Risk Estimates of Stroke After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft and Carotid Endarterectomy

Neurologic Clinics

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 795-806

  Dafer, Rima M ^a  

^a LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FIBRINOLYTIC AGENT;

AIR EMBOLISM; AORTA BALLOON; ATHEROMA; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; BLOOD CLOT LYSIS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CAROTID ARTERY OBSTRUCTION; CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMORBIDITY; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; DELIRIUM; DEVICE; FAT EMBOLISM; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; LENGTH OF STAY; MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY; PATIENT MONITORING; POSTOPERATIVE HEMORRHAGE; PREDICTION; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESTENOSIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SCORING SYSTEM; SEIZURE; STROKE; SURGICAL MORTALITY; SURGICAL RISK; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; UNSTABLE ANGINA PECTORIS;

AGE FACTORS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL TRIALS; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS; ENDARTERECTOMY, CAROTID; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 33747748801     PISSN: 07338619     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2006.06.006     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Selnes O.A., Grega M.A., Barowicz L.M., et al. Cognitive changes with coronary artery disease: a prospective study of coronary artery bypass graft patients and nonsurgical controls. Ann Thorac Surg 75 (2003) 1377-1384 [discussion: 1384-6]
2. Mahanna E.P., Blumenthal J.A., White W.D., et al. Defining neuropsychological dysfunction after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 61 (1996) 1342-1347
3. Fleck J.D., and Biller J. Cerebrovascular complications of cardiovascular interventions coronary aretry bypas graft procedures. Semin Cardiovasc Dis Stroke 3 (2003) 207-213
4. Roach G.W., Newman M.F., Murkin J.M., et al. Adverse cerebral outcomes after coronary bypass surgery. Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group and the Ischemia Research and Education Foundation Investigators. N Engl J Med 335 (1996) 1857-1863
5. Wolman R.L., Nussmeier N.A., Aggarwal A., et al. Cerebral injury after cardiac surgery: identification of a group at extraordinary risk. Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group (McSPI) and the Ischemia Research Education Foundation (IREF) Investigators. Stroke 30 (1999) 514-522
6. Gerraty R.P., Bowser D.N., Infeld B., et al. Microemboli during carotid angiography. Association with stroke risk factors or subsequent magnetic resonance imaging changes?. Stroke 27 (1996) 1543-1547
7. Blossom G.B., Fietsam Jr. R., Bassett J.S., et al. Characteristics of cerebrovascular accidents after coronary artery bypass grafting. Am Surg 58 (1992) 584-589 [discussion: 589]
8. Blauth C.I. Macroemboli and microemboli during cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 59 (1995) 1300-1303
9. Bull D.A., Neumayer L.A., Hunter G.C., et al. Risk factors for stroke in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Cardiovasc Surg 1 (1993) 182-185
10. Bendszus M., Reents W., Franke D., et al. Brain damage after coronary artery bypass grafting. Arch Neurol 59 (2002) 1090-1095
11. Lahtinen J., Biancari F., Salmela E., et al. Postoperative atrial fibrillation is a major cause of stroke after on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 77 (2004) 1241-1244
12. Rosengart T.K., Sweet J., Finnin E.B., et al. Neurocognitive functioning in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery or percutaneous coronary intervention: evidence of impairment before intervention compared with normal controls. Ann Thorac Surg 80 (2005) 1327-1334 [discussion: 1334-5]
13. Hogue Jr. C.W., Murphy S.F., Schechtman K.B., et al. Risk factors for early or delayed stroke after cardiac surgery. Circulation 100 (1999) 642-647
14. Stamou S.C., Hill P.C., Dangas G., et al. Stroke after coronary artery bypass: incidence, predictors, and clinical outcome. Stroke 32 (2001) 1508-1513
15. Tuman K.J., McCarthy R.J., March R.J., et al. Morbidity and duration of ICU stay after cardiac surgery. A model for preoperative risk assessment. Chest 102 (1992) 36-44
16. Almassi G.H., Sommers T., Moritz T.E., et al. Stroke in cardiac surgical patients: determinants and outcome. Ann Thorac Surg 68 (1999) 391-397 [discussion: 397-8]
17. Engelman D.T., Cohn L.H., and Rizzo R.J. Incidence and predictors of tias and strokes following coronary artery bypass grafting: report and collective review. Heart Surg Forum 2 (1999) 242-245
18. Borger M.A., Ivanov J., Weisel R.D., et al. Stroke during coronary bypass surgery: principal role of cerebral macroemboli. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 19 (2001) 627-632
19. Ozatik M.A., Gol M.K., Fansa I., et al. Risk factors for stroke following coronary artery bypass operations. J Card Surg 20 (2005) 52-57
20. Ascione R., Reeves B.C., Chamberlain M.H., et al. Predictors of stroke in the modern era of coronary artery bypass grafting: a case control study. Ann Thorac Surg 74 (2002) 474-480
21. Elahi M., Battula N., and Swanevelder J. The use of the stroke risk index to predict neurological complications following coronary revascularisation on cardiopulmonary bypass. Anaesthesia 60 (2005) 654-659
22. Stamou S.C., Jablonski K.A., Pfister A.J., et al. Stroke after conventional versus minimally invasive coronary artery bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 74 (2002) 394-399
23. Libman R.B., Wirkowski E., Neystat M., et al. Stroke associated with cardiac surgery. Determinants, timing, and stroke subtypes. Arch Neurol 54 (1997) 83-87
24. D'Ancona G., Saez de Ibarra J.I., Baillot R., et al. Determinants of stroke after coronary artery bypass grafting. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 24 (2003) 552-556
25. Newman M.F., Wolman R., Kanchuger M., et al. Multicenter preoperative stroke risk index for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia (McSPI) Research Group. Circulation 94 9 Suppl (1996) II74-II80
26. Reed III G.L., Singer D.E., Picard E.H., et al. Stroke following coronary-artery bypass surgery. A case-control estimate of the risk from carotid bruits. N Engl J Med 319 (1988) 1246-1250
27. Dashe J.F., Pessin M.S., Murphy R.E., et al. Carotid occlusive disease and stroke risk in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Neurology 49 (1997) 678-686
28. Schachner T., Zimmer A., Nagele G., et al. Risk factors for late stroke after coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 130 (2005) 485-490
29. Mizuno T., Toyama M., Tabuchi N., et al. Thickened intima of the aortic arch is a risk factor for stroke with coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 70 (2000) 1565-1570
30. John R., Choudhri A.F., Weinberg A.D., et al. Multicenter review of preoperative risk factors for stroke after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 69 (2000) 30-35 [discussion: 35-6]
31. Katz E.S., Tunick P.A., Rusinek H., et al. Protruding aortic atheromas predict stroke in elderly patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass: experience with intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 20 (1992) 70-77
32. Suzuki T., Okabe M., Yasuda F., et al. Our experiences for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting to the circumflex system. Ann Thorac Surg 76 (2003) 2013-2016
33. Bass A., Krupski W.C., Dilley R.B., et al. Combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery revascularization: a sobering review. Isr J Med Sci 28 (1992) 27-32
34. Naylor A.R. How robust is the evidence supporting prophylactic carotid endarterectomy in patients undergoing coronary bypass?. Acta Chir Belg 104 (2004) 626-629
35. Hines G.L., Scott W.C., Schubach S.L., et al. Prophylactic carotid endarterectomy in patients with high-grade carotid stenosis undergoing coronary bypass: does it decrease the incidence of perioperative stroke?. Ann Vasc Surg 12 (1998) 23-27
36. Barnes R.W. Asymptomatic carotid disease in patients undergoing major cardiovascular operations: can prophylactic endarterectomy be justified?. Ann Thorac Surg 42 6 Suppl (1986) S36-S40
37. Hill M.D., Shrive F.M., Kennedy J., et al. Simultaneous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass surgery in Canada. Neurology 64 (2005) 1435-1437
38. Naylor A.R., Mehta Z., Rothwell P.M., et al. Carotid artery disease and stroke during coronary artery bypass: a critical review of the literature. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 23 (2002) 283-294
39. Yildirim T., Koksal C., Kiniklioglu H., et al. Simultaneous carotid endarterectomy and myocardial revascularization by using cardiopulmonary bypass for both procedures. Acta Cardiol 60 (2005) 575-579
40. Youssuf A.M., Karanam R., Prendergast T., et al. Combined off-pump myocardial revascularization and carotid endarterectomy: early experience. Ann Thorac Surg 72 (2001) 1542-1545
41. Yanaka K., Meguro K., Narushima K., et al. Combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass graft. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 38 (1998) 836-842 [discussion: 842-3]
42. Wang J.S., Lai S.T., Yu T.J., et al. Synchronous carotid endarterectomy and myocardial revascularization. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 54 (1994) 14-19
43. Vicaretti M., Fletcher J.P., Klineberg P., et al. Combined coronary artery bypass grafting and carotid endarterectomy. Cardiovasc Surg 5 (1997) 266-270
44. Aarsaether E., Moe O.K., Dahl P.E., et al. [Carotid endarterectomy in patients with coronary heart disease]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 125 (2005) 2946-2948 [Norwegian]
45. Akins C.W. Combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary revascularization operation. Ann Thorac Surg 66 (1998) 1483-1484
46. Bucerius J., Gummert J.F., Borger M.A., et al. Stroke after cardiac surgery: a risk factor analysis of 16,184 consecutive adult patients. Ann Thorac Surg 75 (2003) 472-478
47. Mooe T., Olofsson B.O., Stegmayr B., et al. Ischemic stroke. Impact of a recent myocardial infarction. Stroke 30 (1999) 997-1001
48. Baker R.A., Hallsworth L.J., and Knight J.L. Stroke after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 80 (2005) 1746-1750
49. Frye R.L., Kronmal R., Schaff H.V., et al. Stroke in coronary artery bypass graft surgery: an analysis of the CASS experience. The participants in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study. Int J Cardiol 36 (1992) 213-221
50. Likosky D.S., Leavitt B.J., Marrin C.A., et al. Intra- and postoperative predictors of stroke after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 76 (2003) 428-434 [discussion: 435]
51. Arom K.V., Flavin T.F., Emery R.W., et al. Safety and efficacy of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 69 (2000) 704-710
52. Moshkovitz Y., Paz Y., Shabtai E., et al. Predictors of early and overall outcome in coronary artery bypass without cardiopulmonary bypass. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 12 (1997) 31-39
53. BhaskerRao B., VanHimbergen D., Edmonds H.L., et al. Evidence for improved cerebral function after minimally invasive bypass surgery. J Card Surg 13 (1998) 27-31
54. Lund C., Hol P.K., Lundblad R., et al. Comparison of cerebral embolization during off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 76 (2003) 765-770 [discussion: 770]
55. Kherani A.R., Lazar R.M., Xydas S., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging to detect acute cerebral events in on-pump and hybrid-pump patients. Heart Surg Forum 7 (2004) E265-E268
56. Trehan N., Mishra M., Sharma O.P., et al. Further reduction in stroke after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: a 10-year experience. Ann Thorac Surg 72 (2001) S1026-S1032
57. Engelman R.M., Pleet A.B., Rousou J.A., et al. Influence of cardiopulmonary bypass perfusion temperature on neurologic and hematologic function after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 67 (1999) 1547-1555 [discussion: 1556]
58. Imbriaco M., Ferro A., Storto G., et al. Early and late effects of coronary artery bypass grafting on cardiac haemodynamics during daily physical activities in patients with coronary artery disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 31 (2004) 852-856
59. D'Ancona G., Karamanoukian H., Ricci M., et al. Reoperative coronary artery bypass grafting with and without cardiopulmonary bypass: determinants of perioperative morbidity and mortality. Heart Surg Forum 4 (2001) 152-158 [discussion: 158-9]
60. Antonelli D., Peres D., Freedberg N.A., et al. Incidence of postdischarge symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft: long-term follow-up. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 27 (2004) 365-367
61. Skubas N.J., Barzilai B., and Hogue Jr. C.W. Atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery is unrelated to cardiac abnormalities detected by transesophageal echocardiography. Anesth Analg 93 (2001) 14-19
62. Archbold R.A., and Zaman A. Atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Am Heart J 140 (2000) 6
63. Cheng T.O. Atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. JAMA 276 (1996) 1719 [author reply: 1719-20]
64. Mathew J.P., Parks R., Savino J.S., et al. Atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass graft surgery: predictors, outcomes, and resource utilization. MultiCenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. JAMA 276 (1996) 300-306
65. Palin C.A., Kailasam R., and Hogue Jr. C.W. Atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: pathophysiology and treatment. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 8 (2004) 175-183
66. Frost L., Molgaard H., Christiansen E.H., et al. Atrial fibrillation and flutter after coronary artery bypass surgery: epidemiology, risk factors and preventive trials. Int J Cardiol 36 (1992) 253-261
67. Almassi G.H., Schowalter T., Nicolosi A.C., et al. Atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a major morbid event?. Ann Surg 226 (1997) 501-511 [discussion: 511-3]
68. Mendes L.A., Connelly G.P., McKenney P.A., et al. Right coronary artery stenosis: an independent predictor of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 25 (1995) 198-202
69. Terada Y., Mitsui T., Matsushita S., et al. Atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. An increase in high-frequency atrial activity in patients with right coronary artery revascularization. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 47 (1999) 6-13
70. Khan S.S. Atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. JAMA 276 (1996) 1719 [author reply: 1719-20]
71. Odell J.A., Blackshear J.L., Hodge D., et al. Stroke after coronary artery bypass grafting: are we forgetting atrial fibrillation?. Ann Thorac Surg 71 (2001) 400-402
72. Aranki S.F., Shaw D.P., Adams D.H., et al. Predictors of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery surgery. Current trends and impact on hospital resources. Circulation 94 (1996) 390-397
73. Barnett H.J., Taylor D.W., Eliasziw M., et al. Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med 339 (1998) 1415-1425
74. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 325 (1991) 445-453
75. MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial. Interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70-99%) or with mild (0-29%) carotid stenosis. European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group. Lancet 337 (1991) 1235-1243
76. Rothwell P.M., Slattery J., and Warlow C.P. A systematic comparison of the risks of stroke and death due to carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic and asymptomatic stenosis. Stroke 27 (1996) 266-269
77. Bond R., Narayan S.K., Rothwell P.M., et al. Clinical and radiographic risk factors for operative stroke and death in the European carotid surgery trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 23 (2002) 108-116
78. Hingorani A., Ascher E., Tsemekhim B., et al. Causes of early post carotid endartectomy stroke in a recent series: the increasing importance of hyperperfusion syndrome. Acta Chir Belg 102 (2002) 435-438
79. Tu J.V., Wang H., Bowyer B., et al. Risk factors for death or stroke after carotid endarterectomy: observations from the Ontario Carotid Endarterectomy Registry. Stroke 34 (2003) 2568-2573
80. Cunningham E.J., Bond R., Mehta Z., et al. Long-term durability of carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic stenosis and risk factors for late postoperative stroke. Stroke 33 (2002) 2658-2663
81. van der Schaaf I.C., Horn J., Moll F.L., et al. Transcranial Doppler monitoring after carotid endarterectomy. Ann Vasc Surg 19 (2005) 19-24
82. Costin M., Rampersad A., Solomon R.A., et al. Cerebral injury predicted by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography but not electroencephalography during carotid endarterectomy. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 14 (2002) 287-292
83. Dunne V.G., Besser M., and Ma W.J. Transcranial Doppler in carotid endarterectomy. J Clin Neurosci 8 (2001) 140-145
84. Wilson P.V., and Ammar A.D. The incidence of ischemic stroke versus intracerebral hemorrhage after carotid endarterectomy: a review of 2452 cases. Ann Vasc Surg 19 (2005) 1-4
85. Press M.J., Chassin M.R., Wang J., et al. Predicting Medical and Surgical Complications of Carotid Endarterectomy: Comparing the Risk Indexes. Arch Intern Med 166 (2006) 914-920
86. Rockman C.B., Cappadona C., Riles T.S., et al. Causes of the increased stroke rate after carotid endarterectomy in patients with previous strokes. Ann Vasc Surg 11 (1997) 28-34
87. Riles T.S., Imparato A.M., Jacobowitz G.R., et al. The cause of perioperative stroke after carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg 19 (1994) 206-214 [discussion: 215-6]
88. Ferguson G.G., Eliasziw M., Barr H.W., et al. The North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial: surgical results in 1415 patients. Stroke 30 (1999) 1751-1758
89. Blaser T., Hofmann K., Buerger T., et al. Risk of stroke, transient ischemic attack, and vessel occlusion before endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis. Stroke 33 (2002) 1057-1062
90. Goldstein L.B., Samsa G.P., Matchar D.B., et al. Multicenter review of preoperative risk factors for endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Stroke 29 (1998) 750-753
91. Roques X.F., Baudet E.M., and Clerc F. Results of carotid endarterectomy in patients 75 years of age and older. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 32 (1991) 726-731
92. Lau D., Granke K., Olabisi R., et al. Carotid endarterectomy in octogenarian veterans: does age affect outcome? A single-center experience. Am J Surg 190 (2005) 795-799
93. Perler B.A. The impact of advanced age on the results of carotid endarterectomy: an outcome analysis. J Am Coll Surg 183 (1996) 559-564
94. Aziz I., Lewis R.J., Baker J.D., et al. Cardiac morbidity and mortality following carotid endarterectomy: the importance of diabetes and multiple Eagle risk factors. Ann Vasc Surg 15 (2001) 243-246
95. Salenius J.P., Harju E., and Riekkinen H. Early cerebral complications in carotid endarterectomy: risk factors. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 31 (1990) 162-167
96. Ballotta E., Da Giau G., and Renon L. Is diabetes mellitus a risk factor for carotid endarterectomy? A prospective study. Surgery 129 (2001) 146-152
97. Akbari C.M., Pomposelli Jr. F.B., Gibbons G.W., et al. Diabetes mellitus: a risk factor for carotid endarterectomy?. J Vasc Surg 25 (1997) 1070-1075 [discussion: 1075-6]
98. Wagner W.H., Cossman D.V., Farber A., et al. Hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid endarterectomy. Ann Vasc Surg 19 (2005) 479-486
99. Sundt Jr. T.M., Sharbrough F.W., Piepgras D.G., et al. Correlation of cerebral blood flow and electroencephalographic changes during carotid endarterectomy: with results of surgery and hemodynamics of cerebral ischemia. Mayo Clin Proc 56 (1981) 533-543
100. Naylor A.R., and Ruckley C.V. The post-carotid endarterectomy hyperperfusion syndrome. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 9 (1995) 365-367
101. George Jr. S.M., Klamer T.W., and Lambert Jr. G.E. Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome: an etiology of seizures following carotid endarterectomy. J Ky Med Assoc 91 (1993) 451-453
102. Owens C.D., and Belkin M. Postcarotid endarterectomy hyperperfusion or reperfusion syndrome. Perspect Vasc Surg Endovasc Ther 17 (2005) 381-382
103. Biller J., Feinberg W.M., Castaldo J.E., et al. Guidelines for carotid endarterectomy: a statement for healthcare professionals from a Special Writing Group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Circulation 97 (1998) 501-509
104. Shinno K., Ueda S., Uno M., et al. Hyperperfusion syndrome following carotid endarterectomy: evaluation using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging-case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 38 (1998) 557-561
105. Magee T.R., Davies A.H., and Horrocks M. Transcranial Doppler evaluation of cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid endarterectomy. Eur J Vasc Surg 8 (1994) 104-106
106. Karapanayiotides T., Meuli R., Devuyst G., et al. Postcarotid endarterectomy hyperperfusion or reperfusion syndrome. Stroke 36 (2005) 21-26