The occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Lake Baroon catchment, Queensland, Australia

Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology - AQUA

Volumn 55, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 357-366

  Wohlsen, T ^a   Bates, J ^a   Gray, B ^a   Aldridge, P ^b   Stewart, S ^b   Williams, M ^b   Katouli, M ^c  

^a QUEENSLAND HEALTH   (Australia)

^b Aquagen Water and Renewable Energy   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF THE SUNSHINE COAST   (Australia)

Author keywords

Catchment; Cryptosporidium; Giardia; Health risk

Indexed keywords

BIOMARKERS; CATCHMENTS; CONTAMINATION; HEALTH RISKS; SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS; WATER ANALYSIS;

CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; FAECAL INDICATOR BACTERIA; GIARDIA;

LAKES;

BIOMARKERS; CATCHMENTS; CONTAMINATION; HEALTH RISKS; LAKES; SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS; WATER ANALYSIS;

EFFLUENT; FECAL COLIFORM; HEALTH RISK; LAKE WATER; PROTOZOAN; RAINFALL;

AUSTRALASIA; AUSTRALIA; LAKE BAROON; QUEENSLAND;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; ENTEROCOCCUS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; GIARDIA;

EID: 33746958963     PISSN: 00037214     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2166/aqua.2006.044     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Atherholt, T. B., LeChevallier, M. W., Norton, W. D. & Rosen, J. S. 1998 Effect of rainfall on Giardia and Cryptosporidium - waterborne pathogens. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 90(9), 68-80.
2. Atherton, F., Newman, C. P. & Casemore, D. P. 1995 An outbreak of waterborne cryptosporidiosis associated with a public water supply in the UK. Epidemiol. Infect. 115(1), 123-131.
3. Australian Standard HB 203:2000 2000 Environmental Risk Management - Principles and Process, Based on AS/NZS 4360:1999, Risk Management.
4. Bodley-Tickell, A. T., Kitchen, S. E. & Sturdee, A. P. 2002 Occurrence of Cryptosporidium in agricultural surface waters during an annual farming cycle in lowland UK. Water Res. 36(7), 1880-1886.
5. Byleveld, P. M., Hunt, A. & McAnulty, J. M. 1999 Cryptosporidiosis in the immunocompromised: weighing up the risk. Med. J. Aust. 171(8), 426-428.
6. Carey, C. M., Lee, H. & Trevors, J. T. 2004 Biology, persistence and detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis oocyst. Water Res. 38(4), 818-862.
7. Clancy, J. L. & Hansen, J. 1999 Uses of protozoan monitoring data. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 91(5), 51-65.
8. Craun, G. F., Hubbs, S. A., Frost, F., Calderon, R. L. & Via, S. H. 1998 Waterborne outbreaks of Cryptosporidiosis. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 90(9), 81-91.
9. Curriero, F. C., Patz, J. A., Rose, J. B. & Lele, S. 2001 The association between extreme precipitation and waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States, 1948-1994. Am. J. Public Health 91(8), 1194-1199.
10. DiGiorgio, C. L., Gonzalez, D. A. & Huitt, C. C. 2002 Cryptosporidium and Giardia recoveries in natural waters by using environmental protection agency method 1623. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68(12), 5952-5955.
11. Di Giovanni, G. D., Hashemi, R. H., Shaw, N. J. & Abrams, F. A. 1999 Detection of infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in surface and filter backwash water samples by immunomagnetic separation and integrated cell culture-PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65(8), 3427-3432.
12. Edberg, S. C., Allen, M. J. & Smith, D. B. 1991 Defined substrate technology method for rapid and specific simultaneous enumeration of total coliforms and Escherichia coli from water: Collaborative Study. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 74(3), 526-529.
13. Fayer, R. 2004 Cryptosporidium: a water-borne zoonotic parasite. Vet. Parasitol. 126(1-2), 37-56.
14. Graczyk, T. K., Evans, B. M., Shiff, C. J., Karreman, H. J. & Patz, J. A. 2000 Environmental and geographical factors contributing to watershed contamination with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Environ. Res. 82(3), 263-271.
15. Harper, C. M., Cowell, N. A., Adams, B. C., Langley, A. J. & Wohlsen, T. D. 2002 Outbreak of Cryptosporidium linked to drinking unpasteurised milk. Commun. Dis. Intel. 26(3), 449-450.
16. Hayes, E. B., Matte, T. D., O'Brien, T. R., McKinley, T. W., Logsdon, G. S., Rose, J. B., Ungar, B. L., Word, D. M., Pinsky, P. F. & Cummings, M. L. 1989 Large community outbreak of cryptosporidiosis due to contamination of a filtered public water supply. N. Engl. J. Med. 320(21), 1372-1376.
17. Hsu, B. M., Huang, C. P., Hsu, Y. F., Jiang, G. Y. & Hsu, C. L. L. 2001 Evaluation of two concentration methods for detecting Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Water. Water Res. 35(2), 419-424.
18. Kistemann, T., Classen, T., Koch, C., Dangendorf, F., Fischeder, R., Gebel, J., Vacata, V. & Exner, M. 2002 Microbial load of drinking water reservoir tributaries during extreme rainfall runoff. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 68(5), 2188-2197.
19. Korich, D. G., Mead, J. R., Sadore, M. S., Sinclaire, N. A. & Sterling, C. R. 1990 Effects of ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and monochloramine on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56(5), 1423-1428.
20. LeChevallier, M. W., Norton, W. D. & Lee, R. G. 1991 Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in surface water supplies. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57(9), 2610-2616.
21. National Association of Testing Authorities, Australia. ISO/IEC 17025. Application Document. Supplementary Requirements for Accreditation in the Field of Biological Testing. 2002 Version 1. Annex 3.2. Accreditation of Laboratories for Testing of Water Samples for Cryptosporidium and Giardia. pp.19.
22. National Water Quality Management Strategy - NHMRC 2004 Australian Drinking Water Guidelines, National Health and Medical Research Council, Agriculture and Resource Management, Council of Australia and New Zealand.
23. O'Connor, R., Yamal, B., Dow, K., Jocoy, C. & Carbone, G. 2005 Feeling at risk matters: water managers and the decision to use forecasts. Analysis Risk 25(5), 1265.
24. Rochelle, P. A., De Leon, R. & Johnson, A. 1999 Evaluation of immunomagnetic separation for recovery of infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from environmental samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 65(2), 841-845.
25. Searcy, K. E., Packman, A. I., Atwill, E. R. & Harter, T. 2005 Association of Cryptosporidium parvum with suspended particles: Impact on oocyst sedimentation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71(2), 1072-1078.
26. Shepherd, K. M. & Wyn-Jones, A. P. 1996 An evaluation of methods for the simultaneous detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts from water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62(4), 1317-1322.
27. Simmons, O. D., Sobsey, M. D., Heaney, C. D., Schaefer, F. W. & Francy, D. S. 2001 Concentration and detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in surface water samples by method 1622 using ultrafiltration and capsule filtration. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67(3), 1123-1127.
28. Sinton, L. W., Donnison, A. M. & Hastie, C. M. 1993 Faecal streptococci as faecal pollution indicators: a review. Part II. Sanitary significance, survival and use. N.Z.J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 27, 117-137.
29. Smith, H. V. & Rose, J. B. 1998 Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis: current status. Parasitol. Today 14(1), 14-22.
30. Smith, J. J., Gunasekera, T. S., Barardi, C. R., Veal, D. & Vesey, G. 2004 Determination of Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability by fluorescence in situ hybridization using a ribosomal RNA-directed probe. J. Appl. Microbiol. 96(2), 409-417.
31. March/AprilThomas, R. J., Gardner, E. A., Barry, G. A., Chinivasagams, H. N., Green, P. E., Klieve, A. V., Blackall, P. J., Blight, G. W. & Blaney, B. J. 2000 Indicator organism levels in effluent from Queensland Coastal STP's. Water, 38-45.
32. Thurman, R., Faulkner, B., Veal, D., Cramer, G. & Meiklejohn, M. 1998 Water quality in rural Australia. J. Appl. Microbiol. 84(4), 627-632.
33. Tortorello, M. L. 2003 Indicator organisms for safety and quality - uses and methods for detection; mini-review. J. AOAC Int. 86(6), 1208-1217.
34. US Environmental Protection Agency 2001 Method 1623: Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Water by Filtration/IMS/FA, Publication EPA-821-R-01-025. Office of Water, Washington, DC, April.
35. Vesey, G., Ashbolt, N., Fricker, E. J., Deere, D., Williams, K. L., Veal, D. A. & Dorsch, M. 1998 The use of a ribosomal RNA targeted oligonucleotide probe for fluoresent labelling of viable Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. J. Appl. Microbiol. 85(3), 429-440.
36. Warnecke, M., Weir, C. & Vesey, G. 2003 Evaluation of an internal positive control for Cryptosporidium and Giardia testing in water samples. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 37(3), 244-248.
37. Wohlsen, T., Bates, J., Gray, B. & Katouli, M. 2004 Evaluation of five membrane filtration methods for the recovery of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in water samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70(4), 2318-2322.
38. Xiao, L., Alderisio, K., Limor, J., Royer, M. & Lal, A. 2000 Identification of species and sources of Cryptosporidium oocysts in storm waters with a small-subunit rRNA - based diagnostic and genotyping tool. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66(12), 5492-5498.