A comparison of structural and compositional of Southern Appalachian young second-growth, and old-growth stands

Natural Areas Journal

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 42-52

  Hardt, Richard A ^a   Swank, Wayne T ^b  

^a U S DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR   (United States)

^b U S DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE   (United States)

Author keywords

coarse woody debris; Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory; old growth forests; stand development; U.S. national forests

Indexed keywords

COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; FOREST STRUCTURE; OLD-GROWTH FOREST;

USA, APPALACHIANS;

EID: 0030884029     PISSN: 08858608     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Barden, L.S. 1981. Forest development in canopy gaps of a diverse hardwood forest of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Oikos 37:205-209.
2. Braun, E.L. 1950. The Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America. Blakiston, Philadelphia, Pa.
3. Burns, R.M. and B.H. Honkala (tech. coords.). 1990. Silvics of North America. Agricultural Handbook 654. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, D.C.
4. Carey, A.B. 1983. Cavities in trees in hardwood forests. Pp. 167-184 in J.W. Davis, G.A. Goodwin, and R.A. Oekenfels (tech. coords.). Snag Habitat Management: Proceedings of a Symposium. General Technical Report RM-99, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Fort Collins, Colo.
5. Carey, A.B. 1989. Wildlife associated with old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest. Natural Areas Journal 9:151-162.
6. Clebsch, E.E.C. and R.T. Busing. 1989. Secondary succession, gap dynamics, and community structure in a Southern Appalachian cove forest. Ecology 70:728-735.
7. Cline, S.P., A.B. Berg, and H.M. Wight. 1980. Snag characteristics and dynamics in Douglas-fir forests, western Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 44:773-786.
8. Clinton, B.D., L.R. Boring, and W.T. Swank. 1993. Canopy gap characteristics and drought influences in oak forests of the Coweeta Basin. Ecology 74:1551-1558.
9. Connell, J.H. 1978. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science 199:1302-1310.
10. DeSelm, H.R. and M.D. Sherman. 1982. Species diversity and site position at Savage Gulf, Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee. Pp. 356-366 in R.N. Muller, ed., Proceedings of the Fourth Central Hardwood Conference. University of Kentucky, Lexington.
11. Dickison, G.J. 1980. Composition and stand dynamics of an old-growth upper cove hardwood forest in Walker Cove Research Natural Area, Pisgah National Forest, North Carolina. Master's thesis, Duke University, Durham, N.C.
12. Douglass, J.E. and M.D. Hoover. 1988. History of Coweeta. Pp. 17-34 in W.T. Swank and D.A. Crossley, Jr., eds., Forest Hydrology and Ecology at Coweeta. SpringerVerlag, New York.
13. Franklin, J.F. and T.A. Spies. 1991. Ecological definitions of old-growth Douglas-fir forests. Pp. 61-69 in L.F. Ruggiero, K.B. Aubry, A.B. Carey, and M.H. Huff, tech. coords., Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. General Technical Report PNW-285, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Portland, Ore.
14. Gilliam, P.S., N.L. Turrill, and M.B. Adams. 1995. Herbaceous-layer and overstory species in clear-cut and mature central Appalachian hardwood forests. Ecological Applications 5:947-955.
15. Gore, J.A. 1986. Small mammals and habitat structure in an old-growth northern hardwoods forest. Doctoral diss., University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
16. Gore, J.A. and W.A. Patterson III. 1985. Mass of downed wood in northern hardwood forests in New Hampshire: potential effects of forest management. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16:335-339.
17. Hardt, R.A. 1993. Characterization of oldgrowth forests in the Southern Appalachian region of the United States and implications for their management. Doctoral diss., University of Georgia, Athens.
18. Hardt, R.A. and D.H. Newman. 1995. Regional policies for national forest old-growth planning. Journal of Forestry 93(6):32-35.
19. Harmon, M.E. 1980. The distribution and dynamics of forest fuels in the low elevation forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Research/Resources Management Report No. 32, Uplands Field Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service, Gatlinburg, Tenn.
20. Harmon, M.E. 1982. Decomposition of standing dead trees in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Oecologia 52:214-215.
21. Harmon, M.E., S.P. Bratton, and P.S. White. 1983. Disturbance and vegetation response in relation to environmental gradients in the Great Smoky Mountain National Park. Vegetatio 55:129-139.
22. Harmon, M.E., J.F. Franklin, F.J. Swanson, P. Sollins, S.V. Gregory, J.D. Lattin, N.H. Anderson, S.P. Cline, N.G. Aumen, J.R. Sedell, G.W. Lienkaemper, K. Cromack, Jr., and K.W. Cummins. 1986. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Advances in Ecological Research 15:133-302.
23. Huston, M. 1979. A general hypothesis of species diversity. American Naturalist 113:81-101.
24. Iglich, E.M. 1975. Population age structures and dynamics of six hardwood species in a forested watershed ecosystem in the Southern Appalachians. Masters thesis, University of Georgia, Athens.
25. Lorimer, C.G. 1980. Age structure and disturbance history of a Southern Appalachian virgin forest. Ecology 61:1169-1184.
26. MacMillan, P.C. 1981. Log decomposition in Donaldson' s Woods, Spring Mill State Park, Indiana. American Midland Naturalist 106:335-344.
27. Marcot, B.C., R.S. Holthausen, J.Tepley, and W.D. Carrier. 1991. Old-growth inventories: status, definition, and visions for the future. Pp. 47-60 in L.F. Ruggiero, K.B. Aubry, A.B. Carey, and M.H. Huff, tech. coords., Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. General Technical Report PNW-285, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Portland, Ore.
28. Martin, W.H. 1992. Characteristics of oldgrowth mixed mesophytic forests. Natural Areas Journal 12:127-135.
29. Matlack, O.R., S.K. Gleeson, and R.E. Good. 1993. Treefall in a mixed oak-pine coastal plain forest: immediate and historical causation. Ecology 74:1559-1566.
30. Mattson, K.G., W.T. Swank, and J.B. Waide. 1987. Decomposition of woody debris in a regenerating clear-cut forest in the Southern Appalachians. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17:712-721.
31. McComb, W.C. and R.N. Muller. 1983. Snag densities in old-growth and second-growth Appalachian forests. Journal of Wildlife Management 47:376-382.
32. McGee, C.E. and R.C. Smith. 1967. Undisturbed rhododendron thickets are not spreading. Journal of Forestry 65:334-335.
33. Mehl, M.S. 1992. Old-growth descriptions for the major forest cover types in the Rocky Mountain region. Pp. 106-120 in M.R. Kaufman, W.H. Moir, and R.L. Bassett, tech. coords., Old-growth Forests in the Southwest and Rocky Mountain Regions: Proceedings of a Workshop. General Technical Report RM-213, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Fort Collins, Colo.
34. Monk, C.D. 1967. Tree species diversity in the eastern deciduous forest with particular reference to north central Florida. American Naturalist 101:173-187.
35. Muller, R.N. 1982. Vegetation patterns in the mixed mesophytic forest of eastern Kentucky. Ecology 63:1901-1917.
36. Muller, R.N. and Y. Liu. 1991. Coarse woody debris in an old-growth deciduous forest on the Cumberland Plateau, southeastern Kentucky. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21:1567-1572.
37. Nelson, T.C. 1955. Chestnut replacement in the southern highlands. Ecology 36:352-353.
38. Oliver, C.D. 1981, Forest development in North America following major disturbance. Forest Ecology and Management 3:153-168.
39. Oosting, H.J. and P.F. Bourdeau. 1955. Virgin hemlock forest segregates in the Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest of western North Carolina. Botanical Gazette 116:340-359.
40. Parker, G.R. 1989. Old-growth forests of the central hardwood region. Natural Areas Journal 9:5-11.
41. Pelton, M.R. 1986. Habitat needs of black bears in the east. Pp. 59-53 in D.L. Kulhavy and R.N. Conner, eds., Wilderness and Natural Areas in the Eastern United States: a Management Challenge. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Tex.
42. Phillips, D.L. and W.H. Murdy. 1985. Effects of rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum L.) on regeneration of Southern Appalachian hardwoods. Forest Science 31:226-233.
43. Pielou, E.C. 1969. An Introduction to Mathematical Ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
44. Plocher, A.E., and K.L. Carvell. 1987. Population dynamics of rosebay rhododendron thickets in the Southern Appalachians. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 114:121-126.
45. Radford A.E., H.E. Ahles, andC.R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
46. Romme, W.H. and W.H. Martin. 1982. Natural disturbance by tree falls in old-growth mixed mesophytic forest: Lilley Cornett Woods, Kentucky. Pp. 367-383 in R.N. Muller, ed., Proceedings of the Fourth Central Hardwood Conference. University of Kentucky, Lexington.
47. Rosenberg, D.K., J.D. Fraser, and D.F. Stauffer. 1988. Use and characteristics of snags in young and old forest stands in southwest Virginia. Forest Science 34:224-228.
48. Runkle, J.R. 1981. Gap regeneration in some old-growth forests of the eastern United States. Ecology 62:1041-1051.
49. Runkle, J.R. 1982. Patterns of disturbance in some old-growth mesic forests of the eastern United States. Ecology 63:1533-1546.
50. Smith, R.N. 1991. Species composition, stand structure, and woody detrital dynamics associated with pine mortality in the Southern Appalachians. Masters thesis, University of Georgia, Athens.
51. Solling, P. 1982. Input and decay of coarse woody debris in coniferous stands in western Oregon and Washington. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 12:18-28.
52. Spies, T.A. and S.P. Cline. 1988. Coarse woody debris in forests and plantations of coastal Oregon. Pp. 5-24 in C. Maser, R.F. Tarrant, J.M. Trappe, J.F. Franklin, tech. eds., From the forest to the sea: a story of fallen trees. General Technical Report PNW-229, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Portland, Ore.
53. Spies, T.A. and J.F. Franklin. 1991. The structure of natural young, mature, and oldgrowth Douglas-fir forests in Oregon and Washington. Pp. 91-110 in L.F. Ruggiero, K.B. Aubry, A.B. Carey, and M.H. Huff, tech. coords., Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. General Technical Report PNW-285, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Portland, Ore.
54. Spies, T.A., J.F. Franklin, and T.B. Thomas. 1988. Coarse woody debris in Douglas-fir forests of western Oregon and Washington. Ecology 69:1689-1702.
55. Spring, P.E. 1973. Population dynamics of Quercus prinus L., Acer rubrum L., and Cornus florida L. in a forested watershed ecosystem. Masters thesis, University of Georgia, Athens.
56. Swank, W.T. and D.A. Crossley, Jr. 1988. Introduction and site description. Pp. 2-16 in W.T. Swank and D.A. Crossley, Jr., eds., Forest Hydrology and Ecology at Coweeta. Springer-Verlag, New York.
57. Swank, W.T. and J.D. Helvey. 1970. Reduction of streamflow increase following regrowth of clearcut hardwood forests. Pp. 346-360 in Symposium on the Results of Research on Representative and Experimental Basins. Publication 96, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization- International Association of Scientific Hydrology.
58. Swift, L.W., Jr., G.B. Cunningham, and J.E. Douglass. 1988. Climatology and hydrology. Pp. 35-55 in W.T. Swank and D.A. Crossley, Jr., eds., Forest Hydrology and Ecology at Coweeta. Springer-Verlag, New York.
59. Tyrrell, L.E. and T.R. Crow. 1994. Structural characteristics of old-growth hemlock-hardwood forests in relation to age. Ecology 75:370-386.
60. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Appalachian Northern Flying Squirrels recovery plan. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 5, Newton Corner, Mass.
61. U.S. Forest Service. 1989a. Position statement on national forest old-growth values. Memorandum to Regional Foresters, Station Directors, WO staff, October 11,1989. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, D.C.
62. U.S. Forest Service. 1989b. Generic definition and description of old-growth forests. Memorandum to Regional Foresters, Station Directors, WO staff, October 11,1989. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, D.C.
63. U.S. Forest Service. 1993. Southern region old growth strategy for use in forest and land management planning. Memorandum to Forest Supervisors, June 29, 1993. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region, Atlanta, Ga.
64. U.S. Forest Service. 1994a. Final Supplement to the Final Environmental Impact Statement: Pisgah and Nantahala National Forests. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region, Atlanta, Ga.
65. U.S. Forest Service. 1994b. Land and Resource Management Plan, Amendment 5: Pisgah and Nantahala National Forests. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region, Atlanta, Ga.
66. Whittaker, R.H. 1956. Vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecological Monographs 26:1-80.
67. Woods, F.W. and R.E. Shanks. 1959. Natural replacement of chestnut by other species in the Great Smoky Mountain National Park. Ecology 40:349-361.