Spinal cord stimulation in treatment of chronic benign pain: Challenges in treatment planning and present status, a 22-year experience

Neurosurgery

Volumn 58, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 481-494

  Kumar, Krishna ^a   Hunter, Gary ^a   Demeria, Denny ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

Author keywords

Benign pain; Present status; Spinal cord stimulation; Treatment planning

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CHRONIC DISEASE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ELECTRODE; ELECTROSTIMULATION THERAPY; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; MALE; METHODOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; PAIN; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SPINAL CORD; SURVIVAL; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CHRONIC DISEASE; ELECTRIC STIMULATION THERAPY; ELECTRODES, IMPLANTED; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PAIN; PAIN MEASUREMENT; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SPINAL CORD; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 33747178434     PISSN: 0148396X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000192162.99567.96     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Allegri M, Arachi G, Barbieri M, Paulin L, Bettaglio R, Bonetti G, Demartini L, Violini A, Braschi A, Bonezzi C: Prospective study of the success and efficacy of spinal cord stimulation. Minerva Anestesiol 70:117-124, 2004.
2. Aló KM: Lead positioning and programming strategies in the treatment of complex pain. Neuromodulation 3:165-170, 1999.
3. Aló KM, Holsheimer J: New trends in neuromodulation for the management of neuropathic pain. Neurosurgery 50:690-704, 2002.
4. Aló KM, Redko V, Charnov J: Four year follow-up of dual electrode spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain. Neuromodulation 2:79-88, 2002.
5. Aló KM, Yland MJ, Charnov JH, Redko V: Multiple program spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of chronic pain: Follow-up of multiple program SCS. Neuromodulation 2:266-272, 1999.
6. Aló KM, Yland MJ, Kramer DL, Charnov J, Redko V: Computer assisted and patient interactive programming of dual octrode spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of chronic pain. Neuromodulation 30-45, 1998.
7. Aló KM, Yland MJ, Redko V, Feler C, Naumann C: Lumbar and sacral nerve root stimulation (NRS) in the treatment of chronic pain: a novel approach and neurostimulation technique. Neuromodulation 2:23-32, 1999.
8. Amann W, Berg P, Gersbach P, Gamain J, Raphael JH, Ubbink DT: European Peripheral Vascular Disease Outcome Study SCS-EPOS. Spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of non-reconstructable stable critical leg ischaemia: Results of the European Peripheral Vascular Disease Outcome Study (SCSEPOS). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 26:280-286, 2003.
9. Arnstein P, Caudill M, Mandle CL, Norris A, Beasley R: Self efficacy as mediator of the relationship between pain intensity, disability and depression in chronic pain patients. Pain 80:483-491, 1999.
10. Barolat G: Epidural spinal cord stimulation: Anatomical and electrical properties of the intraspinal structures relevant to spinal cord stimulation and clinical correlations. Neuromodulation 1:63-71, 1998.
11. Barolat G, Sharan AD: Future trends in spinal cord stimulation. Neurol Res 22:279-284, 2000.
12. Beck AT, Steer RA, Garbin MG: Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clin Psychol Rev 8:77-100, 1988.
13. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J: An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 4:561-571, 1961.
14. Bel S, Bauer BL: Dorsal column stimulation (DCS): Cost to benefit analysis. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 52:121-123, 1991.
15. Bell GK, Kidd D, North RB: Cost-effectiveness analysis of spinal cord stimulation in treatment of failed back syndrome. J Pain Symptom Manage 13:286-295, 1997.
16. Broseta J, Barbera J, de Vera JA, Barcia-Salorio JL, Garcia-March G, Gonzalez-Darder J, Rovaina F, Joanes V: Spinal cord stimulation in peripheral arterial disease. J Neurosurg 64:71-80, 1986.
17. Budd K: Spinal cord stimulation: Cost-benefit study. Neuromodulation 2:75-78, 2002.
18. Burchiel KJ, Anderson VC, Brown FD, Fessler RG, Friedman WA, Pelofsky S, Weiner RL, Oakley J, Shatin D: Prospective, multicenter study of spinal cord stimulation for relief of chronic back and extremity pain. Spine 21: 2786-2794, 1996.
19. Cameron C: Safety and efficacy of spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of chronic pain: A 20-year literature review. J Neurosurg 100 3:254-267, 2004.
20. Carlsson AM: Assessment of chronic pain: Aspects of reliability and validity of visual analogue scale. Pain 16:87-101, 1983.
21. Crombez G, Vlaeyen JW, Heuts PH, Lysens R: Pain related fear is more disabling than pain itself. Pain 80:329-339, 1999.
22. de la Porte C, van de Kelft E: Spinal cord stimulation in failed back surgery syndrome. Pain 52:55-61, 1993.
23. DeJongste MJ: Spinal cord stimulation for ischemic heart disease. Neurol Res 22:293-298, 2000.
24. Dickenson AH: Central acute pain mechanisms. Ann Med 27:223-227, 1995.
25. Erdek MA, Staats PS: Spinal cord stimulation for angina pectoris and peripheral vascular disease. Anesthesiol Clin North America 21:797-804, 2003.
26. Fairbank JC, Davies JB, Couper J, O'Brien JP : The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire. Physiotherapy 66:271-273, 1980.
27. Fiume D, Palombi M, Sciassa V, Tamorri M: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) in peripheral ischemic pain. PACE 12:698-704, 1989.
28. Flor H, Elbert T, Knecht S, Wienbruch C, Pantev C, Birbaumer N, Larbig W, Taub E: Phantom-limb pain as a perceptual correlate of cortical reorganization following arm amputation. Nature 375:484, 1995.
29. Holsheimer J: Effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation in the management of chronic pain: Analysis of technical drawbacks and solutions. Neurosurgery 40:990-999, 1997.
30. Horsch S, Schulte S, Hess S: Spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease: Results of a single-center study of 258 patients. Angiology 55:111-118, 2004.
31. Huskisson VC: Visual analogue scales, in Melzack R (ed): Pain Measurement and Assessment. New York, Raven Press, Inc., 1983, pp 33-40.
32. Jacobs MJ, Jorning PJ, Joshi SR, Kitslaar PJ, Slaaf DW, Reneman RS: Epidural spinal cord electrical stimulation improves microvascular blood flow in severe limb ischemia. Ann Surg 207:179-183, 1988.
33. Kay AD, McIntyre MD, MacRae WA, Varma TR: Spinal cord stimulation: A long-term evaluation in patients with chronic pain. Br J Neurosurg 15:335-341, 2001.
34. Kemler MA, Barendse GA, van Kleef M, de Vet HC, Rijks CP, Furnee CA, van den Wildenberg FA: Spinal cord stimulation in patients with chronic reflex sympathetic dystrophy. N Engl J Med 343:618-624, 2000.
35. Kemler MA, De Vet HC, Barendse GA, Van Den Wildenberg FA, van Kleef M: The effect of spinal cord stimulation in patients with chronic reflex sympathetic dystrophy: Two years' follow-up of the randomized controlled trial. Ann Neurol 55:13-18, 2004.
36. Kiss ZH, Dostrovsky JO, Tasker RR: Plasticity in human somatosensory thalamus as a result of differentiation. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 62:153-163, 1994.
37. Krainick JU, Thoden U, Riechert T: Pain reduction in amputees by long term spinal cord stimulation: Long-term follow up study over 5 years. J Neurosurg 52:346-350, 1980.
38. Kumar K, Malik S, Demeria D: Treatment of chronic pain with spinal cord stimulation versus alternative therapies: Cost-effectiveness analysis. Neurosurgery 51:106-116, 2002.
39. Kumar K, Nath R, Wyant GM: Treatment of chronic pain by epidural spinal cord stimulation: A ten-year experience. J Neurosurg 75:402-407, 1991.
40. Kumar K, Toth C, Nath RK, Laing P: Epidural spinal cord stimulation for treatment of chronic pain: Some predictors of success. A fifteen year experience. Surg Neurol 50:110-121, 1998.
41. Kumar K, Toth C, Nath KR, Verma AK, Burgess JJ: Improvement of limb circulation in peripheral vascular disease using epidural spinal cord stimulation: A prospective study. J Neurosurg 86:662-669, 1997.
42. Kumar K, Wyant GM, Ekong CE: Epidural spinal cord stimulation for relief of chronic pain. Clin J Pain 1:91-99, 1986.
43. Latif OA, Nedeljkovic SS, Stevenson LW: Spinal cord stimulation for chronic intractable angina pectoris: A unified theory on its mechanism. Clin Cardiol 24:533-541, 2001.
44. Law JD: Targeting a spinal stimulator to treat the "failed back surgery syndrome." Appl Neurophysiol 50:437-438, 1987.
45. Law JD: Intractable pain of both arms and legs can be treated with complex spinal cord stimulation. Abstracts for the 7th World Congress on Pain. Paris, IASP Publications, 1993, p 422.
46. Lazorthes Y, Siegfried J, Verdie JC, Casaux J: Chronic spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of neurogenic pain. Cooperative and retrospective study on 20 years of follow-up [in French]. Neurochirurgie 41:73-86, 1995.
47. Lind G, Meyerson BA, Winter J, Linderoth B: Implantation of laminotomy electrodes for spinal cord stimulation in spinal anesthesia with intraoperative dorsal column activation. Neurosurgery 53:1150-1154, 2003.
48. Long DM: Current status of neuroaugmentation procedures for chronic pain, in Beers RF, Bassett EG (eds): Mechanisms of Pain and Analgesic Compounds. New York, Raven Press, 1979, pp 51-69.
49. Long DM, Erickson DE, Campbell J, North R: Electrical stimulation of the spinal cord and peripheral nerves for pain control. A ten-year experience. Appl Neurophysiol 44:207-217, 1981.
50. Mannheimer C, Eliasson T, Augustinsson L, Blomstrand C, Emanuelsson H, Larsson S, Norrsell H, Hjalmarsson A: Electrical stimulation versus coronary artery bypass surgery in severe angina pectoris: The ESBY study. Circulation 97:1157-1163, 1998.
51. Mannion AF, Junge A, Taimela S, Muntener M, Lorenzo K, Dvorak J: Active therapy for chronic low back pain: Part III-Factors influencing self-rated disability and its change following therapy. Spine 26:920-929, 2001.
52. Mekhail NA, Aeschbach A, Stanton-Hicks M: Cost benefit analysis of neurostimulation for chronic pain. Clin J Pain 20:462-468, 2004.
53. Melzack R: The McGill pain questionnaire: Major properties and scoring methods. Pain 1:277-279, 1975.
54. Melzack R, Wall PD: Pain mechanisms: A new theory. Science 150:971-979, 1965.
55. Merskey H, Bogduk N: Classification of Chronic Pain. Seattle, IASP Press, 1994.
56. North RB: Spinal cord and peripheral nerve stimulation: technical aspects, in Simpson B (ed): Electrical Stimulation and the Relief of Pain, Pain Research and Clinical Management, Philadelphia, Elsevier, 2003, vol 15.
57. North RB, Calkins SK, Campbell DS, Sieracki JM, Piantadosi S, Daly MJ, Dey PB, Barolat G: Automated, patient-interactive, spinal cord stimulator adjustment: A randomized controlled trial. Neurosurgery 52:572-580, 2003.
58. North RB, Ewend MG, Lawton MT, Piantadosi S: Spinal cord stimulation for chronic intractable pain: Superiority of "multi-channel" devices. Pain 44: 119-130, 1991.
59. North RB, Kidd DH, Olin JC, Sieracki JM: Spinal cord stimulation electrode design: Prospective, randomized, controlled trial comparing percutaneous and laminectomy electrodes: Part I-Technical outcomes. Neurosurgery 51: 381-390, 2002.
60. North RB, Kidd DH, Olin J, Sieracki JM, Cutchis PN: Spinal cord stimulation for axial low back pain: Single versus dual percutaneous electrodes. Presented at the 4th International Congress of the International Neuromodulation Society, Lucerne, Switzerland, September 18, 1998 (abstr).
61. North RB, Kidd DH, Wimberly RL, Edwin D: Prognostic value of psychological testing in patients undergoing spinal cord stimulation: A prospective study. Neurosurgery 39:301-311, 1996.
62. North RB, Kidd DH, Zahurak M, James CS, Long DM: Spinal cord stimulation for chronic intractable pain: Experience over two decades. Neurosurgery 32:384-394, 1993.
63. North RB, Wetzel FT: Spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain of spinal origin. Spine 22:2584-2591, 2002.
64. Pincus T, Burton K, Vogel DO, Field AP: A systematic review of psychological factors as predictors of chronicity/disability in prospective cohorts of low back pain. Spine 27:E109-E120, 2002.
65. Pineda A: Dorsal column stimulation and its prospects. Surg Neurol 4:157-163, 1975.
66. Pineda A: Complications of dorsal column stimulation. J Neurosurg 48:64-68, 1978.
67. Pitcher GM, Henry JL: Nociceptive response to innocuous mechanical stimulation is mediated via myelinated afferents and NK-1 receptor activation: A rat model of neuropathic pain. Exp Neurol 186:173-197, 2004.
68. Quigley DG, Arnoid J, Eldridge PR, Cameron H, Mclvor K, Miles JB, Varma TR: Long-term outcome of spinal cord stimulation and hardware complications. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 81:50-56, 2003.
69. Racz GB, McCarron RF, Talboys P: Percutaneous dorsal column stimulation for chronic pain control. Spine 14:1-4, 1989.
70. Ray CD: Electrical and chemical stimulation of the CNS by direct means for pain control: Present and future. Clin Neurosurg 28:564-588, 1981.
71. Ray CD: Spinal epidural electrical stimulation for pain control: Practical details and results. Appl Neurophysiol 44:194-206, 1981.
72. Ray CD, Burton CV, Lifson A: Neurostimulation as used in a large clinical practice. Appl Neurophysiol 45:160-206, 1982.
73. Reynolds AF, Shetter AG: Scarring around cervical epidural stimulating electrode. Neurosurgery 13:63-65, 1983.
74. Roland M, Morris R: A study of the natural history of back pain: Part I-Development of a reliable and sensitive measure of disability in low-back pain. Spine 8:141-144, 1983.
75. Shealy CN, Mortimer JT, Reswick JB: Electrical inhibition of pain by stimulation of the dorsal columns: Preliminary clinical report. Anesth Analg 46:489-491, 1967.
76. Stanton-Hicks M, Janig W, Hassenbusch S, Haddox JD, Boas R, Wilson P: Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: Changing concepts and taxonomy. Pain 63:127-133, 1995.
77. Taylor RS, Taylor RJ, Van Buyten JP, Buchser E, North R, Bayliss S: The cost effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of pain: A systematic review of the literature. J Pain Symptom Manage 27:370-378, 2004.
78. Van Buyten JP, Van Zundert J, Mibouw G: Treatment of failed back surgery syndrome in patients with low back and leg pain: A pilot study of a new dual-lead spinal cord stimulation system. Neuromodulation 2:258-265, 1999.
79. Van Buyten JP, Van Zundert J, Vueghs P, Vanduffel L: Efficacy of spinal cord stimulation: 10 years of experience in a pain centre in Belgium. Euro J Pain 5:299-307, 2001.
80. Vlaeyen JW, Linton SJ: Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: A state of the art. Pain 85:317-332, 2000.