Perspective: Cerebral palsy as a model of bone development in the absence of postnatal mechanical factors

Journal of Musculoskeletal Neuronal Interactions

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 154-159

  Ward, K A ^a   Caulton, J M ^b   Adams, J E ^a   Mughal, M Zulf ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b KEELE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c ST MARY S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bone Development; Cerebral Palsy; Fractures; Mechanical Loading; Non pharmacological Treatment

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCIUM; PAMIDRONIC ACID; PLACEBO; VITAMIN D;

ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; BONE DENSITY; BONE DEVELOPMENT; BONE FRAGILITY; BONE GROWTH; BONE MINERAL; BONE STRESS; CEREBRAL PALSY; CLINICAL TRIAL; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DRUG MECHANISM; FEMUR FRACTURE; FRACTURE; HUMAN; IMMOBILIZATION; OSTEOLYSIS; OSTEOPENIA; PATHOGENESIS; PERINATAL PERIOD; PHYSIOTHERAPY; PLASTER CAST; POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT; PRIMARY PREVENTION; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; VIBRATION;

BONE AND BONES; BONE DEVELOPMENT; CEREBRAL PALSY; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FRACTURES, BONE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; STRESS, MECHANICAL;

EID: 33746925935     PISSN: 11087161     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Koman LA, Smith BP, Shilt JS. Cerebral palsy. Lancet 2004; 363:1619-1631.
2. Lingam S, Joester J. Spontaneous fractures in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. BMJ 1994; 309:265.
3. Lee JJ, Lyne ED. Pathologic fractures in severely handicapped children and young adults. J Pediatr Orthop 1990; 10:497-500.
4. Brunner R, Doderlein L. Pathological fractures in patients with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop B 1996; 5:232-238.
5. King W, Levin R, Schmidt R, Oestreich A, Heubi JE. Prevalence of reduced bone mass in children and adults with spastic quadriplegia. Dev Med Child Neurol 2003; 45:12-16.
6. Hutton JL, Cooke T, Pharoah PO. Life expectancy in children with cerebral palsy. BMJ 1994; 309:431-435.
7. Blair E, Watson L, Badawi N, Stanley FJ. Life expectancy among people with cerebral palsy in Western Australia. Dev Med Child Neurol 2001; 43:508-515.
8. Miller PR, Glazer DA. Spontaneous fractures in the brain-crippled, bedridden patient. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1976; 120:134-137.
9. Hobbs CJ, Wynne JM. Spontaneous fractures in cerebral palsy. BMJ 1995; 310:873-874.
10. Frost H. Bone "mass" and the "mechanostat": a proposal. Anat Rec 1987; 219:1-9.
11. Frost H. Defining osteopenias and osteoporoses: another view (with insights from a new paradigm). Bone 1997; 20:385-391.
12. Frost HM. The Utah Paradigm of Skeletal Physiology Vol. I, 11. International Society of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions, Athens, Greece; 2004.
13. Rauch F, Schönau E. The developing bone: slave or master of its cells and molecules? Pediatr Res 2001; 50:309-314.
14. Seeman E. Sexual dimorphism in skeletal size, density and strength. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:4576-4584.
15. Rauch F, Neu C, Manz F, Schönau E. The development of metaphyseal cortex - implications for distal radius fractures during growth. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16:1547-1555.
16. Wilmshurst S, Ward K, Adams J, Langton C, Mughal M. Mobility status and bone density in cerebral palsy. Arch Dis Child 1996; 75:164-165.
17. Henderson R. Bone density and other possible predictors of fracture risk in children and adolescents with spastic quadriplegia. Dev Med Child Neurol 1997; 39:224-227.
18. Rubin C, Lanyon L. Kappa Delta Award paper. Osteoregulatory nature of mechanical stimuli: function as a determinant for adaptive remodelling in bone. J Orthop Res 1987; 5:300-310.
19. Rubin C, Turner A, Mallinckrodt C, Jerome C, McLeod K, Bain S. Mechanical strain, induced non-invasively in the high-frequency domain, is anabolic to cancellous bone, but not cortical bone. Bone 2002; 30:445-452.
20. Rubin C, Turner A, Muller R, Mittra E, McLeod K, Lin W, Qin Y. Quantity and quality of trabecular bone in the femur are enhanced by a strongly anabolic, non-invasive mechanical intervention. J Bone Miner Res 2002; 17:349-357.
21. Rubin C, Turner S, Bain S, Mallinckrodt C, McLeod K. Low mechanical signals strengthen long bones. Nature 2001; 412:603-604.
22. Rubin C, Xu G, Judex S. The anabolic activity of bone tissue, suppressed by disuse, is normalized by brief exposure to extremely low magnitude mechanical stimuli. FASEB J 2001; 15:2225-2229.
23. Ward K, Alsop C, Caulton J, Rubin C, Adams J, Mughal Z. Low magnitude mechanical loading is osteogenic in children with disabling conditions. J Bone Miner Res 2004; 19:360-369.
24. Henderson RC, Lark RK, Gurka MJ, Worley G, Fung EB, Conaway M, Stallings VA, Stevenson RD. Bone density and metabolism in children and adolescents with moderate to severe cerebral palsy. Pediatrics 2002; 110:e5.
25. Shaw N, White C, Fraser W, Rosenbloom L. Osteopenia in cerebral palsy. Arch Dis Child 1994; 71:235-238.
26. Bischof F, Basu D, Pettifor JM. Pathological long-bone fractures in residents with cerebral palsy in a long-term care facility in South Africa. Dev Med Child Neurol 2002; 44:119-122.
27. Iivanainen M, Savolainen H. Side effects of phenobarbital and phenytoin during long-term treatment of epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 1983; 97:49-67.
28. Sheth RD, Wesolowski CA, Jacob JC, Penney S, Hobbs GR, Riggs JE, Bodensteiner JB. Effect of carbamazepine and valproate on bone mineral density. J Pediatr 1995; 127:256-262.
29. Chad K, Bailey D, McKay H, Zello G, Snyder R. The effect of a weight-bearing physical activity program on bone mineral content and estimated volumetric density in children with spastic cerebral palsy. J Pediatrics 1999; 135:115-117.
30. Lanyon L, Rubin C. Static versus dynamic loads as an influence on bone remodelling. Biomech 1984; 17:897-905.
31. Turner CH. Three rules for bone adaptation to mechanical stimuli. Bone 1998; 23:399-407.
32. Caulton JM, Ward KA, Alsop CW, Dunn G, Adams JE, Mughal MZ. A randomised controlled trial of standing programme on bone mineral density in non-ambulant children with cerebral palsy. Arch Dis Child 2004; 89:131-135.
33. Steiner E, Jergas M, Genant H. Radiology of osteoporosis. In: Marcus R, Feldmann D, Kelsey J (eds) Osteoporosis. Academic Press Inc., London; 1996:1019-1054.
34. Henderson RC, Lark RK, Kecskemethy HH, Miller F, Harcke HT, Bachrach SJ. Bisphosphonates to treat osteopenia in children with quadriplegic cerebral palsy: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Pediatr 2002; 141:644-651.