The Crimean Tatar exile in Central Asia: a case study in group destruction and survival

Central Asian Survey

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 285-317

  Williams, Brian Glyn ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEMOGRAPHIC HISTORY; ETHNIC CLEANSING; FORCED MIGRATION; TATAR PEOPLE;

CRIMEA; RUSSIAN FEDERATION;

EID: 0031667979     PISSN: 02634937     EISSN: None     Source Type: Trade Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02634939808401038     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Valery E. Vozgrin, Istoricheskie Sud'by Krymskikh Tatar (Moscow: 'Mysl', 1992), p 160.
2. A. Battal-Taymas, 'La Litterature des Tatars de Crimée', Philolgiae Turcicae Fundamenta. Aquis Mattiacus Apud Franciscum Steiner. MCMLXIV, p 785.
3. Brian Williams, 'Islam in the Crimea', Modern Encyclopedia of Islam in Russia and the Soviet Union, ed. Paul Steeves, Vol 6 (Gulf Breeze, Florida: Academic International Press, 1995), pp 123-127.
4. Tercuman, No 42, 3 Nov. 1902, p 162.
5. Tercuman, 'Gde Koren Zla', No 37, 22 Sept. 1903, p 160.
6. V. Iu. Gonkevich, Ismail Gasprinkii (1851-1914), Sbornik Dokumentov i Materialov (Kherson: Krym, 1994), p 6.
7. Thomas Kuttner, 'Russian Jadidism and the Islamic World. Ismail Gasprinskii in Cairo - 1908'. Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique, Vol 26, 3-4 July, Dec. 1975, pp 399-400. 'Journey to Central Asia', Central Asian Survey, Vol 3, No 4, 1984, pp 77-89.
8. Thomas Kuttner, 'Russian Jadidism and the Islamic World. Ismail Gasprinskii in Cairo - 1908'. Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique, Vol 26, 3-4 July, Dec. 1975, pp 399-400. 'Journey to Central Asia', Central Asian Survey, Vol 3, No 4, 1984, pp 77-89.
9. Ibid.
10. Ilber Ortayli, 'Reports and Considerations of Ismail Bey Gasprinskii in Tercuman on Central Asia'. Cahiers du Monde Russe et Sovietique, 32, (1) Jan.-Mar. 1991, pp 43-46.
11. M. F. Bunegin, Revoliutsia i Grazhdanskaia Voina v Krymu (Simferopol: Krymgosizdat, 1927), p 326.
12. R. I. Muzafarov, 'Krymskaia ASSR: Territorial'naia ili Natsionalnaia'. Krymskaia ASSR, 1921-1945 (Simferopol, Tavriia: 1990), pp 27-30.
13. For an in-depth analysis of the long-term effects of this process on the Crimean Tatars see, Brian Williams, 'A community reimagined. The role of 'homeland' in the forging of Crimean Tatar national identity', Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, Vol 17, No 2, 1997, pp 225-252.
14. Shirin Akiner, 'Melting pot, salad bowl - cauldron? Manipulation and mobilization of ethnic and religious identities in Central Asia', Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol 20, No 2, p 377.
15. For an analysis of the lack of national development among Central Asians during the 1920s see, T. Zhdanko, 'Natsional'no-Gosudarstvennoye Razmezhevanie i Protsessy Etnicheskogo Razivitie u Narodov Sredneii Asii', Sovetskaia Etnografiia, No 5, 1977, pp 13-29.
16. A. I. Kliachin, 'Dinamika Etnicheskikh Sistem Rasseleniia v Krymyu', Etnograficheskoe Obozrenie, No 2, March-April 1992, p 31.
17. Mirza Bala, 'Kirim' Islam Ansiklopedisi, Vol 6 (Istanbul: MilliEgitm Basmevi, 1967), p 60.
18. Jocahim Fest, Hitler (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich), p 677.
19. Edige Kirimal, Der Nationale Kampf der Krimturken (Emsdetten: Verlad Leske, 1953), p 305.
20. Necip Abduhamitoglu, Turksuz Kirim. Yuz Binlerin Surgunu (Istanbul: Bogazici Yayinlari, 1974), p 59.
21. Alex Alexiev, Soviet Nationalities in German War Time Strategy, 1941-1945 (Prepared for the Director of Net Assessment of Secretary of Defence, August, 1992), p 33.
22. Kirimal, op cit, Ref. 18, p 318.
23. Aleksandr Nekrich, The Punished Peoples (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978).
24. B. S. Sdobnikova, Tak eto Bylo. Natsional'nye Repressi v SSSR. Vol 3 (Moscow: 'Pisan', 1993), p 79.
25. N. F. Bugai, 'K Voprosy o Deportatsii Narodov SSR v 30-40 -x godax', Istoriia SSSR, No 6, Nov.-Dec. 1989, pp 135-44.
26. Nikolai Fedrovich Bugai, 'Pravda o Deportatsii Chechenskogo i Ingushkogo Narodov', Voprosy Istorii, No 7, pp 32-44.
27. Nicholas Poppe, Introduction to Altaic Linguistics (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1965), p 44.
28. Tashkentskii Protsess (Amsterdam: The Herzen Foundation, 1976), p 590.
29. Reshat Dzhemilev, Musa Mahmut, Human Torch (New York: Crimea Foundation, 1986), p 22-23.
30. The Crimean Review, Vol 1, No I, 18 May 1986.
31. Sdobnikova, op cit, Ref. 23, p 93.
32. N. F. Bugai, Iosif Stalin-Lavrentiiu Berii. 'Ikh Nado Deportirovat' (Moscow: Druzhba Narodov, 1992), p 136.
33. B. L. Finogeev et al., Krymskotatarskie Zhenshchiny: Tryd, Byt, Traditsii (Simferopol: Crimean State Committee for National Affairs, 1994), p 15.
34. M. Guboglo and S. Chervonnaia, Krymskotatarskoe Natsional'noe Dvizhenie, Vol 1 (Moscow: Russian Academy of Science, 1992), p 76.
35. Nekrich, op cit, Ref. 23, p 137.
36. Finogeev et al., op cit, Ref. 33, p 14.
37. Bohdan Nahylo and Ann Sheehy, The Crimean Tatars, Volga Germans and Meskhetians. Soviet Treatment of Some National Minorities (London: Minority Rights Group, 1971), p 8.
38. Alan Fisher, The Crimean Tatars (Stanford: Hoover Inst. Press, 1978), p 170.
39. M. A. Vyltsan, 'Deportatsiia Narodov v Gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voiny', Etnograficheskoe Obozrenie, No 3, May-June 1995, p 28.
40. M. I. Isayev, National Languages in the USSR. Problems and Solutions (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1977), p 105.
41. R. J. Rummel, Lethal Politics. Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917 (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1990), p 158.
42. Guboglo and S. Chervonnaia, op cit, Ref. 33, p 80.
43. Lemercier Quelquejay, 'The Tatars of the Crimea, a retrospective summary', in Central Asian Review, Vol 16, No 1, 1968, p 25.
44. Robert Kaiser, The Geography of Nationalism in Russia and the USSR (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press), p 8.
45. This theory was first brought to my attention by Mubeyyin Batu Allan in his article, 'The Importance of Family - A Personal Memoir', Tatars of the Crimea (Durham: Duke Univ. Press, 1988), pp 275-281.
46. The Crimean Review, Vol VII, Special Issue, 1995, p 37.
47. B. L. Finogeev, op cit, Ref. 32, p 19.
48. Gavin Hambly, Central Asia (London: Dell Publishers, 1969), p 242.
49. Elizabeth Bacon, Central Asians Under Russian Rule (Ithaca: Cornell Univ., 1966), p 172.
50. Walker Connor, 'Nation-Building or Nation Destroying?' World Politics, Vol XXIV, Oct. 1971-July 1972, p 350.
51. Azade-Ayshe Rorlich, 'One or more Tatar nations?' Muslim Communities Reemerge, p 72.
52. Annette Bohr, 'Violence erupts in Uzbekistan'. Report on the USSR. Radio Liberty. Vol 1, No 24, 16 June 1989, pp 23-26. This source claims the Crimean Tatars are 'financially better off than the Uzbeks.
53. Author's interview with Izzet Khairov. Crimean Tatar Mejlis Representative in Central Asia. Tashkent, Uzbekistan (April 1997).
54. Fisher, op cit, Ref. 37, p 179.
55. Abdulhamitoglu, op cit, Ref. 22, pp 222-225.
56. Sheehy, op cit, Ref. 36, p 11.
57. Robert Kaiser, op cit, Ref. 43, p 103.
58. A Chronicle of Human Rights in the USSR, No 5-6, Nov.-Dec. 1973, p 32.
59. Peter Potichnyj, 'The Struggle of the Crimean Tatars', Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol XVII, No 2-3, p 315.
60. David Kowalewski, National Dissent in the Soviet Union. The Crimean Tatars (Univ. of Kansas, 1977), pp 9-10.
61. Enders Wimbush and Ronald Wixman, 'The Meskhetian Turks: A New Voice in Soviet Central Asia', Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol 17, No 2-3, 1975, p 318.
62. Interview with Mejlis President, Mustafa Dzhemilev, November 1997, Bagchesaray, Crimea.
63. Interview with Abdulla Balich, Vice Rector, Nizami Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, April 1997.
64. Edward Allworth, Tatars of the Crimea (Durham: Duke Univ. Press, 1988), pp 347-348.
65. Mustafa Dzhemilev, 'The Crimean Tatars' Thorny Path to Their Homeland', Central Asia. The Rediscovery of History, ed. H. B. Paksoy (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1994), pp. 171-172.
66. Temir Pulatov, 'Vsem Mirom-Pomoch' Brat'iam!' Druzhba Narodov, No 2, 1988, p 203.
67. 'Pravda o Kuvasae', Pravda Vostoka, No 137, 11 June 1989, p 3.
68. Interview with Mustafa Dzhemilev in Bagchesaray, Crimea, November 1997.
69. Guboglo and Chervonnaia, op cit, Ref. 33, p 245.
70. Sobesednik, No 29, 1989, p 12.
71. The USSR Today. Perspectives from the Soviet Press (Columbus, Ohio: Current Digest of the Soviet Press, 1985), p 135.
72. 'Appeal to the People of Fergana', Report on the USSR. Radio Liberty. Vol 1, No 24, 16 June 1989, pp 26-27.
73. Respublik' Izvestiia, 24 Nov 1989, p 1 and Pravda, 24 Nov. 1989, 'Deklaratsiia Verkhovnogo Soveta Soiuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh', p 1.
74. Respublik' Izvestiia, 24 Nov 1989, p 1 and Pravda, 24 Nov. 1989, 'Deklaratsiia Verkhovnogo Soveta Soiuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh', p 1.
75. Emil Payin, 'Population Transfer: The Crimean Tatars Return Home', Cultural Survival Quarterly, Winter 1992, Vol 16, No 1, p 34.
76. Guboglo and Chervonaia, op cit, Ref. 33, p 9.
77. Fred Kaplan, 'After decades in exile, Tatars reclaim Crimea', Boston Globe, 6 Sept 1992, p 14.
78. The Crimean Review, Vol IV, No 2, 18 Dec. 1989, p 3.
79. 'Vosstanavlivaia Spravedlivost', Pravda, 17 May 1990, No 147, p 2.
80. S. M. Chervonnaiia, Krymskoatarskoe Natsional'noe Dvizhenie (1994-1995) (Moscow: Russian Academy of Science, 1997), p 10.
81. Ibid.
82. Ibid, p 14.