The problem of early modern Melancholy

Past and Present

Volumn 191, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 77-120

  Gowland, Angus ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33748119136     PISSN: 00312746     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtj012     Document Type: Article

References (414)

1. Robert Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy, ed. Thomas C. Faulkner, Nicolas K. Kiessling and Rhonda L. Blair, commentary J. B. Bamborough and Martin Dodsworth, 6 vols. (Oxford, 1989-2001), i, 110, 'Democritus Junior to the Reader'.
2. Philipp Melanchthon, Liber de anima, recognitus ab auctore (Wittenberg, 1552), sig. F2: 'Exempla adeò crebra sunt, ut hic nomina eorum recitare nolum, quos vidimus hoc morbo laborare'.
3. André Du Laurens, A Discourse of the Preservation of Sight: Of Melancholike Diseases; of Rheumes, and of Old Age, trans. Richard Surphlet (London, 1599, STC 7304), 140.
4. Girolamo Mercuriale, Medicina practica . . . Libri V, 2nd edn (Lyon, 1617), II. 10. 55: 'Sed istud satis est intelligere, hanc affectionem esse temporibus nostris frequentissimam, ut propter hoc pertineat ad culturam ingeniorum vestrorum diligenter curationem hanc intelligere'.
5. Julius Caesar Claudinus [= Chiodini], Responsiones et consultationes medicinales (Venice, 1607), consultatio no. 98, p. 232: 'Affectus melancholicus, maximè verò qui flatulentus, & Hypochondriacus vocatur, adeo nostris temporibus frequenter ingruit, ut quemadmodum nullus ferè ab eius labe immunis reperitur, ita propria natura omnium quasi morborum, omnium penè Symptomatum occasio existat, id quod in omnibus, at praesertim in illustrissimo'.
6. Richard Baxter, Reliquiae Baxterianae: Or, Mr. Richard Baxters Narrative of the Most Memorable Passages of his Life and Times, ed. Matthew Sylvester (London, 1696), pt 3, 1§84, pp. 85-6.
7. Thomas Willis, De anima brutorum quae hominis vitalis ac sensitiva est, exercitationes duae (Oxford, 1672), XI. 454: 'horum exempla [sc. melancholicorum deliria] quotidie nova, & admiranda eveniunt'.
8. For the English translation, see Two Discourses Concerning the Soul of Brutes, Which Is That of the Vital and Sensitive of Man, ed. S. Pordage (London, 1683), 188
9. see also ibid., 193.
10. Timothy Rogers, A Discourse Concerning Trouble of Mind and the Disease of Melancholly (London, 1691), pp. xxiv-lx.
11. See Lawrence Babb, The Elizabethan Malady: A Study of Melancholia in English Literature from 1580 to 1642 (East Lansing, 1951)
12. Jean Starobinski, Histoire du traitement de la mélancolie des origines à 1900 (Acta psychosomatica, iv, Basel, 1960)
13. Raymond Klibansky, Erwin Panofsky and Fritz Saxl, Saturn and Melancholy: Studies in the History of Natural Philosophy, Religion, and Art (Cambridge, 1964)
14. Hellmut Flashar, Melancholie und Melancholiker in den medizinischen Theorien der Antike (Berlin, 1966)
15. Heinz-Günter Schmitz, 'Phantasie und Melancholie', Medizinhistorisches Journal, iv (1969)
16. Heinz-Günter Schmitz, 'Das Melancholieproblem in Wissenschaft und Kunst der frühen Neuzeit', Sudhoffs Archiv, lx (1976)
17. T. H. Jobe, 'Medical Theories of Melancholia in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries', Clio Medica, xi (1976)
18. Ilza Veith, 'Elizabethans on Melancholia', Jl Amer. Medical Assoc., ccxii (1976)
19. Stanley Jackson, Melancholia and Depression from Hippocratic Times to Modern Times (New Haven and London, 1986)
20. Martine Alet, 'La Mélancolie dans la psycho-physiologie du début du XVIIe siècle', Papers on French Seventeenth Century Literature, xxvii (2000). Amongst the many useful literary and art-historical studies
21. see Margaret and Rudolf Wittkower, Born under Saturn: The Character and Conduct of Artists. A Documented History from Antiquity to the French Revolution (London, 1963)
22. Bridget Gellert Lyons, Voices of Melancholy: Studies in Literary Treatments of Melancholy in Renaissance England (London, 1971)
23. Udo Benzenhöfer, Melancholie in Literatur und Kunst (Hürtgenwald, 1990)
24. Teresa Scott Soufas, Melancholy and the Secular Mind in Spanish Golden Age Literature (Columbia, 1990). I am excluding the large literature on modern forms of melancholy.
25. See Roy Porter, Mind Forg'd Manacles: A History of Madness in England from the Restoration to the Regency (London, 1987)
26. Winfried Schleiner, Melancholy, Genius, and Utopia in the Renaissance (Wiesbaden, 1991)
27. Michael Heyd, 'Be Sober and Reasonable': The Critique of Enthusiasm in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries (Leiden, 1995), chs. 2-3
28. Noel L. Brann, The Debate over the Origin of Genius during the Italian Renaissance: The Theories of Supernatural Frenzy and Natural Melancholy in Accord and in Conflict on the Threshold of the Scientific Revolution (Leiden, Boston and Cologne, 2002)
29. H. C. Erik Midelfort, A History of Madness in Sixteenth-Century Germany (Stanford, 1999)
30. David Lederer, 'Melancholie und andere Krankheiten des Geistes: Plädoyer für eine Geschichte der frühmodernen Seelenarznei', in Reiner Jehl and Wolfgang Weber (eds.), Melancholie: Epochenstimmung - Krankheit - Lebenskunst (Stuttgart, 2000), 26-33.
31. For the association of suicide and melancholy, see, for example, Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, i, 428-38 (pt 1, sect. 4, memb. 1, subsect. 1).
32. See N. Paulus, 'Die Melancholie im 16. Jahrhundert', Wissenschaftliche Beilage zur Germania: Blätter für Literatur, Wissenschaft und Kunst, xviii (1897)
33. Émile Durkheim, Suicide: A Study in Sociology, trans. John A. Spaulding and George Simpson (London, 1952), 88, 353-4, and esp. 152-70
34. Walter Benjamin, The Origin of German Tragic Drama, trans. John Osborne (London, 1977), esp. 138-58.
35. On the link between Protestantism and melancholy in England, see S. E. Sprott, The English Debate on Suicide from Donne to Hume (La Salle, Ill., 1961), 28, 35-7, 47-52
36. John Stachniewski, The Persecutory Imagination: English Puritanism and the Literature of Religious Despair (Oxford, 1991).
37. Vieda Skultans, English Madness: Ideas on Insanity, 1580-1890 (London, Boston and Henley, 1979), 20-2.
38. G. B. Harrison, 'Essay on Elizabethan Melancholy', in Nicholas Breton, Melancholike Humours, ed. G. B. Harrison (London, 1929), 49
39. L. C. Knights, 'Seventeenth-Century Melancholy', Criterion, xiii (1933-4), 110, 114 ff.
40. George Williamson, 'Mutability, Decay, and Seventeenth-Century Melancholy', Eng. Lit. Hist., ii (1935)
41. Babb, Elizabethan Malady
42. Jackson, Melancholia and Depression, 105.
43. For the eighteenth-century French image of the English as melancholic, see Eric Gidal, 'Civic Melancholy: English Gloom and French Enlightenment', Eighteenth Century Studies, xxxvii (2003).
44. e siècles) (Paris, 1983) - in English as Jean Delumeau, Sin and Fear: The Emergence of a Western Guilt Culture, 13th-18th Centuries, trans. Eric Nicholson (New York, 1990), esp. 168-85.
45. This will also be discussed in David Lederer, Madness, Religion and the State in Early Modern Europe: A Bavarian Beacon, Cambridge Univ. Press, forthcoming.
46. See, variously, Bergen Evans, The Psychiatry of Robert Burton (New York, 1944)
47. W. I. D. Scott, Shakespeare's Melancholics (London, 1962)
48. 8F. F. Blok, Caspar Barlaeus: From the Correspondence of a Melancholic (Amsterdam, 1976), 21-8
49. and the editors' comments in Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, iv, 17.
50. For critical appraisals of this type of procedure, see Michel de Certeau, 'What Freud Makes of History', in his The Writing of History, trans. Tom Conley (New York, 1988), 287-307
51. Jon Arrizabalaga, 'Problematizing Retrospective Diagnosis in the History of Disease', Asclepio, liv (2002).
52. See Sprott, English Debate on Suicide, 27-8.
53. See, for example, George Cheyne, The English Malady, ed. Roy Porter (London and New York, 1991), LII. 36.
54. For discussion, see Michael MacDonald and Terence R. Murphy, Sleepless Souls: Suicide in Early Modern England (Oxford, 1990), 239-44.
55. MacDonald and Murphy, Sleepless Souls, 3-5, 15-16, 22-8, 56-60, 127-8, 238-47, 303-14.
56. Brian Nance, Turquet de Mayerne as Baroque Physician: The Art of Medical Portraiture (Clio Medica, lxv, Amsterdam and New York, 2001), 132-6. The 16 per cent of cases diagnosed as melancholy would rise to 25 per cent if Mayerne's designation of 'hypochondria' indicated hypochondriacal melancholy.
57. See Michael MacDonald, Mystical Bedlam: Madness, Anxiety, and Healing in Seventeenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1981), 31
58. Thomas Willis, Willis's Oxford Casebook (1650-52), ed. Kenneth Dewhurst (Oxford, 1981), 97-8, 126-7, 136-7
59. Katherine E. Williams, 'Hysteria in Seventeenth-Century Case Records and Unpublished Manuscripts', History of Psychiatry, i (1990), 388, 391-2.
60. Thomas Sydenham, The Whole Works of That Excellent Practical Physician Dr. Thomas Sydenham, trans. John Pechy (London, 1696), 15 ff.
61. Sydenham, Whole Works, 440-78
62. Thomas Sydenham, Dissertatio epistolaris ad spectatissimum doctissimumque virum Gulielmum Cole, M. D., de observationibus nuperis circa curationem variolarum confluentium nec non de affectione hysterica (London, 1682).
63. Sydenham, Whole Works, 440, 442, and esp. 444-6, 451-2.
64. See also Willis's Oxford Casebook, ed. Dewhurst, 145
65. Thomas Willis, An Essay of the Pathology of the Brain and Nervous Stock, trans. S. P. (London, 1681), 90-7.
66. For the relationship etween hypochondria and melancholy, see ibid., 90-1, 95-6.
67. Nicholas Robinson, A New System of the Spleen, Vapours, and Hypochondriack Melancholy: Wherein All the Decays of the Nerves, and Lownesses of the Spirits, are Mechanically Accounted For. To Which Is Subjoin'd, a Discourse upon the Nature, Cause, and Cure, of Melancholy, Madness, and Lunacy (London, 1729), 175.
68. For this reformulation, see Wolf Lepenies, Melancholie und Gesellschaft (Frankfurt am Main, 1972) - in English as Wolf Lepenies, Melancholy and Society, trans. Jeremy Gaines and Doris Jones (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1992), 1, 164-5.
69. Timothy Bright, A Treatise of Melancholie: Containing the Causes thereof, & Reasons of the Strange Effects It Worketh in our Minds and Bodies (London, 1586, STC 3747)
70. Du Laurens, Discourse of the Preservation of Sight
71. Ercole Sassonia, De melancholia, repr. in his Opera practica (Padua, 1639)
72. Jourdain Guilbelet, Trois discours philosophiques, 1. de la comparaison de l'homme avec le monde, 2. du principe de la generation de l'homme, 3. de l'humeur mélancholique (Évreux, 1603)
73. Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy
74. Caspare Marcucci, Quadripartium melancholicum (Rome, 1645).
75. For the peak of interest in melancholy in this period, see Oskar Diethelm, Medical Dissertations of Psychiatric Interest Printed before 1750 (Basel, 1971), 32-49, 164-206.
76. See also Hermann Schüling, Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Geschichte der Psychologie: Das 17. Jahrhundert (Giessen, 1964).
77. See J. Marriot, The English Mountebank: Or, A Physical Dispensatory ... with Sundry Directions ... How to Make his New Dish, Called a Frigazee: The Operation whereof, Expells All Sadness and Melancholy (London, 1652)
78. Richard Amyas, An Antidote against Melancholy (London, 1659)
79. William Chilcot, A Practical Treatise Concerning Evil Thoughts: Wherein Are Some Things More Especially Useful for Melancholy Persons (Oxford, 1698)
80. D. Irish, Levamen Infirmi . . . Concerning Melancholy, Frensie, and Madness (London, 1700).
81. Anon., Tyros Roring Megge: Planted against the Walles of Melancholy (London, 1598, STC 24477)
82. Nicholas Breton, Wonders Worth the Hearing: Which Being Read or Heard . . . May Serve Both to Purge Melancholy from the Minde, & Grosse Humoours from the Body (London, 1602, STC 3714)
83. Samuel Rowlands, Democritus, or Doctor Merry-Man his Medicines, against Melancholy Humors (London, 1607, STC 21366)
84. Samuel Rowlands, Doctor Merry-Man: Or, Nothing but Mirth (London, 1616, STC 21374)
85. W. C., The First Part of the Renowned Historie of Fragosa King of Aragon . . . Right Pleasant for the Aged to Drive Away Melancholy Thoughts (London, 1618, STC 4319)
86. Anon., Robin Good-Fellow, his Mad Prankes, and Merry Iests, Full of Honest Mirth, and Is a Fit Medicine for Melancholy (London, 1628, STC 12016)
87. Anon., The Pennilesse Parliament of Threed-Bare Poets . . . Composed by Doctor Merry-Man: Not Onely to Purge Melancholy, but Also to Procure Tittering and Laughing (London, 1649)
88. Anon., A PILL to Purge Melancholy: Or, Merry Newes from Newgate (London, 1652)
89. Anon., Mirth in Abundance . . . Contriv'd to Relieve the Melancholy, and Rejoyce the Merry; to Expell Sorrow, and Advance Jollity (London, 1659)
90. Anon., An Antidote against Melancholy: Made Up in PILLS. Compounded of Witty Ballads, Jovial Songs, and Merry Catches (London, 1661)
91. Laurence Price, A New Dialogue between Dick of Kent, and Wat the Welch-man . . . Written and Printed on Purpose to Make Folks Merry in Time of Sadnesse . . . and Pass the Tedious Melancholy Nights (London, 1654)
92. Humphrey Crouch, England's Jests Refin'd and Improv'd, [which] May Serve as the Witty-Man's COMPANION, the Busie-Man's DIVERSION, and the Melancholy Man's PHYSICK and RECREATION, 3rd edn (London, 1693)
93. Anon., Wit and Mirth: Or, PILLS to Purge Melancholy (London, 1699).
94. Using the typology presented in Heinrich Laehr, Die Literatur der Psychiatrie, Neurologie und Psychologie von 1459-1799, 4 vols. (Berlin, 1900), a case could be made for a similar boom of interest in mania or fevers.
95. On Melanchthon, see Sachiko Kusukawa, The Transformation of Natural Philosophy: The Case of Philip Melanchthon (Cambridge, 1995)
96. On Du Laurens, see Jacques Ferrand, A Treatise on Lovesickness, ed. Donald A. Beecher and Massimo Ciavolella (Syracuse, NY, 1990), 103-5.
97. For Burton's influence, see nn. 119-20 below.
98. On the etymology of melancholy, see Du Laurens, Discourse of the Preservation of Sight, 86
99. Giovanni Manardi, IATRODGIA EPISTOLIKH sive curia medica (Hanover, 1611), IX. 2. 183
100. Mercuriale, Medicina practica, II. 10. 39.
101. See, for example, Du Laurens, Discourse of the Preservation of Sight, 81, 87-8
102. Manardi, IATRODGIA EPISTOLIKH, XVIII. 1. 315
103. Mercuriale, Medicina practica, I. 15. 76; I. 16. 84.
104. For notable exceptions, see Marsilio Ficino, Commentarium in Convivium Platonis de amore, VIII. 3, in Commentary on Plato's Symposium on Love, 2nd revised edn, trans. Sears Jayne (Dallas, 1985), 158
105. followed in François Valleriola, Observationum medicinalium libri sex (Lyon, 1588), 196
106. Paracelsus, De morbis amentia, II. 3: Four Treatises of Theophrastus von Hohenheim, Called Paracelsus, trans. C. L. Temkin et al. (Baltimore and London, 1996), 152-3.
107. The topic is discussed in Ferrand, Treatise on Lovesickness, ed. Beecher and Ciavolella, 256.
108. See John L. Lowes, 'The Loveres Maladye of Hereos', Modern Philology, xi (1914)
109. Donald A. Beecher and Massimo Ciavolella, 'Jacques Ferrand and the Tradition of Erotic Melancholy in Western Culture', in Ferrand, Treatise on Lovesickness, ed. Beecher and Ciavolella.
110. For the classification of melancholic subspecies according to the affected part, see Rufus of Ephesus, Œuvres, ed. and trans. Ch. Daremberg and Ch. E. Ruelle (Paris, 1879), 358-9
111. Galen, De locis affectis, III. 9-10; V. 6, 8, in On the Affected Parts, trans. Rudolph E. Siegel (Basel, 1976), 89-94, 153, 166-7
112. Avicenna, Canon medicinae, 2 vols. (Venice, 1608), i, 489 (bk 3, fen 1, doctrina 4, ch. 18)
113. Bernard Gordonio, Lilium medicinae (Frankfurt am Main, 1617), II. 19. 250
114. Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, i, 166-7 (1. 1. 3. 3).
115. See Arnald of Villanova, Breviarum practicae, I. 18, in Opera omnia (Basel, 1585), cols. 1092-8
116. r
117. Gordonio, Lilium medicinae, II. 19. 246-55; II. 20. 255-9.
118. See Vivian Nutton, 'John Caius and the Eton Galen: Medical Philology in the Renaissance', Medizinhistorisches Journal, xx (1985)
119. Vivian Nutton, 'De Placitis Hippocratis et Platonis in the Renaissance', in Paola Manuli and Mario Vegetti (eds.), Le Opere Psicologiche di Galeno: Atti terzo colloquio Galenice Internazionale Pavia, 10-12 settembre 1986 (Naples, 1988)
120. Vivian Nutton, 'The Rise of Medical Humanism: Ferrara, 1464-1555', Renaissance Studies, xi (1997).
121. For the continuity between medieval and early modern medical knowledge, see Siraisi, Avicenna in Renaissance Italy, 43-76
122. Ian Maclean, The Renaissance Notion of Woman: A Study in the Fortunes of Scholasticism and Medical Science in European Intellectual Life (Cambridge, 1980).
123. The definition offered in Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, i, 162-6 (1. 1. 3. 1-2), is representative in this sense.
124. See also Manardi, IATRODGIA EPISTOLIKH, IX. 2. 182-7
125. Donato-Antonio Altomari, De medendis humani corporis malis: Ars medica (Lyon, 1559), I. 7. 74
126. Felix Platter, Praxeos, seu deo cognoscendis, praedicendis, praecavendis, curandisque affectibus homini incommodantibus, 2 vols. (Basel, 1602-3), i, 98-9 (I. 3)
127. Mercuriale, Medicina practica, I. 10. 39-40.
128. v
129. see, for example, Leonellus Faventinus de Victorius, De medendis morbis, XIII, in Practica medicinalis (Lyon, 1574), 101.
130. See Jobe, 'Medical Theories of Melancholia', esp. 217.
131. Willis, Two Discourses Concerning the Soul of Brutes, ed. Pordage, XI. 188-201, esp. 188-9, 192-3, 199-201.
132. For the traditional character of 'new scientific' theories of melancholy, see also Robinson, New System of the Spleen, Vapours, and Hypochondriack Melancholy, 226, 324-408.
133. Paracelsus, Four Treatises, 157.
134. See Walter Pagel, Paracelsus: An Introduction to Philosophical Medicine in the Era of the Renaissance (Basel, 1958), 69-7
135. Midelfort, History of Madness, 113-32.
136. Marsilio Ficino, De vita, I. 5
137. III. 2, in Opera, 2 vols. (Basel, 1576), i, 496-8, 533.
138. See also ibid., I. 4. (p. 496).
139. See Klibansky, Panofsky and Saxl, Saturn and Melancholy, 241-74
140. Brann, Debate over the Origin of Genius, ch. 2.
141. Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, i, 391-2 (1. 3. 1. 2); 138 ii, 219-22 (2. 4. 1. 4), 251-5 (2. 5. 1. 5).
142. See, more generally, Schleiner, Melancholy, Genius, and Utopia, chs. 1-2.
143. See Du Laurens, Discourse of the Preservation of Sight, 87, 100-4
144. Platter, Praxeos, i, 98 (I. 3)
145. Filoteo Eliano Montalto, Archipathologia (Paris, 1614), IV. 2. 224-5
146. Mercuriale, Medicina practica, I. 10. 39, 41; I. 16. 84
147. Ferrand, Treatise on Lovesickness, ed. Beecher and Ciavolella, 260
148. Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, i, 163-5 (1. 1. 3. 1-2), 249 (1. 2. 3. 1); iii, 57-8 (3. 2. 1. 2).
149. See, for example, Edward Jorden, A Briefe Discourse of a Disease Called the Suffocation of the Mother (London, 1603, STC 14790), 11-17.
150. See Vivian Nutton, 'The Seeds of Disease: An Explanation of Contagion and Infection from the Greeks to the Renaissance', Medical Hist., xxvii (1983).
151. For a similar approach, see Brann, Debate over the Origin of Genius, 395-7.
152. Pietro Pomponazzi, De naturalium effectuum admirandorum causis seu de incantationibus (Basel, 1556)
153. see Du Laurens, Discourse of the Preservation of Sight, 74-80, 98-9
154. John Cotta, The Triall of Witch-Craft Shewing the True and Right Methode of the Discovery: With a Confutation of Erroneous Wayes (London, 1616, STC 5836), 58-9.
155. For the medieval Arabic roots of this idea, see E. Ruth Harvey, The Inward Wits: Psychological Theory in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (London, 1975), 50-3.
156. Michel de Montaigne, Essays, I. 20, in The Complete Essays of Montaigne, trans. Donald Frame (Stanford, 1958), 74-5
157. v
158. Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, i, 250-5 (1. 2. 3. 3).
159. See Lynn Thorndike, A History of Magic and Experimental Science, 8 vols. (New York, 1923-58), v, 39-47
160. D. P. Walker, Spiritual and Demonic Magic from Ficino to Campanella (London, 1958), 38-40, 76-80
161. Charles B. Schmitt and Dilwyn Knox, Pseudo-Aristoteles Latinus (London, 1985), 34-41
162. Stuart Clark, Thinking with Demons: The Idea of Witchcraft in Early-Modern Europe (Oxford and New York, 1997), chs. 12-13.
163. Francesco Maria Guazzo, Compendium maleficarum, ed. M. Summers, trans. E. A. Ashwin (London, 1929), 106
164. Du Laurens, Discourse of the Preservation of Sight, 99-100
165. Levinus Lemnius, The Secret Miracles of Nature in Four Bookes (London, 1658), II. 1. 86-9.
166. Paul of Aegina, The Seven Books, trans. with commentary Francis Adams, 3 vols. (London, 1844-7), i, 383 (I. 4).
167. See the citations in Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, i, 174-99 (1. 2. 1. 2-3).
168. See, for example, Juan Huarte, Examen de ingenios: The Examination of Mens Wittes, trans. R. C. [Richard Carew] (London, 1594, STC 13891), 92-5. The distinction between complexionate and pathological melancholy is discussed below.
169. For early modern medical authors the most authoritative treatise sanctioning the naturalistic explanation of mental disease was the Hippocratic On the Sacred Disease, cited and discussed in Jorden, Briefe Discourse, 2-4.
170. See also Avicenna, Canon medicinae, i, 489 (bk 3, fen 1, doctrina 4, ch. 18) - cited in Mercuriale, Medicina practica, I. 10. 49, and misread in Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, i, 400 (1. 3. 1. 3), 428 (1. 3. 3. 1).
171. Thomas Feyens, De viribus imaginationis tractatus (Louvain, 1608), 107
172. cf. Cotta, Triall of Witch-Craft, 59.
173. Ludwig Lavater, Of Ghostes and Spirites, Walking by Night, 2nd edn, trans. R. H. (London, 1596, STC 15321), 9-13.
174. See also Cotta, Triall of Witch-Craft, 41-2, 82-3
175. Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, i, 174-99 (1. 2. 1. 2-3)
176. Thomas Browne, Religio Medici, I. 30, in Thomas Browne, The Major Works, ed. C. A. Patrides (London, 1977), 98.
177. Walker, Spiritual and Demonic Magic, 152-6
178. Wolfgang Behringer, 'Melancholie und Hexenverfolgung', in Jehl and Weber (eds.), Melancholie, 38-42
179. Sydney Anglo, 'Melancholia and Witchcraft: The Debate between Wier, Bodin, and Scot', in A. Gerlo (ed.), Folie et déraison à la Renaissance (Brussels, 1976)
180. e siècle', ibid.
181. Maxime Preaud, 'La Mélancholie diabolique, la sorcellerie', Les Cahiers du Fontenay, xi-xii (1978)
182. Sydney Anglo, 'Reginald Scot's Discoverie of Witchcraft: Scepticism and Sadduceeism', in Sydney Anglo (ed.), The Damned Art: Essays in the Literature of Witchcraft (London, 1977)
183. Clark, Thinking with Demons, 113, 117-18, 187-92, 197-213, 239, 265, 273, 394
184. Brann, Debate over the Origin of Genius, 189-98, 387-8.
185. Girolamo Cardano, De rerum varietate, VIII. 40, in De subtilitate libri XXI (Basel, 1557), 289.
186. Johann Weyer, De praestigiis daemonum, et incantationibus ac veneficiis libri V, 3rd edn (Basel, 1566), III. 23. 459-60.
187. John Webster, The Displaying of Supposed Witchcraft, Wherein Is Affirmed that There Are Many Sorts of Deceivers and Impostors, and Divers Persons under a Passive Delusion of Melancholy and Fancy, but that There Is a Corporeal League Made betwixt the Devil and the Witch . . . Is Utterly Denied and Disproved (London, 1677), 4, 32-6.
188. The Table-Talk of John Selden (1689), ed. Sir Frederick Pollock (London, 1929), 40-1, 145.
189. Reginald Scot, The Discoverie of Witchcraft (London, 1651), 43, 368-9.
190. See also sigs. B2-B3, 5-6, 11-12, 37-8, 41-7, 53-4, 77-8, 341, and the related discussion at 65, 130-3, 136, 174-5, 201-2.
191. James I and VI, Daemonologie, 2nd edn (London, 1603, STC 14365.5), 30.
192. The procedures for detecting supernaturally caused disease are outlined in Cotta, Triall of Witch-Craft, 69-78.
193. D. P. Walker, Unclean Spirits: Possession and Exorcism in France and England in the Late-Sixteenth and Early-Seventeenth Centuries (London, 1981), 10-13
194. Clark, Thinking with Demons, 208-10
195. H. C. Erik Midelfort, Witch-Hunting in Southwestern Germany, 1562-1684: The Social and Intellectual Foundations (Stanford, 1972), 49-50, 83-4, 185
196. Midelfort, History of Madness, 182-227
197. Lyndal Roper, Oedipus and the Devil: Witchcraft, Sexuality and Religion in Early-Modern Europe (New York, 1994), 237-8
198. David Harley, 'Explaining Salem: Calvinist Psychology and the Diagnosis of Possession', Amer. Hist. Rev., ci (1996)
199. Norman Gevitz, '"The Devil Hath Laughed at the Physicians": Witchcraft and Medical Practice in Seventeenth-Century New England', Jl History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, lv (2000).
200. e siècle (Paris, 1968), 194-203, 244-62
201. Michel de Certeau, The Possession at Loudun, trans. Michael B. Smith (Chicago and London, 1996)
202. de Certeau, Writing of History, ch. 6.
203. M. Duncan, Discours sur la possession des Religieuses ursulines de Loudun (Saumur, 1634)
204. cited and discussed in de Certeau, Possession at Loudun, 129, 135-7.
205. See also ibid., 117-21.
206. Anon., 'Observations upon the Relation', sig. Cr, printed in A Relation of the Deuill Balams Departure out of the Body of the Mother-Prioresse of the Ursuline Nuns of Loudun (London, 1636, STC 1232).
207. See also René Pintard, Le Libertinage érudit (Paris, 1943), 221-3.
208. Hippolyte-Jules Pilet de la Ménardière, Traitté de la mélancholie, sçavoir si elle est la cause des effets que l'on remarque dans les possédées de Loudon: Tiré des Réflexions de M. [de la Ménardière] sur le Discours de M. D[uncan] (La Flèche, 1635)
209. de Certeau, Possession at Loudun, 129, 114, and 109-51 generally.
210. See Harley, 'Explaining Salem' (quotation at p. 314).
211. v, 1-5
212. r-v, 69-78
213. Willis, Essay of the Pathology of the Brain and Nervous Stock, 76-89.
214. For discussion, see Michael MacDonald, Witchcraft and Hysteria in Elizabethan London: Edward Jorden and the Mary Glover Case (London and New York, 1991).
215. See particularly Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, i, 22-3, 'Democritus Junior to the Reader'.
216. Montaigne, Essays, I. 20. 74.
217. See Nutton, 'De Placitis Hippocratis et Platonis in the Renaissance'. The De anima of Melanchthon and the De anima et vita of Vives were published together on several occasions in the later sixteenth century: see, for example, Johannes Ludovicus Vives, De anima et vita libri tres . . . P. Melanthonis liber unus (Zurich, 1563).
218. See, for example, Du Laurens, Discourse of the Preservation of Sight, 82-3
219. cf. Huarte, Examen de ingenios, 90-4.
220. For this problem, see Grazia Tonelli Olivieri, 'Galen and Francis Bacon: Faculties of the Soul and the Classification of Knowledge', in Donald R. Kelley and Richard H. Popkin (eds.), The Shapes of Knowledge from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment (Dordrecht, 1991).
221. Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, i, 378-9 (1. 2. 5. 4).
222. r.
223. Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, i, 138 (1. 1. 1. 15).
224. Burton solved this problem by employing the Aristotelian distinction between disposition and habit: Ibid., i, 136-9 (1. 1. 1. 5).
225. r
226. r.
227. Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, i, 136 (1. 1. 1. 5).
228. See also Thomas Wright, The Passions of the Minde in Generall, 2nd edn (London, 1604, STC 26040), 62-3.
229. v.
230. See also the discussion in Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, i, 136-8 (1. 1. 1. 5).
231. For example in Ferrand, Treatise on Lovesickness, ed. Beecher and Ciavolella, 264-5, 311-12
232. for other gendered aspects of melancholy, see Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, i, 195-9 (1. 2. 1. 3), 328-30 (1. 2. 4. 1), 414-18 (1. 3. 2. 4).
233. See also Midelfort, History of Madness, 378
234. de Certeau, Possession at Loudun, 118-21.
235. The work of Jean Delumeau on this subject is essential: See particularly his Naissance et affirmation de la Réforme (Paris, 1965)
236. Le Catholicisme entre Luther et Voltaire (Paris, 1971) - in English as Catholicism between Luther and Voltaire, trans. Jeremy Moiser (London, 1977)
237. e siècles): Une cité assiégée (Paris, 1978)
238. Le Péché et la Peur; and 'Prescription and Reality', in Edmund Leites (ed.), Conscience and Casuistry in Early-Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1988).
239. See also John Bossy, Christianity and the West, 1400-1700 (Oxford, 1985)
240. Peter Marshall, 'Fear, Purgatory and Polemic in Reformation England', in William G. Naphy and Penny Roberts (eds.), Fear in Early Modern Society (Manchester, 1997).
241. See Mark D. Altschule, 'Acedia: Its Evolution from Deadly Sin to Psychiatric Syndrome', Brit. Jl Psychiatry, cxi (1965)
242. Siegfried Wenzel, The Sin of Sloth: Acedia in Medieval Thought and Literature (Chapel Hill, 1967)
243. Noel L. Brann, 'Is Acedia Melancholy? A Re-Examination of This Question in the Light of Fra Battista da Crema's Della cognitione et vittoria di se stesso (1531)', Jl History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, xxxiv (1979).
244. Manardi, IATRODGIA EPISTOLIKH, IV. 5. 40
245. Ferrand, Treatise on Lovesickness, ed. Beecher and Ciavolella, 366.
246. v
247. Huarte, Examen de ingenios, 147-8
248. Theophrasti characteres ethici, sive descriptiones morum Græcè, ed. Isaac Casaubon (Lyon, 1592).
249. Wright, Passions of the Minde in Generall, 61-3
250. Edward Reynolds, A Treatise of the Passions and Faculties of the Soule of Man, with the Severall Dignities and Corruptions thereunto Belonging (London, 1640, STC 20938), 291-2.
251. See Hamlet, II. ii. 600-5
252. As You Like It, IV. i. 10-19.
253. Benjamin, Origin of German Tragic Drama, 140.
254. Adriana McCrea, Constant Minds: Political Virtue and the Lipsian Paradigm in England, 1584-1650 (Toronto, Buffalo and London, 1997).
255. See Justus Lipsius, De constantia libri duo, qui alloquium praecipue Continent in publicis malis (London, 1586) - in English as Iustus Lipsius, Two Bookes of Constancie, trans. John Stradling (London, 1595, STC 15695), esp. I. 2-8. 3-13; I. 12-14. 19-24; I. 22. 38-40; II. 2-3. 61-6; II. 19. 72-4
256. Guillaume du Vair, The Moral Philosophie of the Stoicks, trans. Thomas James, 2nd edn (London, 1598, STC 7374), 20-1, 25, 29-31, 33-45, 49-54, 71-9, 83-113, 130-54.
257. See Susan James, Passion and Action: The Emotions in Seventeenth-Century Philosophy (Oxford, 1999), ch. 1
258. the essays collected in Stephen Gaukroger (ed.), The Soft Underbelly of Reason: The Passions in the Seventeenth Century (London and New York, 1998)
259. Richard Serjeantson, 'The Passions and Animal Language, 1540-1700', Jl History of Ideas, lxii (2001).
260. Blok, Caspar Barlaeus, 53.
261. Montaigne, Essays, II. 8. 278.
262. On Montaigne's Stoicism, see Hugo Friedrich, Montaigne, ed. Philippe Desan, trans. Dawn Eng (Berkeley and Oxford, 1991), 169-75.
263. Pierre Charron, Of Wisdome Three Bookes, trans. Samson Lennard, 4th edn (London, 1630, STC 5054), esp. I. 39. 144-60; II. 6. 305-11; II. 12. 365-8.
264. See also I. 18-33. 73-106; II. 1-111. 235-365; III. 6. 449-55; III. 20-35. 539-69.
265. See George W. McClure, Sorrow and Consolation in the Italian Renaissance (Princeton, 1991).
266. I am unaware of any comprehensive analysis of European consolationes in this period, but for a case study, see William L. Cunningham, Martin Opitz: Poems of Consolation in Adversities of War (Bonn, 1974).
267. On the consolatio in England, see G. W. Pigman III, Grief and English Renaissance Elegy (Cambridge, 1985), chs. 1-2.
268. For the period from c.1575 to c.1650, see, for example, Andrew Kingsmill, A Most Excellent and Comfortable Treatise, for All Such as Are Any Maner of Way Either Troubled in Minde or Afflicted in Bodie (London, 1577, STC 15000)
269. Robert Linaker, A Comfortable Treatise for the Reliefe of Such as Are Afflicted in Conscience (London, 1595, STC 15638; repr. 1601, 1610, 1625)
270. Robert Southwell, The Triumphs over Death: Or, A Consolatorie Epistle, for Afflicted Mindes, in the Affects of Dying Friends. First Written for the Consolation of One, but Now Published for the Generall Good of All (London, 1595, STC 22971; repr. 1596, 1600)
271. John Hayward, The Strong Helper, Offering to Beare Every Mans Burthen: or, A Treatise, Teaching in All Troubles How to Cast our Burthen upon God: But Chiefly Delivering Infallible Grounds of Comfort for Quieting of Troubled Consciences (London, 1609, STC 12985; repr. 1614, 1637)
272. John Donne, Deaths Duell: Or, A Consolation to the Soule, against the Dying Life, and Living Death of the Body (London, 1632, STC 7031; repr. 1633)
273. Phineas Fletcher, Joy in Tribulation: Or, Consolations for the Afflicted Spirits (London, 1632, STC 11080)
274. Richard Sibbes, The Soules Conflict with It Selfe, and Victorie over It Selfe by Faith: A Treatise of the Inward Disquietments of Distressed Spirits, with Comfortable Remedies to Establish Them (London, 1635, STC 22508.5; repr. 1638)
275. Henry Church, Divine and Christian Letters: To Relieve the Oppressed, Comfort the Mourners, Direct the Wandring (London, 1636, STC 5215)
276. William Gilbert, Architectonice consolationis: Or, The Art of Building Comfort Occasioned by the Death of That Religious Gentlewoman, Jane Gilbert (London, 1640, STC 11882)
277. John Duncon, The Returnes of Spiritual Comfort and Grief in a Devout Soul: Represented (by Entercourse of Letters) to the Right Honorable the Ladie Letice, Vi-Countess Falkland, in her Life Time, and Exemplified in the Holie Life and Death of the Said Honorable Ladie (London, 1648; repr. 1649, 1653).
278. See Girolamo Cardano, Cardanus comforte, trans. Thomas Bedingfield (London, 1573, STC 4607; repr. 1576)
279. Juan Pérez de Pineda, An Excelent Comfort to All Christians, against All Kinde of Calamities: No Lesse Comfortable, then Pleasant, Pithy, and Profitable, trans. John Daniel (London, 1576, STC 19626)
280. Caspar Huberinus, A Riche Storehouse, or Treasurie, for the Sicke, Full of Christian Counsels: Holesome Doctrines, Comfortable Persuasions, and Godly Meditations, Meete for All Christians, Both in Sicknesse and in Health, trans. Thomas Godfrie (London, 1578, STC 13905)
281. L. A. Seneca the Philosopher, his Book of Consolation to Marcia, trans. Sir Ralph Freeman (London, 1635, STC 22215a)
282. Hugo Grotius, The Mourner Comforted: An Epistle Consolatory, trans. Clement Barksdale (London, 1652).
283. Henry Peacham, The Garden of Eloquence, 2nd edn (London, 1593, STC 19498), 100-1.
284. Bright, Treatise of Melancholie, 182-242
285. Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, ii, 125-207 (2. 3. 1. 1 to 2. 3. 8. 1).
286. See the works cited in n. 83 above.
287. Martin Luther, Table Talk, trans. William Hazlitt (London, 1995), 282, 291-2, 300-2, 304-5, 307, nos. 587, 589, 600, 611-12, 634, 636, 638, 645, 647, 649, 656.
288. For discussion, see Schleiner, Melancholy, Genius, and Utopia, 66-72
289. Midelfort, History of Madness, 83-108.
290. Jean Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, 7th edn, trans. J. Allen, revised B. B. Warfield, 2 vols. (Philadelphia, 1936), i, 398 (II. 8. 3).
291. David Harley, 'Spiritual Physic, Providence and English Medicine, 1560-1640', in Ole Peter Grell and Andrew Cunningham (eds.), Medicine and the Reformation (London and New York, 1993)
292. David Harley, 'The Theology of Affliction and the Experience of Sickness in the Godly Family, 1650-1714: The Henrys and the Newcombes', in Ole Peter Grell and Andrew Cunningham (eds.), Religio Medici: Medicine and Religion in Seventeenth-Century England (Aldershot, 1996).
293. See also Michael MacDonald, 'Religion, Social Change, and Psychological Healing in England, 1600-1800', in W. J. Sheils (ed.), The Church and Healing (Oxford, 1982).
294. I have not yet been able to consult David Lederer, 'Psychiatry in the Sixteenth Century? Spiritual Physic in Early Modern Europe', in F. Fuentenebro, R. Huertas and C. Valiente (eds.), Historia de la Psiquiatría en Europa (Madrid, 2003).
295. Reynolds, Treatise of the Passions and Faculties of the Soule of Man, 221-3, 226-7, 298-9
296. Baxter, Reliquiae Baxterianae, pt 3, 1§84, p. 86.
297. Delumeau, Sin and Fear, 186-326 and passim. Scupoli's work was translated into English in 1598 - Lorenzo Scupoli, The Spiritual Conflict (Antwerp, 1598, STC 22126.3) - and reprinted several times throughout the seventeenth century.
298. On English portrayals of psychomachy in this period, see also MacDonald, 'Religion, Social Change, and Psychological Healing', 113-15.
299. See Schleiner, Melancholy, Genius, and Utopia, 74-110
300. Heyd, 'Be Sober and Reasonable', 11-71
301. H. C. Erik Midelfort, 'Religious Melancholy and Suicide: On the Reformation Origins of a Sociological Stereotype', in Andrew D. Weiner and Leonard V. Kaplan (eds.), Madness, Melancholy and the Limits of the Self (Graven Images, iii, Madison, 1996).
302. Midelfort, History of Madness, 83-6.
303. For Zwingli's attack on the Anabaptists, and its anti-puritan application in England, see Schleiner, Melancholy, Genius, and Utopia, 118, 121.
304. See also James I and VI, Basilikon Doron (London, 1603, STC 14353), sig. B5.
305. Martin Luther, Letters of Spiritual Counsel, ed. and trans T. G. Tappert, 137-8
306. Luther, Table Talk, 310, no. 661.
307. See Schleiner, Melancholy, Genius, and Utopia, 74-5.
308. For example, see the case related in Blok, Caspar Barlaeus, 163-4.
309. See, for instance, Bright, Treatise of Melancholie, 182-242, esp. 187
310. William Perkins, The Whole Treatise of the Cases of Conscience (Cambridge, 1606, STC 19669), I. 7-12. 88-197.
311. r.
312. Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, iii, 330-446 (3. 4. 1. 1 to 3. 4. 2. 6).
313. Ibid., 408-11 (3. 4. 2. 2), 424-46 (3. 4. 2. 6).
314. Ibid., 429-35 (3. 4. 2. 6). I give a detailed analysis of this strategy in Angus Gowland, The Worlds of Renaissance Melancholy: Robert Burton in Context, Cambridge Univ. Press, forthcoming, ch. 3.
315. See, for example, Edmund Gregory, An Historical Anatomy of Christian Melancholy (London, 1646)
316. John Humfrey, A Brief Receipt Moral & Christian, against the Passion of the Heart, or Sore of the Mind (London, 1658)
317. Thomas Powell, A Salve for Soul-Sores (London, 1679)
318. John Moore, Of Religious Melancholy (London, 1692)
319. Richard Baxter, The Signs and Causes of Melancholy (London, 1706)
320. Richard Baxter, Preservatives against Melancholy and Over-Much Sorrow, or the Cure of Both (London, 1716).
321. Méric Casaubon, A Treatise Concerning Enthusiasme, as It Is an Effect of Nature, but Is Mistaken by Many for either Divine Inspiration, or Diabolical Possession (London, 1654)
322. Henry More, Enthusiasmus triumphatus: Or, A Discourse of the Nature, Causes, Kinds, and Cure, of Enthusiasme (Cambridge, 1656).
323. See also John F. Sena, 'Melancholic Madness and the Puritans', Harvard Theological Rev., lxvi (1973)
324. Heyd, 'Be Sober and Reasonable', ch. 3.
325. Thomas Canavan, 'Robert Burton, Jonathan Swift, and the Tradition of Anti-Puritan Invective', Jl History of Ideas, xxxii (1973)
326. Philip Harth, Swift and Anglican Rationalism: The Religious Background of 'A Tale of a Tub' (Chicago, 1961), 105-8, 113-16.
327. The Diary of Ralph Thoresby, F. R. S., ed. Joseph Hunter, 2 vols. (London, 1830), i, 76 (9 Jan. 1681)
328. cited by David Harley, 'Mental Illness, Magical Medicine and the Devil in Northern England, 1560-1700', in Roger French and Andrew Wear (eds.), The Medical Revolution of the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, 1989), 124.
329. Robinson, New System of the Spleen, Vapours, and Hypochondriack Melancholy, 236-40.
330. David Hume, 'Of Superstition and Enthusiasm', in David Hume, Political Essays, ed. Knud Haakonssen (Cambridge, 1994), 46-50, where melancholy is associated with superstition, though not with enthusiasm.
331. MacDonald, 'Religion, Social Change, and Psychological Healing', esp. 101-6.
332. Ibid., 119-20, 122-5.
333. This is elaborated in Roy Porter, 'The Rage of Party: A Glorious Revolution in English Psychiatry?', Medical Hist., xxvii (1983).
334. See Anne Taves, Fits, Trances, and Visions: Experiencing Religion and Explaining Experience from Wesley to James (Princeton, 1999), chs. 1-3, esp. pp. 47-58.
335. See, for example, the therapies discussed in Robinson, New System of the Spleen, Vapours, and Hypochondriack Melancholy, 324-408.
336. See also Porter's remarks in Cheyne, English Malady, pp. xii-xiv.
337. MacDonald, 'Religion, Social Change, and Psychological Healing', 123.
338. See, for example, the concessions to spiritual propriety in the materialist account in Robinson, New System of the Spleen, Vapours, and Hypochondriack Melancholy, 236-51.
339. Generally, see Simon Schaffer, 'Godly Men and Mechanical Philosophers: Souls and Spirits in Restoration Natural Philosophy', Science in Context, i (1987).
340. Schaffer, 'Godly Men and Mechanical Philosophers', 57-8, 65-79.
341. For some important theories of nervous mental disorder, see John Purcell, A Treatise of Vapours: Or, Hysterick Fits. Containing an Analytical Proof of its Causes, Mechanical Explanations of All its Symptoms and Accidents, according to the Newest and Most Rational Principles (London, 1702)
342. Bernard Mandeville, A Treatise of the Hypochondriack and Hysterick Passions, Vulgarly Call'd the Hypo in Men and Vapours in Women (London, 1711)
343. Robert Whytt, Observations on the Nature, Causes, and Cure of Those Disorders which Have Been Commonly Called Nervous, Hypochondriac, or Hysteric: To Which Are Prefixed Some Remarks on the Sympathy of the Nerves (Edinburgh, 1765).
344. For useful studies, see Roger French, Robert Whytt, The Soul and Medicine (London, 1969)
345. L. J. Rather, Mind and Body in Eighteenth-Century Medicine (Berkeley, 1965).
346. The literature on this subject is now immense, but see, particularly, Adrian Johns, The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making (Chicago and London, 1998).
347. On the role of the laboratory and collective testimony in Restoration natural philosophy, see Schaffer, 'Godly Men and Mechanical Philosophers', 59-65, 72-3.
348. Quoted in G. S. Rousseau, Enlightenment Crossings (Manchester and New York, 1991), 106.
349. See Porter, Mind Forg'd Manacles, 47-61, 88-91, 162-4, 169, 228.
350. For discussion of the problems raised by historically variable forms of psychopathology, see Ian Hacking, The Social Construction of What? (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1999), ch. 4
351. Ian Hacking, Mad Travelers: Reflections on the Reality of Transient Mental Illnesses (Charlottesville and London, 1998).
352. See particularly de Certeau, Possession at Loudun, 12-13, 24-6
353. Roper, Oedipus and the Devil
354. Robin Briggs, Witches and Neighbours: The Social and Cultural Context of European Witchcraft (London, 1996)
355. Clark, Thinking with Demons, chs. 36-44.
356. For the association of melancholy with old age, see Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, i, 203-5 (1. 2. 1. 5).
357. Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, i, 344-55 (1. 2. 4. 6).
358. MacDonald, Mystical Bedlam, 151-2.
359. See Nance, Turquet de Mayerne as Baroque Physician, 135.
360. See Hippocrates, Epidemics, VI. 5. 5, in Œuvres complètes, ed. and trans. E. Littré, 10 vols. (Amsterdam, 1839-61), v, 316-17
361. Plato, Timaeus, 87e-88a, trans. R. G. Bury (London, 1929), 238-9
362. Rufus of Ephesus, Œuvres, 455
363. Constantinus Africanus, Opera (Basel, 1536), 284
364. Ficino, De vita, I. 4, in Opera, i, 496-7
365. v
366. Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, i, 302-3 (1. 2. 3. 15).
367. See, for example, the case discussed in Willis's Oxford Casebook, ed. Dewhurst, 145-6
368. Blok, Caspar Barlaeus
369. Cambridge Jests: Or, Witty Alarums for Melancholy Spirits by a Lover of Ha, Ha, He (London, 1674), an anonymous collection of jokes which judging from its collegiate content was geared towards melancholic students.
370. Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, i, 8, 'Democritus Junior to the Reader'.
371. Ibid., i, 5, 85-97, 'Democritus Junior to the Reader'; i, 307-27 (1. 2. 3. 15); ii, 189-90 (2. 3. 6. 1).
372. On melancholy and utopianism, see Lepenies, Melancholy and Society, 3-28, 141, 146-9.
373. On this idea, see Hacking, Mad Travelers, 11.
374. The poetic cultivation of melancholy had been influentially identified and ridiculed in Horace, Ars poetica, ll. 290-304.
375. Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, ii, 207 (2. 3. 8. 1).
376. Blok, Caspar Barlaeus, 31, 39-40, 42, 64-6, 70.
377. See Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, ii, 206-7 (2. 3. 8. 1).
378. For later parallels with regard to 'spleen' and hypochondria, see Porter, 'Rage of Party', 45-7.
379. r: 'non enim verbis sed herbis aeger curatur'.
380. For the pathological dimension of psychological affections, see the locus classicus in Galen, On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, ed. and trans. Phillip De Lacy, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1978-84), i, 294-313.
381. I am here in agreement with Midelfort, History of Madness, 376-7, where the apparent rise of melancholy in late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century Würzburg is attributed to the institutional links between the university medical faculty and its hospital.
382. James, Passion and Action, 2-3.
383. See also Peter Harrison, 'Reading the Passions: The Fall, the Passions and Dominion over Nature', in Gaukroger (ed.), Soft Underbelly of Reason, 62-5
384. Porter, 'Rage of Party', 35-8.
385. Lipsius, Two Bookes of Constancie, I. 1. 1-2.
386. Du Vair, Moral Philosophie of the Stoicks, 6.
387. On the social disturbances generated by the French religious wars, see Denis Crouzet, 'Recherches sur les processions blanches, 1583-1584', Histoire, économie, et société, iv (1982)
388. Denis Crouzet, 'La Représentation du temps à l'époque de la Ligue', Revue historique, dxlviii (1984)
389. Denis Crouzet, Les Guerriers de Dieu: La violence au temps des troubles de religion (vers 1525-vers 1610), 2 vols. (Seyssel, 1990).
390. McCrea, Constant Minds, 66-7.
391. Montaigne, Essays, III. 1. 599-604.
392. Charron, Of Wisdome, II. 5. 288-305.
393. See also ibid., III. 4. 429-31, 441-3.
394. Du Vair, Moral Philosophie of the Stoicks, 41
395. Reynolds, Treatise of the Passions and Faculties of the Soule of Man, 297.
396. See also Charron, Of Wisdome, I. 18. 74-7.
397. See, for example, Reynolds, Treatise of the Passions and Faculties of the Soule of Man, 273
398. and the works discussed in Maurizio Viroli, From Politics to Reason of State (Cambridge, 1992), esp. 123, 159, 245
399. Quentin Skinner, Reason and Rhetoric in the Philosophy of Hobbes (Cambridge, 1996), 267-93 and passim.
400. See Andrew Cunningham and Ole Peter Grell, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Religion, War, Famine and Death in Reformation Europe (Cambridge, 2000), ch. 3.
401. Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, i, 41-5, 'Democritus Junior to the Reader'.
402. See also ibid., i, 39-41, 66-85.
403. See, for example, Porter's discussion in Cheyne, English Malady, pp. ix-li
404. Gidal, 'Civic Melancholy'.
405. r
406. r
407. and the refutation of the peculiar affliction of the contemporary era (suggestive of the prevalence of such a view) in Lipsius, Two Bookes of Constancie, II. 25. 65.
408. See also Midelfort, History of Madness, 378-81.
409. r-v.
410. For the English case, see Richard Cust, 'News and Politics in Early Seventeenth-Century England', Past and Present, no. 112 (Aug. 1986)
411. Thomas Cogswell, The Blessed Revolution: English Politics and the Coming of War (Cambridge, 1989).
412. Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, i, 4-5, 'Democritus Junior to the Reader'.
413. Cf. the microhistorical analysis of seventeenth-century Bologna in David Gentilcore, 'The Fear of Disease and the Disease of Fear', in Naphy and Roberts (eds.), Fear in Early Modern Society.
414. William Mascal, A New and True Mercurius . . . or, Sober Sadnes, and Plain Dealing, in a Few Plain, Sober and Sad Country Rhimes, Concerning These Sad and Heavy Times (London, 1661).