, R.T.2    Scofield, H.T.3
  • 205
    • 0009833637 scopus 로고
    • Toposequence of loess-derived soils in southwestern Indiana
    • WOOTON, L. D. AND D. P. FRANZMEIER. 1978. Toposequence of loess-derived soils in southwestern Indiana. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 42: 622-627.
    • (1978) Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. , vol.42 , pp. 622-627
    • Wooton, L.D.1    Franzmeier, D.P.2
  • 206
    • 0033995432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cross-site comparison of soil microbial biomass, soil nutrient status, and nematode trophic groups
    • WRIGHT C. J. AND D. C. COLEMAN. 2000. Cross-site comparison of soil microbial biomass, soil nutrient status, and nematode trophic groups. Pedobiologia 44: 2-23.
    • (2000) Pedobiologia , vol.44 , pp. 2-23
    • Wright, C.J.1    Coleman, D.C.2
  • 207
    • 0036163901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responses of soil microbial biomass, nematode trophic groups, N-mineralization, and litter decomposition to disturbance events in the southern Appalachians
    • WRIGHT C. J. AND D. C. COLEMAN. 2002. Responses of soil microbial biomass, nematode trophic groups, N-mineralization, and litter decomposition to disturbance events in the southern Appalachians. Soil Biol. Biochem. 34: 13-25.
    • (2002) Soil Biol. Biochem. , vol.34 , pp. 13-25
    • Wright, C.J.1    Coleman, D.C.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.