Global governance or world federalism? A cosmopolitan dispute on institutional models

Global Society

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 287-305

  Marchetti, Raffaele ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRACY; FEDERAL SYSTEM; GOVERNANCE APPROACH; INSTITUTIONAL REFORM; INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION; POLITICAL REFORM; UNITED NATIONS;

EID: 33747078788     PISSN: 13600826     EISSN: 1469798X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13600820600816282     Document Type: Article

References (106)

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4. John Stuart Mill, Considerations on Representative Government: Complete Works of J.S. Mill (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, [1861] 1991), Sect. III.
5. Walden Bello, Deglobalization: Ideas for a NewWorld Economy (London: Zed Books, 2002)
6. A. Claire Cutler, Private Power and Global Authority (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003)
7. Richard Falk, On Humane Governance: Toward a New Global Politics (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995)
8. David Held, Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995)
9. Anthony G. McGrew (ed.), The Transformation of Democracy? Globalization and Territorial Democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1997)
10. George Monbiot, The Age of Consent (London: Flamingo, 2003)
11. Joseph E. Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents (London: Penguin, 2002), pp. 18-22.
12. Jan A. Scholte, Democratizing the Global Economy: The Role of Civil Society (Warwick: Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation, University of Warwick, 2004), p. 22.
13. Raffaele Marchetti, "Interaction-dependent Justice and the Problem of International Exclusion", Constellations. An International Journal of Critical and Democratic Theory, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2005), pp. 489-503.
14. Kofi A. Annan, "Democracy as an International Issue", Global Governance, Vol. 8 (2002), pp. 135-142
15. N. Bobbio, "Democracy and the International System", in D. Archibugi and D. Held (eds.), Cosmopolitan Democracy: An Agenda for a New World Order (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995), pp. 17-41
16. Norberto Bobbio, Teoria generale della politica (Turin: Einaudi, 1999), p. 337
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22. Michael Zürn, "Democratic Governance beyond the Nation-state: The EU and Other International Institutions", European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 6, No. 2 (2000), pp. 183-221.
23. For a reference see D. Archibugi, "Principles of Cosmopolitan Democracy", in D. Archibugi, D. Held and M. Köhler (eds.), Re-Imagining Political Community: Studies in Cosmopolitan Democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998), pp. 198-230
24. Daniele Archibugi (ed.), Debating Cosmopolitics (London: Verso, 2003)
25. Fred Dallmayr, Achieving Our World: Toward a Global and Plural Democracy (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), Sect. 41-8
26. Jürgen Habermas, The Post-national Constellation: Political Essays (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001), Sect. 5
27. Patrick Hayden, Cosmopolitan Global Politics (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005)
28. David Held, Democracy and the Global Order, op. cit., p. 237
29. D. Held, "From Executive to Cosmopolitan Multilateralism", in D. Held and M. Koenig-Archibugi (eds.), Taming Globalization: Frontiers of Governance (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2003), pp. 160-186
30. David Held, Global Covenant: The Social Democratic Alternative to the Washington Consensus (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004), Sect. 10
31. David Held, "Law of People, Law of States", Legal Theory, Vol. 8 (2002), pp. 1-44
32. Andrew Kuper, Democracy beyond Borders (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004)
33. Andrew Linklater, The Transformation of Political Community: Ethical Foundations of the Post-Westphalian Era (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1998)
34. Onora O'Neill, Bounds of Justice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), Sect. 10
35. Thomas Pogge, "Cosmopolitanism and Sovereignty", op. cit. Held took a different position in his earlier work, where he refers to the federal model. He then shifted towards a more decentralised type of cosmopolitan global governance in the 1990s, and in part as a consequence of the encounter with Archibugi.
36. D. Held, "Democracy: From City-states to a Cosmopolitan Order?", in D. Held (ed.), Prospects for Democracy: North, South, East, West (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993), pp. 13-52.
37. David Held and Anthony G. McGrew (eds.), Governing Globalization: Power, Authority and Global Governance (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002)
38. James N. Rosenau, Along the Domestic-Foreign Frontier: Exploring Governance in a Turbulent World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
39. That is not, however, what global cosmopolitans such as Archibugi, Held, and Linklater argue for, in that they consider cosmo-governance as the ultimate stage of democratic development, beyond which it is not prudent to venture.
40. Kuper, Democracy beyond Borders, op. cit., p. 162.
41. Dennis F. Thompson, "Democratic Theory and Global Society", Journal of Political Philosophy, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1999), pp. 111-125.
42. Daniele Archibugi, Il futuro delle Nazioni Unite (Rome: Edizioni Lavoro, 1995)
43. Joseph P. Baratta, Strengthening the United Nations: A Bibliography on UN Reform and World Federalism (New York and London: Greenwood, 1987)
44. R. Falk, "The Pathways of Global Constitutionalism", in R. Falk, R.C. Johansen and S.S. Kim (eds.), The Constitutional Foundations of World Peace (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993), pp. 13-38
45. M.F. Imber, "Geo-governance without Government? Reforming the UN System", in A.G. McGrew (ed.), The Transformation of Democracy? (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1997), pp. 201-230
46. Heikki Patomäki and Teivo Teivainen, A Possible World: Democratic Transformation of Global Institutions (London: Zed Books, 2004), Sects. 1 and 8.
47. D. Bienen, V. Rittberger and W. Wagner, "Democracy in the United Nations System: Cosmopolitan and Communitarian Principles", in Archibugi, Held and Köhler (eds.), Re-Imagining Political Community, op. cit., pp. 287-308.
48. At the moment, they offer the best functional substitutes for democratic international public life. They can be warranted as a mid-term strategy, but they need to be replaced by a fully fledged system of direct political representation in the long term.
49. For a first reference to the discussion on the federal reform of the United Nations see Joseph Baratta, Strengthening the United Nations: A Bibliography on UN Reform and World Federalism, op. cit.
50. Frank Barnaby, Building a More Democratic United Nations: Proceedings of Camdun-1 (London: Frank Cass, 1991)
51. Grenville Clark and Louis B. Sohn, World Peace through World Law: Two Alternative Plans (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966)
52. G. Codding, "World Federalism: The Conceptual Setting", in J.R. Groom and P. Taylor (eds.), Frameworks for International Co-operation, (London: Pinter, 1990), pp. 217-233
53. Jost Delbruck, "Transnational Federalism: Problems and Prospects of Allocating Public Authority beyond the State", Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol. 11, No. 1 (2004), pp. 31-57
54. Myron J. Frankman, World Democratic Federalism (New York: Palgrave, 2004)
55. Roland J. Glossop, World Federation? A Critical Analysis of Federal World Government (London: McFarland, 1993)
56. O. Höffe, "Globalität statt Globalismus. Über eine subsidiäre und föderale Weltrepublik", in J. Bohman and M. Lutz-Bachmann (eds.), Weltstaat oder Staaten-Welt? Für und wider die Idee einer Weltrepublik (Frankfurt/M: Suhrkamp, 2002), pp. 8-31
57. Julia E. Johnsen (ed.), Federal World Government (New York: H.W. Wilson, 1948)
58. K. Nielsen, "World Government, Security, and Global Justice", in S. Luper-Foy (ed.), Problems of International Justice (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1988), pp. 263-82
59. Reves, Anatomy of Peace, op. cit.
60. James A. Yunker, World Union on the Horizon: The Case for Supranational Federation (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1993).
61. Clark and Sohn, World Peace through World Law: Two Alternative Plans, op. cit.
62. B. Russell, "World Government", in R.E. Egner and L.E. Denonn (eds.), The Basic Writings of Bertrand Russell, 1903-1959 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1961), pp. 699-703.
63. R. Marchetti, "Human Rights as Global Participatory Entitlements", in R. Tinnevelt and G. Verschraegen (eds.), Between Cosmopolitan Ideals and State Sovereignty: Studies on Global Justice London: Palgrave-McMillan, 2006), pp. 159-69.
64. Mario Albertini, Il federalismo (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1993)
65. Johannes Althusius, Politica Methodice Digesta (Indianapolis: Liberty Press, [1614] 1995)
66. Ivan Bernier, International Legal Aspects of Federalism (Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1973)
67. Carl J. Friedrich, Trends of Federalism in Theory and Practice (New York: F.A. Praeger, 1968)
68. Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison, The Federalist (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, [1787-88] 1961)
69. Preston King, Federalism and Federation (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985)
70. Lucio Levi, Il pensiero federalista (Rome-Bari: Laterza, 2002)
71. Corrado Malandrino, Federalismo. Storia, idee, modelli (Rome: Carocci, 1998).
72. Andreas Føllesdal, "Survey Article: Subsidiarity", Journal of Political Philosophy, Vol. 6, No. 2 (1998), pp. 231-259
73. W. Norman, "Toward a Philosophy of Federalism", in J. Baker (ed.), Group Rights (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1993)
74. R. Vernon, "The Federal Citizen", in R.D. Olling and M. Westmacott (eds.), Perspectives on Canadian Federalism (Scarborough: Prentice Hall, 1988).
75. Additionally, central to the federal ideal is the transformation of inter-state relations from unruled and violent to a complete juridical status. Since peace is not interpreted negatively as the lack of war, but rather positively as state and law, a central government is envisaged as the machinery for the peaceful and lawful solution of political, economic or social international conflicts. In this way, it promises to establish a permanent peace because of the presence of a superordinate law that, importantly, does not permit withdrawal from the federation. Contrary to those confederations with no check on the power of single states, the law of the federal system provides the political means to eliminate the appeal to arbitrary violence.
76. Edward H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1939), Sect. 5
77. I. Kant, "Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch", in H. Reiss (ed.), Kant's Political Writings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, [1795] 1991)
78. Carl Schmitt, The Nomos of the Earth in the International Law of Jus Publicum Europaeum (New York: Telos Pr, [1950] 2003), pp. 324-335
79. Hidemi Suganami, The Domestic Analogy and World Order Proposal (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 187-191
80. M. Walzer, "The Moral Standing of States. A Response to Four Critics", Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 9, No. 3 (1980), pp. 209-29.
81. Alexander Wendt, "Why a World State is Inevitable: Teleology and the Logic of Anarchy", European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 9, No. 4 (2003), pp. 491-542.
82. Andrew Hurrell, "Kant and the Kantian Paradigm in International Relations", Review of International Studies, Vol. 16, No. 3 (1990), pp. 183-205
83. I. Kant, "The Metaphysics of Morals", in Reiss (ed.), Kant's Political Writings, op. cit., pp. 131-75
84. Kant, "Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch", in Reiss (ed.), Kant's Political Writings, op. cit, pp. 93-130.
85. Hamilton, Jay and Madison, The Federalist, op. cit., Sect. 39.
86. R.A. Dahl, "Can International Organisations be Democratic? A Sceptic's View", in I. Shapiro and C. Hacker-Cordon (eds.), Democracy's Edges (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 19-36
87. Robert A. Dahl and Edward Tuftle, Size and Democracy (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1973).
88. Proposals for the creation of a Global Parliamentary Assembly have recently been re-stated by Falk and Strauss; see Richard Falk and Andrew Strauss, "On the Creation of a Global Peoples Assembly: Legitimacy and the Power of Popular Sovereignty", Stanford Journal of International Law, Vol. 36 (2000)
89. Richard Falk and Andrew Strauss, "Toward World Parliament", Foreign Affairs, Vol. 80, No. 1 (2001), pp. 212-220
90. Andrew Strauss, "Overcoming the Dysfunction of the Bifurcated Global System: The Promise of a Peoples' Assembly", Transnational Journal of Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 9 (1999), although their project does not endow the suggested assembly either with federal or fully legislative powers.
91. Hans Kelsen, Peace through Law (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1944)
92. Levi, II pensiero federalista, op. cit.
93. Proposals on voting systems have been numerous and diverse during the last 50 years. For a selection, including the so-called Binding Triad, see Clark and Sohn, World Peace through World Law: Two Alternative Plans, op. cit., pp. 20-34
94. R. Hudson, "Should There be a Global Parliament? What is the Binding Triad?", in W. Hoffmann (ed.), A New World Order: Essays on Restructuring the United Nations (Washington, DC: World Federalist Association, 1991)
95. Richard Hudson, "Time for Mutation in the United Nations", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol. 32 (1976), pp. 39-43
96. Hanna Newcombe, Design for a Better World (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1983)
97. H. Newcombe, "Proposals for a People Assembly at the United Nations", in F. Barnaby (ed.), Building a More Democratic United Nations (London: Frank Cass, 1991)
98. Paul C. Szasz, "The Revised Binding Triad UN Charter Amendment", Global Report, Vol. 34 (1991).
99. Daniele Archibugi, "Immanuel Kant, Peace, and Cosmopolitan Law", European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 1, No. 4 (1995), pp. 429-456
100. Norberto Bobbio, Il terzo assente (Turin: Sonda, 1989)
101. J. Habermas, "Kant's Idea of Perpetual Peace, with the Benefit of Two Hundred Years' Hindsight", in J. Bohman and M. Lutz-Bachmann (eds.), Perpetual Peace: Essay on Kant's Cosmopolitan Ideal (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997), pp. 113-154
102. Kant, "Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch", in Reiss (ed.), Kant's Political Writings, op. cit.
103. Without this proviso, any proposal for a UN assembly with representation contingent only on the democratic election of the representatives from each country, irrespective of a country's form of government or its observance of human rights, would be self-contradictory. For an instance of such misjudgement see Peter Singer, One World: The Ethics of Globalization (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002), p. 148.
104. This would be legitimate, but not necessarily legal, according to the existing UN Charter. In fact, Article 103 states that the UN Charter has legal supremacy over any other international agreement or covenant, and Article 108 affirms that changes in the charter are allowed only if voted by two-thirds of the existing (state) members, including the permanent five. This arrangement, due to the historical circumstances following the Second World War, preserves the power of the five permanent members of the Security Council, in that it does not allow for any change without their consent. A reformist strategy to deal with this legally invulnerable system relies on the persuasive power of a legitimate public opinion, such as the voice that could potentially be expressed by a qualified world majority.
105. Falk and Strauss, "Toward World Parliament", Foreign Affairs, op. cit.
106. Freedom House, Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights & Civil Liberties (Piscataway, NJ: Transaction, 2001).