Commemorating "the deportation" in post-soviet Chechnya: The role of memorialization and collective memory in the 1994-1996 and 1999-2000 Russo-Chechen wars

History and Memory

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 101-134

  Williams, Brian Glyn ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33746626513     PISSN: 0935560X     EISSN: 15271994     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/ham.2000.0006     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. Christopher Panico, Conflicts in the Caucasus: Russia's War in Chechnya, Research Institute for the Study of Conflict and Terrorism (Washington, DC, July 1995), 3.
2. For a comparative analysis of trauma commemoration among the deported Crimean Tatars, see Brian Glyn Williams, "The Crimean Tatar Exile in Central Asia: A Case Study in Group Destruction and Survival", Central Asian Survey 17, no. 2(June 1998):285-319.
3. "Ob utverzhdenii ukazov Prezidiuma Verkhovnogo Soveta RSFSR" (On the confirmation of decrees of the Presidium of the RSFSR Supreme Soviet), Izvestiia, 26 June 1946, 2.
4. Iu. A. Aidaev, Chechentsy: Istoriia i sovremennost' (The Chechens: History and Modern Times) (Moscow, 1996).
5. Tak eto bylo: Natsional'nye repressii v SSSR, 1919-1952 (Thus it was: National repressions in the USSR, 1919-1952) (Moscow, 1993).
6. Aidaev, Chechentsy, 262.
7. N. F. Bugai, L. Beriia-I. Stalinu: "Soglasno vashemu ukazaniiu" (L. Beriia-I. Stalin: "In accordance with your command") (Moscow, 1995), 103.
8. N. F. Bugai, "Beriia dokladyvaet Stalinu" (Beriia reports to Stalin), Kommunist, no. 3(Feb. 1991):103.
9. D. Khodzhaev, "Genotsid" (Genocide), in Tak eto bylo, 2:169;
10. cf. Iu. Mazur, Chechnia: Tak eto bylo (Chechnya: Thus it was), vol. 2(Odessa, 1996), 11.
11. Khodzhaev, "Genotsid", 178-79.
12. Cited in Anatol Lieven, Chechnya: Tombstone of Russian Power (New Haven, 1998), 322.
13. John B. Dunlop, Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict (Cambridge, 1998), 65.
14. Cited in Abdurahman Avtorkhanov, "The Chechens and Ingush during the Soviet Period and Its Antecedents", in Marie Bennigsen Broxup et al., The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance towards the Muslim World (London, 1992), 185.
15. Nikolai F. Bugai, "Pravda o deportatsii chechenskogo i ingushkogo narodov" (The truth about the deportation of the Chechen and Ingush peoples), Voprosy istorii, no. 7(1990):140.
16. Dunlop, Russia Confronts Chechnya, 66.
17. Mark Taplin, Open Lands: Travels through Russia's Once Forbidden Places (South Royalton, VT, 1997), 175.
18. Nikolai F. Bugai, Ikh nado deportirovat': Dokumenty, fakty, kommentarii (They must be deported: Documents, facts, commentaries) (Moscow, 1992), 129.
19. Mazur, Chechnia, 222.
20. Khodzhaev, "Genotsid", 195.
21. Avtorkhanov, "The Chechens and Ingush", 182.
22. Alexander Nekrich, The Punished Peoples: The Deportation and Fate of Soviet Minorities at the End of the Second World War (New York, 1978), 125.
23. Cited in James Critchlow, "Punished Peoples" of the Soviet Union: The Continuing Legacy of Stalin's Deportations (New York, 1991);
24. and Bugai, "Pravda o deportatsii", 33.
25. Dunlop, Russia Confronts Chechnya, 73.
26. Robert Conquest, The Nation Killers: The Soviet Deportation of Nationalities (New York, 1970), 105.
27. Alexandre Bennigsen and S. Enders Wimbush, Muslims of the Soviet Empire: A Guide (Bloomington, 1986), 189.
28. R. Kacha, "Genocide in the Northern Caucasus", Caucasian Review, no. 2(1956):82.
29. Cited by Avtorkhanov, "The Chechens and Ingush", 187.
30. Carlotta Gall and Thomas de Waal, Chechnya: A Small Victorious War (London, 1997), 67.
31. Author's interviews in Almaty, Jan. 1996.
32. Cited in Lieven, Chechnya, 322.
33. Nekrich, The Punished Peoples, 151-52.
34. Critchlow, "Punished Peoples" of the Soviet Union, 24.
35. Aidaev, Chechentsy, 284.
36. See Alexandre Bennigsen and S. Enders Wimbush, Mystics and Commissars: Sufism in the Soviet Union (Berkeley, 1989), 31.
37. Vamik Volkhan, "On Chosen Trauma", Mind and Human Interaction 4(1987):3-19.
38. Zelimkhan Yandarbiev, Checheniia-bitva za svobodu (Chechnya-the battle for freedom) (Lvov, 1996), 182.
39. Carlotta Gall and Thomas de Waal, Chechnya: Calamity in the Caucasus (New York, 1998), 57.
40. Lisa Siraganian, "Is This My Mother's Grave? Genocide and Diaspora in Atom Egoyan's Family Viewing", Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 6, no. 2(1997):132.
41. Khodzhaev, "Genotsid", 173.
42. Sebastian Smith, Allah's Mountains: Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London, 1998), 60.
43. N. F. Bugai, "K voprosu o deportatsii narodov SSSR v 30-40-kh godakh" (On the question of the deportation of peoples of the USSR in the 1930s-1940s), Istoriia SSSR, no. 6(Nov.-Dec. 1989):140.
44. Bruce Ware, "Conflict in the Caucasus: An Historical Context and a Prospect for Peace", Central Asian Survey 17, no. 2(June 1998):347-48.
45. Aidaev, Chechentsy, 206.
46. Cited in Avtorkhanov, "The Chechens and Ingush", 189.
47. "Deklaratsiia Verkhovnogo Soveta Soiuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik" (Declaration of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), Izvestiia and Pravda, 24 Nov. 1989, 1.
48. Yandarbiev, Checheniia, 59, 182.
49. Cited in Aidaev, Chechentsy, 274.
50. Lieven, Chechnya, 320.
51. Russia Country Report, First Quarter, the Economist Intelligence Unit (London, 1995), 21.
52. Marshall Ingwerson, "Children Find Bravery and Wisdom after a Brutal Little War", Christian Science Monitor, 11 Dec. 1995, 8.
53. Gall and de Waal, Chechnya: A Small Victorious War, 200-14.
54. Panico, Conflicts in the Caucasus, 1.
55. Anatoly Shabad, "A First-Hand Account of Russian Military Actions in Chechenya", in Roald Sagdeev and Susan Eisenhower, eds. Central Asia Conflict, Resolution and Change (Chevy Chase, MD, 1995), 19.
56. O. P. Orlov and A. V. Cherkasov, Rossiia-Chechnia: Tsel' oshibok i prestuplenii (Russia-Chechnya: The aim of errors and crimes) (Moscow, 1998), 129.
57. Aidaev, Chechentsy, 12.
58. Iu. Afanasev, "Posleslovie k torzhestvam po sluchaiu 50-letiia pobedy" (Postscript to the celebrations on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the victory), Izvestiia, 17 May 1995.
59. Smith, Allah's Mountains, 200-3.
60. "Chechnya and Stavropol Mark Anniversary of Budennovsk Raid", Jamestown Foundation Monitor 5, no. 4, 15 June 1999, 4.
61. Orlov and Cherkasov, Rossiia-Chechnia, 260.
62. For an account of the events in Samashki compiled by the Russian organization known as Memorial, see A. Blinushov, By All Available Means: The Russian Federation Ministry of Internal Affairs Operation in the Village of Samashki (Moscow, 1996), 85.
63. Ian Traymor, "The Chechen Refugees Consigned to the Squalor of Sealed Railway Carriages", The Guardian, 4 Nov. 1999, 3.
64. Jamestown Foundation Monitor 6, no. 19, 27 Jan. 2000. Tikhomerov's comment was made soon after his promotion to commander of the Chechen campaign and has many similarities with the proclamations of nineteenth-century Russian generals who similarly sought to wipe out the Chechen "bandits."
65. Paul Goble, "Another Forced Deportation", Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Newsline 4, no. 19, pt. 1 (25 Jan. 2000).
66. Patrick Cockburn, "New Evidence of Torture and Abuse by Russian Soldiers", The Independent, 17 Feb. 2000, 17.
67. Sergei Kovalaev, "Putin's War", New York Review of Books, 10 Feb. 2000, 44.
68. Michael Gordon, "Grozny's Civilians Ordered to Leave", International Herald Tribune, 15 Feb. 2000, 4.
69. Dimitri Trenin, "Chechnya: Prospects of the War and Prospects of Peace", Turkistan-Newsletter, vol. 4:027, 2 Feb. 2000 (an online newsletter at www.soros.org/tajik/cenasia).