메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 26, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 507-522

The Mallett Fixation Disparity Test: Influence of test instructions and relationship with symptoms

Author keywords

Aligning prism; Associated heterophoria; Decompensated heterophoria; Fixation disparity; Mallett unit; Nonius markers; Visual symptoms

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BINOCULAR VISION; CHILD; DIPLOPIA; EYE FIXATION; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALLETT FIXATION DISPARITY TEST; MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION; OPTOMETRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; VISION; VISION TEST;

EID: 33747092953     PISSN: 02755408     EISSN: 14751313     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2006.00385.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (53)

References (92)
  • 2
    • 84908219488 scopus 로고
    • Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement
    • Bland, J. M. and Altman, D. G. (1986) Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1, 307-310.
    • (1986) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 307-310
    • Bland, J.M.1    Altman, D.G.2
  • 3
    • 0032884749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring agreement in method comparison studies
    • Bland, J. M. and Altman, D. G. (1999) Measuring agreement in method comparison studies. Stat. Methods Med. Res. 8, 135-160.
    • (1999) Stat. Methods Med. Res. , vol.8 , pp. 135-160
    • Bland, J.M.1    Altman, D.G.2
  • 4
    • 0017837258 scopus 로고
    • The Borish near point chart
    • Borish, I. M. (1978) The Borish near point chart. J. Am. Optom. Assoc. 49, 41-44.
    • (1978) J. Am. Optom. Assoc. , vol.49 , pp. 41-44
    • Borish, I.M.1
  • 5
    • 0032924344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective comparison of convergence insufficiency and normal binocular children on CIRS symptom survey
    • Borsting, E., Rouse, M. W. and De-Land, P. N. (1999) Prospective comparison of convergence insufficiency and normal binocular children on CIRS symptom survey. Optom. Vis. Sci. 76, 221-228.
    • (1999) Optom. Vis. Sci. , vol.76 , pp. 221-228
    • Borsting, E.1    Rouse, M.W.2    De-Land, P.N.3
  • 7
    • 51249194039 scopus 로고
    • Form und ausdehnung der Panumschen areale bei fovealem sehen
    • cited in Carter, 1957
    • Brecher, G. A. (1942) Form und ausdehnung der Panumschen areale bei fovealem sehen. Arch. fd ges. Physiol. 246, 315-328 (cited in Carter, 1957).
    • (1942) Arch. Fd Ges. Physiol. , vol.246 , pp. 315-328
    • Brecher, G.A.1
  • 8
    • 0024024810 scopus 로고
    • Comparisons of commercially available devices for the measurement of fixation disparity and associated phorias
    • Brownlee, G. A. and Goss, D. A. (1988) Comparisons of commercially available devices for the measurement of fixation disparity and associated phorias. J. Am. Optom. Assoc. 59, 451-460.
    • (1988) J. Am. Optom. Assoc. , vol.59 , pp. 451-460
    • Brownlee, G.A.1    Goss, D.A.2
  • 9
    • 0033716915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of altered instructions on the MMPI-2 profiles of college students who are not motivated to distort their responses
    • Butcher, J. N., Atlis, M. M. and Fang, L. (2000) Effect of altered instructions on the MMPI-2 profiles of college students who are not motivated to distort their responses. J. Pers. Assess. 75, 492-501.
    • (2000) J. Pers. Assess. , vol.75 , pp. 492-501
    • Butcher, J.N.1    Atlis, M.M.2    Fang, L.3
  • 10
    • 0008459124 scopus 로고
    • The effect of fixation disparity on the size of Panum's fusional area
    • Cameron, K. D. (1982) The effect of fixation disparity on the size of Panum's fusional area. Aust. J. Optom. 65, 12-16.
    • (1982) Aust. J. Optom. , vol.65 , pp. 12-16
    • Cameron, K.D.1
  • 11
    • 0342594573 scopus 로고
    • Studies of fixation disparity-historical review
    • Carter, D. B. (1957) Studies of fixation disparity-historical review. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 34, 320-329.
    • (1957) Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. , vol.34 , pp. 320-329
    • Carter, D.B.1
  • 12
    • 0001227228 scopus 로고
    • Fixation disparity with and without foveal fusion contours
    • Carter, D. B. (1964) Fixation disparity with and without foveal fusion contours. Am. J. Optom. Arch. Am. Acad. Optom. 41, 729-736.
    • (1964) Am. J. Optom. Arch. Am. Acad. Optom. , vol.41 , pp. 729-736
    • Carter, D.B.1
  • 13
    • 0019212620 scopus 로고
    • Parameters of fixation disparity
    • Carter, D. B. (1980) Parameters of fixation disparity. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 57, 610-617.
    • (1980) Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. , vol.57 , pp. 610-617
    • Carter, D.B.1
  • 15
    • 0016308213 scopus 로고
    • Effect of fixation disparity on stereo-acuity
    • Cole, R. G. and Boisvert, R. P. (1974) Effect of fixation disparity on stereo-acuity. Am. J. Opom. Physiol. Opt. 51, 206-213.
    • (1974) Am. J. Opom. Physiol. Opt. , vol.51 , pp. 206-213
    • Cole, R.G.1    Boisvert, R.P.2
  • 16
    • 0001390816 scopus 로고
    • Binocular fusion, stereopsis and stereoacuity with a moving head
    • (ed. J. Cronly-Dillon), Macmillan, London
    • Collewijn, H., Steinman, R. M., Erkelens, C. J. and Regan, D. (1991) Binocular fusion, stereopsis and stereoacuity with a moving head. In: Vision and Visual Dysfunction (ed. J. Cronly-Dillon), Macmillan, London, pp. 121-136.
    • (1991) Vision and Visual Dysfunction , pp. 121-136
    • Collewijn, H.1    Steinman, R.M.2    Erkelens, C.J.3    Regan, D.4
  • 17
    • 0024539914 scopus 로고
    • Fixation disparity
    • Dowley, D. (1989) Fixation disparity. Optom. Vis. Sci. 66, 98-105.
    • (1989) Optom. Vis. Sci. , vol.66 , pp. 98-105
    • Dowley, D.1
  • 18
    • 0022354887 scopus 로고
    • Eye movements and stereopsis during dichoptic viewing of moving random dot stereograms
    • Erkelens, C. J. and Collewijn, H. (1985) Eye movements and stereopsis during dichoptic viewing of moving random dot stereograms. Vision Res. 25, 1689-1700.
    • (1985) Vision Res. , vol.25 , pp. 1689-1700
    • Erkelens, C.J.1    Collewijn, H.2
  • 20
    • 0014093610 scopus 로고
    • Extension of Panum's fusional area in binocularly stabilized vision
    • Fender, D. H. and Julesz, B. (1967) Extension of Panum's fusional area in binocularly stabilized vision. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 57, 819-830.
    • (1967) J. Opt. Soc. Am. , vol.57 , pp. 819-830
    • Fender, D.H.1    Julesz, B.2
  • 22
    • 0023930575 scopus 로고
    • The effect of volition on the horizontal forced-vergence fixation disparity curve
    • Garzia, R. P. and Nicholson, S. B. (1988) The effect of volition on the horizontal forced-vergence fixation disparity curve. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 65, 61-63.
    • (1988) Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. , vol.65 , pp. 61-63
    • Garzia, R.P.1    Nicholson, S.B.2
  • 23
    • 0345328387 scopus 로고
    • Fixation disparity
    • (eds J. Eskridge, J. Amos and J. Bartlett), Lippincott Co, Philadelphia
    • Goss, D. A. (1991) Fixation disparity. In: Clinical Procedures in Optometry (eds J. Eskridge, J. Amos and J. Bartlett), Lippincott Co, Philadelphia.
    • (1991) Clinical Procedures in Optometry
    • Goss, D.A.1
  • 25
    • 0029160561 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of fixation disparity curve variables measured with the Sheedy disparometer and the Wesson fixation disparity card
    • Goss, D. A. and Patel, J. (1995) Comparison of fixation disparity curve variables measured with the Sheedy disparometer and the Wesson fixation disparity card. Optom. Vis. Sci. 72, 580-588.
    • (1995) Optom. Vis. Sci. , vol.72 , pp. 580-588
    • Goss, D.A.1    Patel, J.2
  • 27
    • 0001301638 scopus 로고
    • Binocular testing and distance correction with the Berlin Polatest (Transl W. Baldwin)
    • Haase, H. J. (1962) Binocular testing and distance correction with the Berlin Polatest (Transl W. Baldwin). J. Am. Optom. Assoc. 34, 115-124.
    • (1962) J. Am. Optom. Assoc. , vol.34 , pp. 115-124
    • Haase, H.J.1
  • 28
    • 0016549455 scopus 로고
    • Effects of explicit instructions to 'be creative' on the psychological meaning of divergent thinking test scores
    • Harrington, D. M. (1975) Effects of explicit instructions to 'be creative' on the psychological meaning of divergent thinking test scores. J. Pers. 43, 434-454.
    • (1975) J. Pers. , vol.43 , pp. 434-454
    • Harrington, D.M.1
  • 29
    • 0005724356 scopus 로고
    • Foveal fixation disparity measurements and their use in determining the relationship between accommodative convergence and accommodation
    • Hebbard, F. W. (1960) Foveal fixation disparity measurements and their use in determining the relationship between accommodative convergence and accommodation. Am. J. Optom. 37, 3-26.
    • (1960) Am. J. Optom. , vol.37 , pp. 3-26
    • Hebbard, F.W.1
  • 30
    • 0343744961 scopus 로고
    • Effect of blur on fixation disparity
    • Hebbard, F. W. (1964) Effect of blur on fixation disparity. Am. J. Optom. 41, 540-548.
    • (1964) Am. J. Optom. , vol.41 , pp. 540-548
    • Hebbard, F.W.1
  • 31
    • 0027200980 scopus 로고
    • Effect of induced fixation disparity by negative lenses on the visually evoked potential wave
    • Heravian-Shandiz, J., Douthwaite, W. A. and Jenkins, T. C. A. (1993) Effect of induced fixation disparity by negative lenses on the visually evoked potential wave. Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 13, 295-298.
    • (1993) Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. , vol.13 , pp. 295-298
    • Heravian-Shandiz, J.1    Douthwaite, W.A.2    Jenkins, T.C.A.3
  • 32
    • 0020999931 scopus 로고
    • Eye movements and neural remapping during fusion of misaligned random dot stereograms
    • Hyson, M. T., Julesz, B. and Fender, D. H. (1983) Eye movements and neural remapping during fusion of misaligned random dot stereograms. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 73, 1665-1673.
    • (1983) J. Opt. Soc. Am. , vol.73 , pp. 1665-1673
    • Hyson, M.T.1    Julesz, B.2    Fender, D.H.3
  • 33
    • 0005629999 scopus 로고
    • Esotropia and convergent fixation disparity of small degree: Differential diagnosis and management
    • Jampolsky, A. (1956) Esotropia and convergent fixation disparity of small degree: differential diagnosis and management. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 41, 825-833.
    • (1956) Am. J. Ophthalmol. , vol.41 , pp. 825-833
    • Jampolsky, A.1
  • 34
    • 0034912162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods for measuring the proximity fixation disparity curve
    • Jaschinski, W. (2001) Methods for measuring the proximity fixation disparity curve. Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 21, 368-375.
    • (2001) Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. , vol.21 , pp. 368-375
    • Jaschinski, W.1
  • 35
    • 0036124309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The proximity-fixation-disparity curve and the preferred viewing distance at a near visual display as an indicator of near vision fatigue
    • Jaschinski, W. (2002) The proximity-fixation-disparity curve and the preferred viewing distance at a near visual display as an indicator of near vision fatigue. Optom. Vis. Sci. 79, 158-169.
    • (2002) Optom. Vis. Sci. , vol.79 , pp. 158-169
    • Jaschinski, W.1
  • 36
    • 0032127202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fixation disparity, accommodation, dark vergence and dark focus during inclined gaze
    • Jaschinski, W., Koitcheva, V. and Heuer, H. (1998) Fixation disparity, accommodation, dark vergence and dark focus during inclined gaze. Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 18, 351-359.
    • (1998) Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. , vol.18 , pp. 351-359
    • Jaschinski, W.1    Koitcheva, V.2    Heuer, H.3
  • 37
    • 0344958718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fixation disparity and Nonius bias
    • Jaschinski, W., Brode, P. and Griefahn, B. (1999) Fixation disparity and Nonius bias. Vision Res. 39, 669-677.
    • (1999) Vision Res. , vol.39 , pp. 669-677
    • Jaschinski, W.1    Brode, P.2    Griefahn, B.3
  • 40
    • 33747097588 scopus 로고
    • The effect of artificially created fixation disparity on near visual acuity
    • Jenkins, T. C. A., Abd, M. F. and Pardhan, S. (1994b) The effect of artificially created fixation disparity on near visual acuity. Optom. Vis. Sci. 71 (Suppl.), 647-648.
    • (1994) Optom. Vis. Sci. , vol.71 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 647-648
    • Jenkins, T.C.A.1    Abd, M.F.2    Pardhan, S.3
  • 41
    • 0028898271 scopus 로고
    • Clinical research note: Fixation disparity and near visual acuity
    • Jenkins, T. C. A., Abd, M. and Pardhan, S. (1995) Clinical research note: fixation disparity and near visual acuity. Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 15, 53-58.
    • (1995) Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. , vol.15 , pp. 53-58
    • Jenkins, T.C.A.1    Abd, M.2    Pardhan, S.3
  • 42
    • 0014721839 scopus 로고
    • Binocular single vision and depth discrimination. Receptive field disparities for central and peripheral vision and binocular interaction on peripheral single units in cat striate cortex
    • Joshua, D.E. and Bishop, P.O. (1970) Binocular single vision and depth discrimination. Receptive field disparities for central and peripheral vision and binocular interaction on peripheral single units in cat striate cortex. Exp. Brain Res. 10, 389-416.
    • (1970) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.10 , pp. 389-416
    • Joshua, D.E.1    Bishop, P.O.2
  • 44
    • 33747115834 scopus 로고
    • Fixation disparity researches Part 1-8
    • Lyons, J. G. (1966) Fixation disparity researches Part 1-8. Optician 151, 665-672.
    • (1966) Optician , vol.151 , pp. 665-672
    • Lyons, J.G.1
  • 45
    • 0001280231 scopus 로고
    • The investigation of heterophoria at near and a new fixation disparity technique
    • Mallett, R. F. J. (1964) The investigation of heterophoria at near and a new fixation disparity technique. Optician 148, 547-551.
    • (1964) Optician , vol.148 , pp. 547-551
    • Mallett, R.F.J.1
  • 46
    • 0010700951 scopus 로고
    • A fixation disparity test for distance use
    • Mallett, R. F. J. (1966) A fixation disparity test for distance use. Optician 152, 1-8.
    • (1966) Optician , vol.152 , pp. 1-8
    • Mallett, R.F.J.1
  • 47
    • 0001581486 scopus 로고
    • Fixation disparity-its genesis and relation to asthenopia
    • Mallett, R. F. J. (1974) Fixation disparity-its genesis and relation to asthenopia. Ophthalmic Optician 30, 1159-1168.
    • (1974) Ophthalmic Optician , vol.30 , pp. 1159-1168
    • Mallett, R.F.J.1
  • 48
    • 33747128607 scopus 로고
    • A new fixation disparity test and its applications
    • Mallett, R. F. J. (1983) A new fixation disparity test and its applications. Optician 186, 11-15.
    • (1983) Optician , vol.186 , pp. 11-15
    • Mallett, R.F.J.1
  • 49
    • 0005542065 scopus 로고
    • Techniques of investigation of binocular vision anomalies
    • (eds K. H. Edwards and R. D. Llewellyn), Butterworths, London
    • Mallett, R. F. J. (1988) Techniques of investigation of binocular vision anomalies. In: Textbook of Optometry (eds K. H. Edwards and R. D. Llewellyn), Butterworths, London, pp. 238-269.
    • (1988) Textbook of Optometry , pp. 238-269
    • Mallett, R.F.J.1
  • 50
    • 33747114061 scopus 로고
    • The new dual fixation disparity test
    • Mallett, R. F. J. and Radnan-Skibin, R. (1994) The new dual fixation disparity test. Optom. Today 14, 32-34.
    • (1994) Optom. Today , vol.14 , pp. 32-34
    • Mallett, R.F.J.1    Radnan-Skibin, R.2
  • 51
    • 0013918356 scopus 로고
    • A review of the concept of 'Panum's fusional areas'
    • Mitchell, D. E. (1966) A review of the concept of 'Panum's fusional areas'. Am. J. Optom. 43, 387-401.
    • (1966) Am. J. Optom. , vol.43 , pp. 387-401
    • Mitchell, D.E.1
  • 52
    • 15844376023 scopus 로고
    • Binocular vision: Disparity, detection and anomalous correspondence
    • (eds K. Edwards and R. Llewellyn), Butterworths, London
    • Nelson, J. (1988) Binocular vision: disparity, detection and anomalous correspondence. In: Textbook of Optometry (eds K. Edwards and R. Llewellyn), Butterworths, London, pp. 217-237.
    • (1988) Textbook of Optometry , pp. 217-237
    • Nelson, J.1
  • 53
    • 0026463794 scopus 로고
    • The retrieval of controlled and automatic aspects of meaning on direct and indirect tests
    • Nelson, D. L., Schreiber, T. A. and Holley, P. E. (1992) The retrieval of controlled and automatic aspects of meaning on direct and indirect tests. Mem. Cognit. 20, 671-684.
    • (1992) Mem. Cognit. , vol.20 , pp. 671-684
    • Nelson, D.L.1    Schreiber, T.A.2    Holley, P.E.3
  • 54
    • 0242304913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Criteria for prescribing optometric interventions: Literature review and survey
    • O'Leary, C. I. and Evans, B. J. W. (2003) Criteria for prescribing optometric interventions: literature review and survey. Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 23, 429-439.
    • (2003) Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. , vol.23 , pp. 429-439
    • O'Leary, C.I.1    Evans, B.J.W.2
  • 55
    • 33747134792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Double-masked randomised placebo-controlled trial of the effect of prismatic corrections on rate of reading and the relationship with symptoms
    • in press
    • O'Leary, C. I. and Evans, B. J. W. (2006) Double-masked randomised placebo-controlled trial of the effect of prismatic corrections on rate of reading and the relationship with symptoms. Ophthal Physiol. Opt. in press.
    • (2006) Ophthal Physiol. Opt.
    • O'Leary, C.I.1    Evans, B.J.W.2
  • 56
    • 0004432067 scopus 로고
    • Analytical treatment of the longitudinal horopter: Its measurement and application to related phenomena, especially to relative size and shape of ocular images
    • Ogle, K. N. (1932) Analytical treatment of the longitudinal horopter: its measurement and application to related phenomena, especially to relative size and shape of ocular images. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 22, 665-728.
    • (1932) J. Opt. Soc. Am. , vol.22 , pp. 665-728
    • Ogle, K.N.1
  • 58
    • 0001014024 scopus 로고
    • Fixation disparity and the fusional processes in binocular single vision
    • Ogle, K. N., Mussey, F. and Prangen, A. D. (1949) Fixation disparity and the fusional processes in binocular single vision. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 32, 1069-1087.
    • (1949) Am. J. Ophthalmol. , vol.32 , pp. 1069-1087
    • Ogle, K.N.1    Mussey, F.2    Prangen, A.D.3
  • 62
    • 33747147522 scopus 로고
    • Significance of the central binocular lock in fixation disparity and associated heterophoria
    • British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists), London, UK
    • Pickwell, L. D. (1984) Significance of the central binocular lock in fixation disparity and associated heterophoria, Transactions of the First International Congress of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists). British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists), London, UK, pp. 108-113.
    • (1984) Transactions of the First International Congress of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) , pp. 108-113
    • Pickwell, L.D.1
  • 63
    • 2642534742 scopus 로고
    • The binocular stress syndrome
    • 25th March
    • Pickwell, D. (1991) The binocular stress syndrome. Optom. Today, 25th March.
    • (1991) Optom. Today
    • Pickwell, D.1
  • 64
    • 0023616611 scopus 로고
    • The effect of reading in low illumination on fixation disparity
    • Pickwell, D., Yekta, A. A. and Jenkins, T. C. A. (1987a) The effect of reading in low illumination on fixation disparity. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 64, 513-518.
    • (1987) Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. , vol.64 , pp. 513-518
    • Pickwell, D.1    Yekta, A.A.2    Jenkins, T.C.A.3
  • 65
    • 0023571872 scopus 로고
    • The effect on fixation disparity and associated phoria of reading at an abnormally close distance
    • Pickwell, L. D., Jenkins, T. C. A. and Yekta, A. A. (1987b) The effect on fixation disparity and associated phoria of reading at an abnormally close distance. Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 7, 345-347.
    • (1987) Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. , vol.7 , pp. 345-347
    • Pickwell, L.D.1    Jenkins, T.C.A.2    Yekta, A.A.3
  • 67
    • 0025988701 scopus 로고
    • Distance and near readings of associated heterophoria taken on 500 patients
    • Pickwell, L. D., Kaye, N. A. and Jenkins, T. C. A. (1991) Distance and near readings of associated heterophoria taken on 500 patients. Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 11, 291-296.
    • (1991) Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. , vol.11 , pp. 291-296
    • Pickwell, L.D.1    Kaye, N.A.2    Jenkins, T.C.A.3
  • 68
    • 0026905782 scopus 로고
    • Suppression of optokinesis by a stabilized target: Effects of instruction and stimulus frequency
    • Pola, J., Wyatt, H. J. and Lustgarten, M. (1992) Suppression of optokinesis by a stabilized target: effects of instruction and stimulus frequency. Percept. Psychophys. 52, 186-200.
    • (1992) Percept. Psychophys. , vol.52 , pp. 186-200
    • Pola, J.1    Wyatt, H.J.2    Lustgarten, M.3
  • 69
    • 0024427143 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of two fixation disparity determinations
    • Reading, R. W. (1989) Comparison of two fixation disparity determinations. Optom. Vis. Sci. 66, 612-615.
    • (1989) Optom. Vis. Sci. , vol.66 , pp. 612-615
    • Reading, R.W.1
  • 71
    • 0029099102 scopus 로고
    • 'Starkfest' vision and clinic science special issue effects of heterophoria on stereopsis
    • Saladin, J. J. (1995) 'Starkfest' vision and clinic science special issue effects of heterophoria on stereopsis. Optom. Vis. Sci. 72, 487-492.
    • (1995) Optom. Vis. Sci. , vol.72 , pp. 487-492
    • Saladin, J.J.1
  • 72
    • 0019166260 scopus 로고
    • Fixation disparity: A steady state error of disparity-induced vergence
    • Schor, C. M. (1980) Fixation disparity: a steady state error of disparity-induced vergence. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 57, 618-631.
    • (1980) Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. , vol.57 , pp. 618-631
    • Schor, C.M.1
  • 73
    • 33747093815 scopus 로고
    • Schor, C. M. and Ciuffreda, K. J. eds Butterworths, London
    • Schor, C. M. and Ciuffreda, K. J. eds (1983) Vergence Eye Movement. Basic and Clinical Aspects. Butterworths, London, pp. 465-516.
    • (1983) Vergence Eye Movement. Basic and Clinical Aspects , pp. 465-516
  • 74
    • 0019448970 scopus 로고
    • Spatio-temporal properties of Panum's fusional area
    • Schor, C. M. and Tyler, C. W. (1981) Spatio-temporal properties of Panum's fusional area. Vision Res. 21, 683-692.
    • (1981) Vision Res. , vol.21 , pp. 683-692
    • Schor, C.M.1    Tyler, C.W.2
  • 75
    • 0019140867 scopus 로고
    • Actual measurements of fixation disparity and its use in diagnosis and treatment
    • Sheedy, J. E. (1980) Actual measurements of fixation disparity and its use in diagnosis and treatment. J. Am. Optom. Assoc. 51, 1079-1084.
    • (1980) J. Am. Optom. Assoc. , vol.51 , pp. 1079-1084
    • Sheedy, J.E.1
  • 77
    • 85047236784 scopus 로고
    • Phoria, vergence and fixation disparity in oculomotor problems
    • Sheedy, J. E. and Saladin, J. J. (1977) Phoria, vergence and fixation disparity in oculomotor problems. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 54, 474-478.
    • (1977) Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. , vol.54 , pp. 474-478
    • Sheedy, J.E.1    Saladin, J.J.2
  • 78
    • 0018251868 scopus 로고
    • Association of symptoms with measures of oculomotor deficiencies
    • Sheedy, J. E. and Saladin, J. J. (1978) Association of symptoms with measures of oculomotor deficiencies. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 55, 670-676.
    • (1978) Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. , vol.55 , pp. 670-676
    • Sheedy, J.E.1    Saladin, J.J.2
  • 79
    • 0028355147 scopus 로고
    • Subject instructions and methods of target presentation in accommodation research
    • Stark, L. R. and Atchison, D. A. (1994) Subject instructions and methods of target presentation in accommodation research. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 35, 528-537.
    • (1994) Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. , vol.35 , pp. 528-537
    • Stark, L.R.1    Atchison, D.A.2
  • 81
    • 0030747069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of subject instruction on horizontal and vertical vergence tracking
    • Stevenson, S. B., Lott, L. A. and Yang, J. (1997) The influence of subject instruction on horizontal and vertical vergence tracking. Vision Res. 37, 2891-2898.
    • (1997) Vision Res. , vol.37 , pp. 2891-2898
    • Stevenson, S.B.1    Lott, L.A.2    Yang, J.3
  • 83
    • 33747108220 scopus 로고
    • Fortgesetzte studien uber binokularsehen. I. uber farbenstereoskopie
    • cited in Ogle, 1964
    • Tschermak, A. (1924) Fortgesetzte studien uber binokularsehen. I. uber farbenstereoskopie. Arch. f. d. Ges. Physiol. 204, 177-202. (cited in Ogle, 1964).
    • (1924) Arch. F. D. Ges. Physiol. , vol.204 , pp. 177-202
    • Tschermak, A.1
  • 84
    • 0033920536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of Nonius line and fusion lock parameters on fixation disparity
    • Ukwade, M. T. (2000) Effects of Nonius line and fusion lock parameters on fixation disparity. Optom. Vis. Sci. 77, 309-320.
    • (2000) Optom. Vis. Sci. , vol.77 , pp. 309-320
    • Ukwade, M.T.1
  • 85
    • 0037231814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereopsis is perturbed by vergence error
    • Ukwade, M. T., Bedell, H. E. and Harwerth, R. S. (2003) Stereopsis is perturbed by vergence error. Vision Res. 43, 181-193.
    • (2003) Vision Res. , vol.43 , pp. 181-193
    • Ukwade, M.T.1    Bedell, H.E.2    Harwerth, R.S.3
  • 86
    • 0342573259 scopus 로고
    • A new clinical method for direct measurement of fixation disparity
    • Wesson, M. D. and Koenig, R. (1983) A new clinical method for direct measurement of fixation disparity. South J. Optom. 1, 48-52.
    • (1983) South J. Optom. , vol.1 , pp. 48-52
    • Wesson, M.D.1    Koenig, R.2
  • 87
    • 0023678321 scopus 로고
    • Standardization of the tangent screen examination: Some neglected parameters
    • West, R. W. (1988) Standardization of the tangent screen examination: some neglected parameters. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 65, 580-584.
    • (1988) Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. , vol.65 , pp. 580-584
    • West, R.W.1
  • 88
    • 0021874332 scopus 로고
    • The effect of illumination and foveal fusion lock on clinical fixation disparity measurements with the Sheedy disparometer
    • Wildsoet, C. F. and Cameron, K. D. (1985) The effect of illumination and foveal fusion lock on clinical fixation disparity measurements with the Sheedy disparometer. Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 5, 171-178.
    • (1985) Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. , vol.5 , pp. 171-178
    • Wildsoet, C.F.1    Cameron, K.D.2
  • 89
    • 0022869154 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between heterophoria and fixation disparity
    • Yekta, A. A. and Pickwell, L. D. (1986) The relationship between heterophoria and fixation disparity. Clin. Exp. Optom. 69, 228-231.
    • (1986) Clin. Exp. Optom. , vol.69 , pp. 228-231
    • Yekta, A.A.1    Pickwell, L.D.2
  • 90
    • 0023587864 scopus 로고
    • The clinical assessment of binocular vision before and after a working day
    • Yekta, A. A., Jenkins, T. and Pickwell, D. (1987) The clinical assessment of binocular vision before and after a working day. Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 7, 349-352.
    • (1987) Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. , vol.7 , pp. 349-352
    • Yekta, A.A.1    Jenkins, T.2    Pickwell, D.3
  • 92
    • 0028041393 scopus 로고
    • Use of statistics for comparing two measurement methods
    • Zadnik, K., Mutti, D. O. and Bullimore, M. A. (1994) Use of statistics for comparing two measurement methods (letter). Optom. Vis. Sci. 71, 539-540.
    • (1994) Optom. Vis. Sci. , vol.71 , pp. 539-540
    • Zadnik, K.1    Mutti, D.O.2    Bullimore, M.A.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.