Acute therapy of maternal and fetal arrhythmias during pregnancy

Journal of Intensive Care Medicine

Volumn 21, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 305-315

  Trappe, Hans Joachim ^a  

^a RUHR UNIVERSITY BOCHUM   (Germany)

Author keywords

Antiarrhythmic drugs; Automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator; Cardiac arrhythmias; Pregnancy; Sudden death

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE; AJMALINE; AMIODARONE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIGOXIN; LIDOCAINE; MAGNESIUM SULFATE; METOPROLOL; PROCAINAMIDE; PROPRANOLOL DERIVATIVE; QUINIDINE; SOTALOL; VERAPAMIL;

BRADYCARDIA; CARDIOVERSION; DEFIBRILLATOR; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; FETUS DISEASE; GROWTH RETARDATION; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART VENTRICLE FIBRILLATION; HEART VENTRICLE FLUTTER; HEART VENTRICLE TACHYCARDIA; HUMAN; HYPOTHERMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; INCIDENCE; MATERNAL DISEASE; MUSCLE TONE; PACEMAKER; PLACENTA CIRCULATION; PREGNANCY; PREMATURE LABOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SUDDEN DEATH; SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; TACHYCARDIA; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS; ARRHYTHMIA; ARRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC; DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC; ELECTRIC COUNTERSHOCK; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; FEMALE; FETAL DISEASES; HUMANS; INTENSIVE CARE; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, CARDIOVASCULAR;

EID: 33748270041     PISSN: 08850666     EISSN: 15251489     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0885066606291433     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. Barron WM, Mujais SK, Zinamam M, Bravo EL, Lindheimer MD. Plasma catecholamine responses to physiologic stimuli in normal human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1986;154:80-84.
2. Tawam M, Levine J, Mendelson M, Goldberger J, Dyer A, Kadish A. Effect of pregnancy on paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1993;72:838-840.
3. Facchini M, Bauersfeld U, Fasnacht M, Candinas R. Mütterliche Herzrhythmusstörungen während der Schwangerschaft. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 2000;130:1962-1969.
4. Page RL. Treatment of arrhythmias during pregnancy. Am Heart J. 1995;130:871-876.
5. Task Force Members, Oakley C, Child A, Iung B, et al. Expert consensus document on management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:761-781.
6. Joglar JA, Page RI. Treatment of cardiac arrhythmias during pregnancy: safety considerations. Drug Saf. 1999;20:85-94.
7. Rotmensch HH, Elkayam U, Frishman W. Antiarrhythmic drug therapy during pregnancy. Ann Intern Med. 1983;98:487-497.
8. Nakagawa M, Katou S, Ichinose M, et al. Characteristics of new-onset ventricular arrhythmias in pregnancy. J Electrocardiol. 2004;37:47-53.
9. Allan L. Fetal arrhythmias. In: Long WA, ed. Fetal and Neonatal Cardiology. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 1990: 180-184.
10. Chow T, Galvin J, McGovern B. Antiarrhythmic drug therapy in pregnancy and lactation. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:58I-62I.
11. Copel JA, Kleiman CS. Fetal echocardiography in the diagnosis and management of fetal heart disease. Clin Diagn Ultrasound. 1989;25:67-83.
12. Cox JL, Gardner MJ. Treatment of cardiac arrhythmias during pregnancy. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1993;36:137-178.
13. Klein HH, Pich S. Cardiovascular changes during pregnancy. Herz. 2003;28:173-174.
14. Ferrero S, Colombo BM, Ragni N. Maternal arrhythmias during pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2004;269:244-253.
15. McAnulty JH, Morton MJ, Ueland K. The heart and pregnancy. Curr Probl Cardiol. 1988;13:589-665.
16. Mitani GM, Steinberg I, Lien EJ, Harrison EC, Elkayam U. The pharmacokinetics of antiarrhythmic agents in pregnancy and lactation. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1987;12:253-291.
17. Gowda RM, Khan IA, Mehta NJ, Vasavada BC, Sacchi TJ. Cardiac arrhythmias in pregnancy: clinical and therapeutic considerations. Int J Cardiol. 2003;88:129-133.
18. Tan HL, Lie KI. Treatment of tachyarrhythmias during pregnancy and lactation. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:458-464.
19. Shotan A, Ostrzega E, Mehra A, Johnson JV, Elkayam U. Incidence of arrhythmias in normal pregnancy and relation to palpitations, dizziness, and syncope. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79:1061-1064.
20. Widerhorn J, Widerhorn ALM, Rahimtoola SH, Elkayam LI. WPW syndrome during pregnancy: increased incidence of supraventricular arrhythmias. Am Heart J. 1992;123:796-798.
21. Speranza G, Verlato G, Albiero A. Autonomic changes during pregnancy: assessment by spectral heart rate variability analysis. J Electro Cardiol. 1998;31:101-109.
22. Hunter S, Robson SC. Adaptation of maternal heart in pregnancy. Br Heart J. 1992;68:540-543.
23. Lee SH, Chen SA, Wu TJ, et al. Effects of pregnancy on first onset and symptoms of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:675-678.
24. Nakagawa M, Katou S, Ichinose M, et al. Characteristics of new-onset ventricular arrhythmias in pregnancy. J Electrocardiol. 2004;37:47-53.
25. Bravermann AC, Bromley BS, Rutherford JD. New onset ventricular tachycardia during pregnancy. Int J Cardiol. 1991;33:409-412.
26. Navarro V, Nathan PE, Rosero H, Sacchi TJ. Accelerated idioventricular rhythm in pregnancy: a case report. Angiology. 1993;44:506-508.
27. Crosson JE, Scheel JN. Fetal arrhythmias: diagnosis, and current recommendations for therapy. Prog Pediatr Cardiol. 1996;5:141-147.
28. Jaeggi E, Fouron JC, Drblik SP. Fetal atrial flutter: diagnosis, clinical features, treatment, and outcome. J Pediatr. 1998;132:335-339.
29. Lisowski LA, Verheijen PM, Benatar AA, et al. Atrial flutter in the perinatal age group: diagnosis, management and outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:771-777.
30. Strasburger JF, Cuneo BF, Michon MM, et al. Amiodarone therapy for drug-refractory fetal tachycardia. Circulation. 2004;109:375-379.
31. Fasnacht MS, Günthard J. Fetale Kardiologie beinhaltet nicht nur fetale Echokardiographie. Pediatrica. 2004;15:27-29.
32. Lupoglazoff JM, Dejoy I, Luton D, Magnier S, Azancot A. Prenatal diagnosis of a familial form of junctional ectopic tachycardia. Prenat Diagn. 1999;19:767-770.
33. Balmer C, Fasnacht MS, Rahn M, Molinari L, Bauersfeld U. Long-term follow-up of children with complete atrioventricular block and impact of pacemaker therapy. Europace. 2002;4:345-349.
34. Machado MVL, Tynan M, Curry PVL, Allen LD. Fetal complete heart block. Br Heart J. 1988;56:512-515.
35. Julkunen H, Kaaja R, Siren MK, et al. Immune-mediated congenital heart block (CHB): identifying and counselling patients at risk for having children with CHB. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1998;28:97-106.
36. Carr JG, McLure WB. Auricular flutter in a newly born infant: report of a case. Am Heart J. 1931:6:824-829.
37. Blumenthal S, Jacobs JC, Steer CM, Williamson SW. Congenital atrial flutter: report of a case documented by intra-uterine echocardiography. Pediatrics. 1968;41:659-661.
38. Copel JA, Kleiman CS. Fetal echocardiography in the diagnosis and management of fetal heart disease. Clin Diagn Ultrasound. 1989;25:67-83.
39. Fouron JC, Fournier A, Proulx F, et al. Management of fetal tachyarrhythmia based on superior vena cava/aorta Doppler flow recordings. Heart. 2003;89:1211-1216.
40. Gembruch LJ, Hansmann M, Bald R. Direct intrauterine fetal treatment of fetal tachyarrhythmia with severe hydrops fetalis by antiarrhythmic drugs. Fetal Ther. 1988;3:210-215.
41. Ishii K, Chiba Y, Sasaki Y, Kawamata K, Miyashita S. Fetal atrial tachycardia diagnosed by magnetocardiography and direct fetal electrocardiography. A case report of treatment with propranolol hydrochloride. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2003;18:463-466.
42. Maulik D. Basic principles of Doppler ultrasound as applied in obstetrics. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1989;32:628-644.
43. Sermer M, Colman J, Siu S. Pregnancy complicated by heart disease: a review of Canadian experience. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003;23:540-544.
44. Wellens HJJ, Conover MB. The ECG in Emergency Decision Making. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2006.
45. Wolbrette D. Treatment of arrhythmias during pregnancy. Curr Womens Health Rep. 2003;3:135-139.
46. Chow T, Galvin J, McGowern B. Antiarrhythmic drug therapy in pregnancy and lactation. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:58I-62I.
47. Mozo de Rosales F, Moreno J, Bodegas A, Melchor JC, Fernandez Lebrez L, Aranguren G. Conversion of atrial fibrillation with ajmaline in a pregnant woman with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Eur J Obstet. 1994;56:63-66.
48. Wellens HJJ, Farré J, Bär FWHM. The Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In: Mandel WJ, ed. Cardiac Arrhythmias. Their Management, Diagnosis and Management. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott; 1987:274-296.
49. Wellens HJJ, Atie J, Penn OC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of patients with accessory pathways. Cardiol Clin. 1990;8:503-521.
50. Page RL. Treatment of arrhythmias during pregnancy. Am Heart J. 1995;130:871-876.
51. Pagad SV, Barmade AB, Toal SC, Vora AM, Lokhandwala YY. "Rescue" radiofrequency ablation for atrial tachycardia presenting as cardiomyopathy in pregnancy. Indian Heart J. 2004;56:245-247.
52. Dominguez A, Iturralde P, Hermosillo AG, Colin L, Kershenovich S, Garrido LM. Successful radiofrequency ablation of an accessory pathway during pregnancy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1999;22:131-134.
53. Gras D, Mabo P, Kermarrec A, Bazin P, Varin C, Daubert C. Radiofrequency ablation of atrioventricular conduction during the 5th month of pregnancy. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 1992;85:1873-1877.
54. Task Force Members, Oakley C, Child A, Iung B, et al. Expert consensus document on management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:761-781.
55. Walsh KA, Erzi MD, Denes P. Emergency treatment of tachyarrhythmias. Med Clin North Am. 1988;70:791-811.
56. Tan HL, Lie KI. Treatment of tachyarrhythmias during pregnancy and lactation. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:458-464.
57. Habib A, McCarthy JS. Effects on the neonate of propranolol administered during pregnancy. J Pediatr. 1977;91:808-811.
58. Rahilly GT, Prystowsky EN, Zipes DP, Nacarelli GV, Jackman WM, Heger JJ. Clinical and electrophysiologic findings in patients with repetitive monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and otherwise normal electrocardiogram. Am J Cardiol. 1982;50:459-468.
59. Page RL, Shenasa H, Evans J, Sorrentino RA, Wharton JM, Prystowsky EN. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of idiopathic recurrent ventricular tachycardia with a right bundle branch block, left axis pattern. Pace Clin Electrophysiol. 1993;16:327-336.
60. Finlay AY, Edmunds V. DC cardioversion in pregnancy. Br J Clin Pract. 1979;33:88-94.
61. Trappe HJ. Tachykarde Rhythmusstörungen in der Intensivmedizin. In: Zerkowski HR, Baumann G, eds. Herz-AkutMedizin. Darmstadt, Steinkopff-Verkag; 2006:480-492.
62. Khositseth A, Ramin KD, O'Leary PW, Porter CJ. Role of amiodarone in the treatment of fetal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias and hydrops fetalis. Pediatr Cardiol. 2003;24:454-456.
63. Vanbesien J, Casteels A, Bougatef A, et al. Transient fetal hypothyroidism due to direct fetal administration of amiodarone for drug resistant fetal tachycardia. Am J Perinatol. 2001;18:113-116.
64. Trappe HJ: Amiodarone. Intensivmedizin. 2001;38:169-178.
65. Magee LA, Downar E, Sermer M, Boulton BC, Allen LC, Koren G. Pregnancy outcome after gestational exposure to amiodarone in Canada. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;172:1307-1311.
66. Cardosi RJ, Chez RA. Magnesium sulfate, maternal hypothermia, and fetal bradycardia with loss of heart rate variability. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;92:691-693.
67. Varon ME, Sherer DM, Abramowicz JS, Akiyama T. Maternal ventricular tachycardia associated with hypomagnesemia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;167:1352-1355.
68. Cleary-Goldmann J, Salva CR, Infeld JI, Robinson JN. Verapamil-sensitive idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia in pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2003;14:132-135.
69. Trappe HJ. Long-term outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest after successful early defibrillation. Intensivmedizin. 2005;42:311-316.
70. Trappe HJ. Early defibrillation: where are we? Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2005;130:685-688.
71. Isaacs JD, Mulholland DH, Hess LW, Albert JR, Martin RW. Pregnancy in a woman with an automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator: a case report. J Reprod Med. 1993;36:487-488.
72. Natale A, Davidson T, Geiger MJ, Newby K. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and pregnancy. A safe combination? Circulation. 1997;96:2808-2812.
73. Piper JM, Berkus M, Ridgway LE. Pregnancy complicated by chronic cardiomyopathy and an automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;167:506-507.
74. McAnulty JH, Morton MJ, Ueland K. The heart and pregnancy. Curr Probl Cardiol. 1988;13:589-665.
75. Mendelson CL. Disorders of the heartbeat during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1956;72:1268-1270.
76. Dalvi BV, Chaudhuri A, Kulkarni HL, Purushottam KA. Therapeutic guidelines for congenital heart block presenting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;79:802-804.
77. Huang H, Lin Q, Zhang L. Clinical observation of cardiac pacemaker in pregnant women. Chuang Hua Fu Chan Ko Tsa Chih. 1997;32:345-346.
78. Lau CP, Lee CP, Wong CK, Cheng CH, Leung WH. Rate responsive pacing with a minute ventilation sensing pacemaker during pregnancy and delivery. Pacing Clin Electropbysiol. 1990;13:158-163.
79. Ramsewak S, Persad P, Perkins S, Narayansingh G. Twin pregnancy in a patient with complete heart block. A case report. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 1992;19:166-167.
80. Anderer G, Hellmeyer L, Tekesin I, Schmidt S. Kombinationstherapie einer fetalen supraventrikulären Tachykardie mit Flecainid und Digoxin. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol. 2005;209:34-37.
81. Krapp M, Kohl T, Simpson JM, Sharland GK, Katalinic A, Gembruch U. Review of diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of fetal atrial flutter compared with supraventricular tachycardia. Heart. 2003;89:913-917.
82. Nagel BHP, Neudorf LI, Hanssler L, Kuhn U, Schmaltz AA. Therapeutische Optionen bei fetaler Tachyarrhythmie [Problems of therapy of fetal life-threatening dysrhythmias]. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd. 2000;148:666-672.
83. Khositseth A, Ramin KD, O'Leary PW, Porter CJ. Role of amiodarone in the treatment of fetal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias and hydrops fetalis. Pediatr Cardiol. 2003;24:454-456.
84. Hansmann M, Gembruch U, Bald R, Manz M, Redel DA. Fetal tachyarrhythmias: transplacental and direct treatment of the fetus - a report of 60 cases. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1991;1:158-160.
85. Nakagawa M, Katou S, Ichinose M, et al. Characteristics of new-onset ventricular arrhythmias in pregnancy. J Electrocardiol. 2004;37:47-53.
86. Hubinont C, Debauche C, Bernard P, Sluysmans T. Resolution of fetal tachycardia and hydrops by a single adenosine administration. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;92:718-720.
87. Ishii K, Chiba Y, Sasaki Y, Kawamata K, Miyashita S. Fetal atrial tachycardia diagnosed by magnetocardiography and direct fetal electrocardiography. A case report of treatment with propranolol hydrochloride. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2003;18:463-466.
88. Grosso S, Bernardi R, Cioni M, Morgese G. Transient neonatal hypothyroidism after gestational exposure to amiodarone: a follow-up of two cases. J Endocrinol Invest. 1998;21:699-702.