Cardiovascular risks associated with smoking: A review for clinicians

European Journal of Preventive Cardiology

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 507-514

  Tonstad, Serena ^a   Johnston, J Andrew ^b  

^a ULLEVÅL UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

^b Innovaa Research   (United States)

Author keywords

cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; risk; smoking; smoking cessation; treatments

Indexed keywords

AMFEBUTAMONE; NICOTINE;

ANGIOPLASTY; AORTA ANEURYSM; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; BYPASS SURGERY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CIGARETTE SMOKING; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; COUGHING; DOSE CALCULATION; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; HEALTH CARE; HEART INFARCTION; HEARTBURN; HICCUP; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; IMPOTENCE; INDIGESTION; INSOMNIA; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; JAW DISEASE; MORTALITY; MOUTH DISEASE; NAUSEA; NICOTINE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; NOSE CONGESTION; NOSE IRRITATION; PATHOGENESIS; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT COUNSELING; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE; PHYSICIAN; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; REVIEW; RHINITIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SKIN IRRITATION; SMELLING DISORDER; SMOKING CESSATION; SUDDEN DEATH; TASTE DISORDER; TOBACCO DEPENDENCE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; XEROSTOMIA;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS; SMOKING; SURVIVAL RATE;

EID: 33746694242     PISSN: 20474873     EISSN: 20474881     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.hjr.0000214609.06738.62     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. The World Health Report 2003: Shaping the Future. World Health Organization; 2003. www.who.int/whr/2003. [Accessed: October 2004].
2. US Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2004.
3. Burns DM. Epidemiology of smoking-induced disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2003; 46: 11–29.
4. Benowitz NL. Cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology and implications for treatment. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2003; 46: 91–111.
5. US Department of Health and Human Services: The health consequences of smoking: cardiovascular disease. A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General, Office of smoking and Health; 1983. DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 84-50204.
6. Critchley J, Capewell S. Smoking cessation for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; (1): CD003041.
7. Ambrose JA, Barua RS. The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease, an update. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 1731–1737.
8. US Department of Health and Human Services. The health benefits of smoking cessation. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 1990.
9. Ludvig J, Miner B, Eisenberg MJ. Smoking cessation in patients with coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 2005; 149: 565–572.
10. Conroy RM, Pyörälä K, Fitzgerald AP, Sans S, Menotti A, De Backer G, et al Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J 2003; 24: 987–1003.
11. Isles C, Norrie J. Lipid lowering drugs for patients who continue to smoke? Heart 2000; 83: 619–620.
12. Nicod P, Rehr R, Winniford MD, Campbell WB, Firth BG, Hillis LD. Acute systemic and coronary hemodynamic and serologic responses to cigarette smoking in long-term smokers with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984; 4: 964–971.
13. Czemin J, Waldherr C. Cigarette smoking and coronary blood flow. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2003; 45: 395–404.
14. Kool MJ, Hoeks AP, Struijker Boudier HA, Reneman RS, Van Bortel LM. Short- and long-term effects of smoking on arterial wall properties in habitual smokers. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 1881–1886.
15. Metz L, Waters DD. Implications of cigarette smoking for the management of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2003; 46: 1–9.
16. Kannel WB, Doyle JT, McNamara PM, Quickenton P, Gordon T. Precursors of sudden coronary death. Factors related to the incidence of sudden death. Circulation 1975; 51: 606–613.
17. US Department of Health and Human Services. Tobacco use among U.S. racial/ethnic minority groups: African Americans, American Indians and Alaska Natives, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics. A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 1998.
18. Rosenberg L, Kaufman DW, Helmrich SP, Miller DR, Stolley PD, Shapiro S. Myocardial infarction and cigarette smoking in women younger than 50 years of age. JAMA 1985; 253: 2965–2969.
19. Croft P, Hannafor PC. Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in women: evidence from the Royal College of General Practitioners' oral contraception study. BMJ 1989; 298: 165–168.
20. Mahonen MS, McElduff P, Dobson AJ, Kuulasamma KA, Evans AE. Current smoking and the risk of non-fatal myocardial infraction in the WHO MONICA Project populations. Tob Control 2004; 13: 244–250.
21. Dagenais GR, Yi Q, Lonn E, Sleight P, Ostergren J, Yusuf S. Impact of cigarette smoking in high-risk patients participating in a clinical trial. A substudy from the Heart Outcomes prevention evaluation (HOPE) trial. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2005; 12: 75–81.
22. He J, Ogden LG, Bazzano LA, Vupputuri S, Loria C, Whelton PK. Risk factors for congestive heart failure in US men and women. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 996–1002.
23. Ashby DT, Dangas G, Mehran R, Lansky AG, Fahy MP, Iakovou I, et al Comparison of one-year outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention among current smokers, ex-smokers, and nonsmokers. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89: 221–224.
24. Shinton R, Beevers G. Meta-analysis of relation between cigarette smoking and stroke. BMJ 1989; 298: 789–794.
25. Blanchard JF, Armenian HK, Friesen PP. Risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysm: results of a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 151: 575–583.
26. Krupski WC. The peripheral vascular consequences of smoking. Ann Vasc Surg 1991; 5: 291–304.
27. Virag R, Bouilly P, Frydman D. Is impotence an arterial disorder? A study of risk factors in 440 impotent men. Lancet 1985; 26: 181–184.
28. Condra M, Morales A, Owen JA, Surridge DH, Fenemore J. Prevalence and significance of tobacco smoking in impotence. Urology 1986; 27: 495–498.
29. Rosen MP, Greenfield AJ, Walker TG, Grant P, Dubrow J, Bettmann MA, et al Cigarette smoking: an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis in the hypogastric-cavernous arterial bed of men with arteriogenic impotence. J Urol 1991; 145: 759–763.
30. Minami J, Ishimitsu T, Matsuoka H. Effects of smoking cessation on blood pressure and heart rate variability in habitual smokers Hypertension 1999; 33(pt II):586–590.
31. Oncken CA, White WB, Cooney JL, Van Kirk JR, Ahluwalia JS, Giacco S. Impact of smoking cessation on ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in postmenopausal women. Am J Hypertens 2001; 14: 942–949.
32. MRC Working Party. Stroke and coronary heart disease in mild hypertension: risk factors and the value of treatment. BMJ 1988; 296: 1565–1570.
33. Aldoori MI, Rahman SH. Smoking and stroke: a causative role. Heavy smokers with hypertension benefit most from stopping [editorial] BMJ 1998; 317: 762–763.
34. Fröhlich M, Sund M, Löwel H, Imhof A, Hoffmeister A, Koenig W. Independent association of various smoking characteristics with markers of systemic inflammation in men. Eur Heart J 2003; 24: 1365–1372.
35. Kondo T, Hayashi M, Takeshita K, Numaguchi Y, Kobayashi K, Iino S, et al Smoking cessation rapidly increases circulating progenitor cells in peripheral blood in chronic smokers. Arterioscler Thomb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: 1442–1447.
36. Godtfredsen NS, Osler M, Vestbo J, Andersen I, Prescott E. Smoking reduction, smoking cessation, and incidence of fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction in Denmark 1976–1998: a pooled cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2003; 57: 412–416.
37. Enstrom JE, Health CW Jr. Smoking cessation and mortality trends among 118,000 Californians, 1960–1997. Epidemiology 1999; 10: 500–512.
38. Doll R, Peto R, Wheatley K, Gray R, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years' observations on male British doctors. BMJ 1994; 309: 901–911.
39. Rose G, Colwell L. Randomised controlled trial of anti-smoking advice: final (20 year) results. J Epidemiol Community Health 1992; 46: 75–77.
40. Anthonisen NR, Skeans MA, Wise RA, Manfreda J, Kanner RE, Connett JE. For the Lung Health Study Research Group. The effects of a smoking cessation intervention on 14.5-year mortality. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142: 233–239.
41. Rosenborg L, Kaufman DW, Helmrich SP, Shapiro S. The risk of myocardial infarction after quitting smoking in men under 55 years of age. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1511–1514.
42. Rosenborg L, Palmer JR, Shapiro S. Decline in the risk of myocardial infarction among women who stop smoking. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 213–217.
43. Fichtenberg CM, Glantz SA. Association of the California tobacco control program with declines in cigarette consumption and mortality from heart disease. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1772–1777.
44. Van Berkel TF, Boersma H, Roos-Hesselink JW, Erdman RA, Simoons ML. Impact of smoking cessation and smoking interventions in patients with coronary heart disease. Eur Heart J 1999; 20: 1773–1782.
45. Wilson K, Gibson N, Willan A, Cook D. Effect of smoking cessation on mortality after myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 939–944.
46. Twardella D, Kupper-Nybelen J, Rotehnbacker D, Wuster B, Brenner H. Short-term benefit of smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease: estimates based on self-reported smoking data and serum cotinine measurements. Eur Heart J 2004; 25: 2101–2108.
47. Taira DA, Seto TB, Ho KKL, Krumholz HM, Cutlip DE, Berezin R, Kuntz RE, Cohen DJ. Impact of smoking on health-related quality of life following percutaneous coronary revascularization. Circulation 2000; 102: 1369–1374.
48. van Domburg RT, Meeter K, van Berkel DF, Veldkamp RF, Van Herwerden LA, Bogers AJ. Smoking cessation reduces mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery: a 20-year follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36: 878–883.
49. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Whincup PH, Walker M. Smoking cessation and the risk of stroke in middle-aged men. JAMA 1995; 274: 155–160.
50. Gardner AW. The effect of cigarette smoking on exercise capacity in patients with intermittent claudication. Vasc Med 1996; 1: 181–186.
51. Rigotti NA, Singer DE, Mulley AG, Thibault GE. Smoking cessation following admission to a coronary care unit. J Gen Intern Med 1991; 6: 305–311.
52. Parrott S, Godfrey C, Raw M, West R, McNeill A. Guidance for commissioners on the cost effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions Thorax 1998; 52(Suppl 5):S1–S38.
53. Munafo M, Rigotti N, Lancaster T, Stead L, Murphy M. Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients: a systematic review. Thorax 2001; 56: 656–663.
54. Quist-Paulsen P, Gallefoss F. Randomised controlled trial of smoking cessation intervention after admission for coronary heart disease. BMJ 2003; 327: 1254–1257.
55. Hajek P, Taylor TZ, Mills P. Brief intervention during hospital admission to help patients to give up smoking after myocardial infarction and bypass surgery: randomized controlled trial. BMJ 2002; 324: 87–89.
56. Fiore MC, Bailey W, Cohen S, Dorfman SF, Goldstein MG, Gritz ER, et al Treating tobacco use and dependence. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Healthcare Research Quality; 2000.
57. Balfour DJK. The psychopharmacology of tobacco dependence. J Clin Psychiatry Monograph 2003; 18: 12–21.
58. Woolacott NF, Jones L, Forbes CA, Mather LC, Sowden AJ, Song FJ, et al The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of bupropion and nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess (Rockv) 2002; 6: 1–245.
59. Shiffman S, Dresler CM, Hajek P, Gilburt SJ, Targett DA, Strahs KR. Efficacy of a nicotine lozenge for smoking cessation. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 1267–1276.
60. West R, McNeill A, Raw M. For the Health Education Authority. Smoking cessation guidelines for health professionals: an update. Thorax 2000; 55: 987–999.
61. Jorenby DE, Leischow SJ, Nides MA, Renard SI, Johnston JA, Hughes AR, et al A controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 685–691.
62. Ferry LH. The power of the press in smokers' attempts to quit, doctors propose the press disposes [letter]. BMJ; 324: 1346–1347.
63. Hwang SL, Waldholz M. Health: heart attacks reported with nicotine patches while still smoking Wall Street Journal 1992; 19: B-1.
64. Joseph AM, Norman SM, Ferry LH, Prochazka AV, Westman EC, Steele BG, et al The safety of transdermal nicotine as an aid to smoking cessation in patients with cardiac disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1792–1798.
65. Mahmarian JJ, Moye LA, Nasser GA, Nagueh SF, Bloom MF, Benowitz NL, et al Nicotine patch therapy in smoking cessation reduces the extent of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30: 125–130.
66. Working Group for the Study of Transdermal Nicotine in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Nicotine replacement therapy for patients with coronary artery disease. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 989–995.
67. Benowitz NL. The role of nicotine in smoking-related cardiovascular disease. Prev Med 1997; 26: 412–417.
68. Boshier A, Wilson LV, Shakir SAW. Evaluation of the safety of bupropion (Zyban) for smoking cessation from experience gained in general practice use in England in 2000. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 59: 767–773.
69. Tonstad S, Farsang C, Klaene G, Lewis K, Manolis A, Perruchoud AP, et al Bupropion SR for smoking cessation in smokers with cardiovascular disease: a multicentre randomised study. Eur Heart J 2003; 24: 946–955.
70. Thorndike A, Regan S, Swartz S, Pasternak R, Torres-Finnerty N, McKool K, et al The efficacy and safety of bupropion SR in smokers hospitalized with acute cardiovascular disease: a randomized controlled trial [poster]. In: Presentations at the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Annual Meeting; 18–21 February 2004; Scottsdale. Madison: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco; 2005.