Effects of 60-Hz Magnetic Field Exposure on Nocturnal 6-Sulfatoxymelatonin, Estrogens, Luteinizing Hormone, and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone in Healthy Reproductive-Age Women: Results of a Crossover Trial

Annals of Epidemiology

Volumn 16, Issue 8, 2006, Pages 622-631

  Davis, Scott ^a   Mirick, Dana K ^a   Chen, Chu ^a   Stanczyk, Frank Z ^a  

^a Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center   (United States)

Author keywords

Breast Cancer; Circadian Rhythm; Electromagnetic Fields; Environmental Carcinogens; Estrogen; Melatonin; Pineal

Indexed keywords

6 HYDROXYMELATONIN O SULFATE; ESTROGEN; FOLLITROPIN; LUTEINIZING HORMONE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD; EXPOSURE; FEMALE; HORMONE METABOLISM; HORMONE URINE LEVEL; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LUTEAL PHASE; MAGNETIC FIELD; MENSTRUAL CYCLE; NIGHT; NORMAL HUMAN; PREMENOPAUSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; URINALYSIS;

ADULT; ALGORITHMS; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CROSS-OVER STUDIES; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS; ESTROGENS; FEMALE; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; HEALTH; HUMANS; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; MELATONIN; OVULATION; PLACEBOS;

EID: 33746378325     PISSN: 10472797     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.11.005     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Stevens R.G. Electric power use and breast cancer: A hypothesis. Am J Epidemiol 125 (1987) 556-561
2. Stevens R.G., Davis S., Thomas D.B., Anderson L.E., and Wilson B.W. Electric power, pineal function, and the risk of breast cancer. FASEB J 6 (1992) 853-860
3. Semm P., Schneider T., and Vollrath L. Effects of an earth-strength magnetic field on electrical activity of pineal cells. Nature 288 (1980) 607-608
4. Wilson B.W., Anderson L.E., Hilton D.I., and Phillips R.D. Chronic exposure to 60-Hz electric fields: Effects on pineal function in the rat. Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981) 371-380
5. Welker H.A., Semm P., Willig R.P., Commentz J.C., Wiltschko W., and Vollrath L. Effects of an artificial magnetic field on seratonin N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin content of the rat pineal gland. Exp Brain Res 50 (1983) 426-432
6. Olcese J., and Reuss S. Magnetic field effects on pineal gland melatonin synthesis: Comparative studies on albino and pigmented rodents. Brain Res 369 (1986) 365-368
7. Stehle J., Reuss S., Schroder H., Henschel M., and Vollrath L. Magnetic field effects on pineal N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin content in the gerbil-Role of pigmentation and sex. Physiol Behav 44 (1988) 91-94
8. Lerchl A., Nonaka K.O., and Reiter R.J. Pineal gland: Its apparent "magnetosensitivity" to static magnetic fields is a consequence of induced electric currents (eddy currents). J Pineal Res 10 (1991) 109-116
9. Yellon SM. An acute 60 Hz magnetic field exposure suppresses the nighttime melatonin rise in the pineal and circulation of the adult Djungarian hamster. Department of Energy Annual Research Review; Milwaukee, WI; November 3-7, 1991.
10. Semm P. Pineal function in mammals and birds is altered by earth-strength magnetic fields. In: Moore-Ede M.C., Campbell S.S., and Reiter R.J. (Eds). Electromagnetic Fields and Circadian Rhythmicity (1992), Birkhauser, Boston, MA
11. Graham C, Cook MR, Riffle DW. Human melatonin in 60-Hz magnetic fields: Continuous vs. intermittent exposure. US Department of Energy Contractors Review; Palm Springs, CA; November 1995;A43.
12. Davis S., Kaune W.T., Mirick D.K., Chen C., and Stevens R.G. Residential magnetic fields, light-at-night, and nocturnal urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin concentration in women. Am J Epidemiol 154 (2001) 591-600
13. Gentzschein E, Ursin G, Paganini-Hiller A, Ross RK, Stanczyk FZ. Improved method for measuring urinary estrogens in postmenopausal women by HPLC-RIA. Presented at the 44th Annual Meeting of the Society of Gynelogic Investigation, San Diego, CA, March 19-20, 1997.
14. Ursin G., London S., Stanczyk F.Z., Gentzschein E., Paganini-Hill A., Ross R.K., et al. Urinary 2-hydroxyestrone/16alpha-hydroxyestrone ratio and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 91 (1999) 1067-1072
15. Qiu Q., Kuo A., Todd H., Dias J.A., Gould J.E., Overstreet J.W., et al. Enzyme immunoassay method for total urinary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) beta subunit and its application for measurement of total urinary FSH. Fertil Steril 69 (1998) 278-285
16. Qiu Q., Overstreet J.W., Todd H., Nakajima S.T., Stewart D.R., and Lasley B.L. Total urinary follicle stimulating hormone as a biomarker for detection of early pregnancy and periimplantation spontaneous abortion. Environ Health Perspect 105 (1997) 862-866
17. Munro C.J., Stabenfeldt G.H., Cragun J.R., Addiego L.A., Overstreet J.W., and Lasley B.L. Relationship of serum estradiol and progesterone concentrations to the excretion profiles of their major urinary metabolites as measured by enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunoassay. Clin Chem 37 (1991) 838-844
18. Jones B., and Kenward M.G. Design and Analysis of Cross-Over Trials (1989), Chapman & Hall, London 16-88
19. Senn S. Cross-over Trials in Clinical Research (1993), Wiley, West Sussex, England 31-109
20. Physicians' Desk Reference (2000), Medical Economics Company, Montvale, NJ
21. Cohen S., Kamarck T., and Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav 24 (1983) 385-396
22. Goodnight J.H. Tests of hypotheses in fixed-effects linear models. SAS Technical Report R-101 (1978), SAS Institute, Cary, NC
23. Roebruck P. Canonical forms and tests of hypotheses. Part II: Multivariate mixed linear models. Stat Neerlandica 36 (1982) 75-80
24. Harville D.A. Maximum likelihood approaches to variance component estimation and to related problems. J Am Stat Assoc 72 (1977) 320-338
25. Haiman C.A., Pike M.C., Bernstein L., Jaque S.V., Stanczyk F.Z., Afghani A., et al. Ethnic differences in ovulatory function in nulliparous women. Br J Cancer 86 (2002) 367-371
26. Stevens R.G., Davis S., Mirick D.K., Kheifets L., and Kaune W. Alcohol consumption and urinary concentration of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in healthy women. Epidemiology 11 (2000) 660-665
27. Beck-Friis J., von Rosen D., Kjellman B.F., Ljunggren J.G., and Wetterberg L. Melatonin in relation to body measures, sex, age, season, and the use of drugs in patients with major affective disorders and healthy subjects. Psychoneuroendocrinology 9 (1984) 261-277
28. Yen S.S.C. Chronic anovulation due to CNS-hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction. In: Yen S.C.C., and Jaffe R.B. (Eds). Reproductive Endocrinology. 3rd ed. (1991), Sanders, Philadelphia, PA 631-689
29. In: Reiter R.J. (Ed). The Pineal Gland. Vol I (1981), CRC, Boca Raton, FL
30. Wetterberg L, Bratlid T, von Knorring L, Eberhard G, Yuwiler A. A multinational study of the relationships between nighttime urinary melatonin production, age, gender, body size, and latitude. European Archives of Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience. 249(5):256-262, 1999.
31. Waldhauser F., Walentich W., and Ehrhart B. The physiological secretion pattern of melatonin in man. In: Touitou Y., Arendt J., and Pevets P. (Eds). Melatonin and the Pineal Gland: From Basic Science to Clinical Application (1993), Elsevier, New York 331-338
32. Westhoff C., Gentile G., Lee J., Zacur H., and Helbig D. Predictors of ovarian steroid secretion in reproductive-age women. Am J Epidemiol 144 (1996) 381-388
33. Graham C., Cook M.R., Riffle D.W., Gerkovich M.M., and Cohen H.D. Nocturnal melatonin levels in human volunteers exposed to intermittent 60 Hz magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996) 263-273
34. Graham C., Cook M.R., and Riffle D.W. Human melatonin during continuous magnetic field exposure. Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997) 166-171
35. Bittman E.L., Kaynard A.K., and Olster D.H. Pineal melatonin mediates photoperiodic control of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in the ewe. Neuroendocrinology 40 (1985) 409-418
36. Yellon S.M., and Foster D.L. Melatonin rhythms time photoperiod-induced puberty in the female lamb. Endocrinology 119 (1986) 44-49
37. Robinson J.E., Kaynard A.H., and Karsch F.J. Does melatonin alter pituitary responsiveness to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the ewe?. Neuroendocrinology 43 (1986) 635-640
38. Robinson J.E. Photoperiodic and steroidal regulation of the luteinizing hormone pulse generator in ewes. In: Crowley W.F., and Hofler J.G. (Eds). The Episodic Secretion of Hormones (1987), Wiley, New York 159-168
39. Catt K.J., and Dafau M.L. Gonadotropic hormones: Biosynthesis, secretion, receptors, and actions. In: Yen S.S.C., and Jaffe R.B. (Eds). Reproductive Endocrinology. 3rd ed. (1991), Saunders, Philadelphia, PA 144-151
40. Adashi E.Y. The ovarian life cycle. In: Yen S.S.C., and Jaffe R.B. (Eds). Reproductive Endocrinology. 3rd ed. (1991), Saunders, Philadelphia, PA 202-204
41. Yen S.S.C. The human menstrual cycle: Neuorendocrine regulation. In: Yen S.S.C., and Jaffe R.B. (Eds). Reproductive Endocrinology. 3rd ed. (1991), Saunders, Philadelphia, PA 273-283
42. McLachlan R.I., Cohen N.L., Dahl K.D., Brenmer W.J., and Soules M.R. Serum inhibin levels during the peri-ovulatory interval in normal women: Relationships with sex steroid and gonadotropin levels. Clin Endocrinol 32 (1990) 39-48
43. Hoff J.D., Quigley M.E., and Yen S.C.C. Hormonal dynamics at midcycle: A reevaluation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 57 (1983) 792-796
44. Stevens R.G., and Davis S. The melatonin hypothesis: Electric power and breast cancer. Environ Health Perspect 104 suppl 1 (1996) S135-S140
45. Brainard G.C., Kavet R., and Kheifets L.I. The relationship between electromagnetic field and light exposures to melatonin and breast cancer risk: A review of the relevant literature. J Pineal Res 26 (1999) 65-100
46. Molis T.M., Spriggs L.L., Jupiter Y., and Hill S.M. Melatonin modulation of estrogen-regulated proteins, growth factors, and proto-oncogenes in human breast cancer. J Pineal Res 18 (1995) 93-103
47. Hill S.M., and Blask D.E. Effects of the pineal hormone melatonin on the proliferation and morphological characteristics of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) in culture. Cancer Res 48 (1988) 6121-6126
48. Cos S., Fernandez F., and Sanchez-Barcelo E.J. Melatonin inhibits DNA synthesis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in vitro. Life Sci 58 (1996) 2447-2453
49. Cos S., Fernandez R., Guezmes A., and Sanchez-Borcelo E.J. Influence of melatonin on invasive and metastatic properties of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 58 (1998) 4383-4390
50. Cos S., Mediavilla M.D., Fernandez R., Gonzalez-Lamono D., and Sanchez-Barcelo E.J. Does melatonin induce apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in vitro?. J Pineal Res 32 (2002) 90-96
51. Mediavilla M.D., Cos S., and Sanchez-Barcelo E.J. Melatonin increases p53 and p21WAF1 expression in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in vitro. Life Sci 65 (1999) 415-420
52. Bartsch C., Bartsch H., Karenovics A., Franz H., Perker G., and Mecke D. Nocturnal urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin excretion is decreased in primary breast cancer patients compared to age-matched controls and shows negative correlation with tumor-size. J Pineal Res 23 (1997) 53-58
53. Bartsch C., Bartsch H., Bellmann O., and Lippert T.H. Depression of serum melatonin in patients with primary breast cancer is not due to an increased peripheral metabolism. Cancer 67 (1991) 1681-1684
54. Skene D.J., Bojkowski C.J., Currie J.E., Wright J., Boulter P.S., and Arendt J. 6-Sulphatoxymelatonin production in breast cancer patients. J Pineal Res 8 (1990) 269-276
55. Bartsch C., Bartsch H., Fuchs U., Lippert T.H., Bellmann O., and Gupta D. Stage-dependent depression of melatonin in patients with primary breast cancer. Correlation with prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, and steroid receptors. Cancer 64 (1989) 426-433
56. Tamarkin L., Danforth D., Lichter A., DeMoss E., Cohen M., Chabner B., et al. Decreased nocturnal plasma melatonin peak in patients with estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. Science 216 (1982) 1003-1005
57. Bartsch C., Bartsch H., Jain A.K., Laumas K.R., and Wetterberg L. Urinary melatonin levels in human breast cancer patients. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 52 (1981) 281-294
58. Travis R.C., Allen D.S., Fentiman I.S., and Key T.J. Melatonin and breast cancer: A prospective study. J Natl Cancer Inst 96 (2004) 475-482
59. Schernhammer E.S., and Hankinson S.E. Urinary melatonin levels and breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 97 (2005) 1084-1087
60. Hrushesky W.J.M., and Blask D.E. Re: Melatonin and breast cancer: A prospective study. J Natl Cancer Inst 96 (2004) 888-889