Gaping displays reveal and amplify a mechanically based index of weapon performance

American Naturalist

Volumn 168, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 100-113

  Lappin, A Kristopher ^a   Brandt, Yoni ^b   Husak, Jerry F ^c,e   Macedonia, Joseph M ^d   Kemp, Darrell J ^d,f  

^a NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Bite force performance; Crotaphytus; Cues; Jaws; Signals

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL WEAPON; DOMINANCE; LIZARD; PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL COMMUNICATION; ARTICLE; ASSOCIATION; BODY SIZE; COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; HISTOLOGY; LIZARD; MALE; MASTICATION; PHYSIOLOGY; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SOCIAL DOMINANCE; TERRITORIALITY;

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION; ANIMALS; BITE FORCE; BODY SIZE; COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR; CUES; FEMALE; HIERARCHY, SOCIAL; LIZARDS; MALE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; TERRITORIALITY;

ANIMALIA; CROTAPHYTUS; SQUAMATA;

EID: 33746264038     PISSN: 00030147     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/505161     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Abell, A. J. 2000. Costs of reproduction in male lizards, Sceloporus virgatus. Oikos 88:630-640.
2. Arnold, S. J. 1983. Morphology, performance, and fitness. American Zoologist 23:347-361.
3. Baird, T. A., and D. K. Timanus. 1998. Social inhibition of territorial behaviour in yearling male collared lizards, Crotaphytus collaris. Animal Behaviour 56:989-994.
4. Baird, T. A., M. A. Acree, and C. L. Sloan. 1996. Age and gender-related differences in the social behavior and mating success of free-living collared lizards, Crotaphytus collaris. Copeia 1996:336-347.
5. Baird, T. A., S. F. Fox, and J. K. McCoy. 1997. Population differences in the roles of size and coloration in intra- and intersexual selection in the collared lizard, Crotaphytus collaris: influence of habitat and social organization. Behavioral Ecology 8:506-517.
6. Baird, T. A., D. K. Timanus, and C. L. Sloan. 2003. Intra- and intersexual variation in social behavior: effects of ontogeny, phenotype, resources, and season. Pages 7-46 in S. F. Fox, J. K. McCoy, and T. A. Baird, eds. Lizard social behavior. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
7. Bee, M. A., S. A. Perrill, and P. C. Owen. 1999. Size assessment in simulated territorial encounters between male green frogs (Rana clamitans). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 45:177-184.
8. Berglund, A., A. Bisazza, and A. Pilastro. 1996. Armaments and ornaments: an evolutionary explanation of traits of dual utility. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 58:385-399.
9. Brandt, Y. 2003. Lizard threat display handicaps endurance. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 270:1061-1068.
10. Burnham, K. P., and D. R. Anderson. 2002. Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. Springer, New York.
11. Carothers, J. H. 1984. Sexual selection and sexual dimorphism in some herbivorous lizards. American Naturalist 124:244-254.
12. Carpenter, C. C. 1978. Ritualistic social behaviors of iguanid lizards. Pages 253-267 in N. Greenberg and P. D. MacLean, eds. Neurology and behavior of lizards: an interdisciplinary colloquium. National Institute of Mental Health, Rockville, MD.
13. Carpenter, C. C., and G. W. Ferguson. 1977. Variation and evolution of stereotyped behavior in reptiles. Pages 335-554 in C. Gans and D. W. Tinkle, eds. Ecology and behaviour A. Vol. 7. Biology of the Reptilia. Academic Press, New York.
14. Carpenter, G. C. 1995. Modeling dominance: the influence of size, coloration and experience on dominance relations in tree lizards (Urosaurus ornatus). Herpetological Monographs 9:88-101.
15. Clutton-Brock, T. H., and S. D. Albon. 1979. The roaring of red deer and the evolution of honest advertisement. Behaviour 69:145-170.
16. Eckert, R. D. 1988. Animal physiology: mechanisms and adaptations. 3rd ed. W. H. Freeman, New York.
17. Enquist, M. 1985. Communication in aggressive interactions with particular reference to variation in choice of behavior. Animal Behaviour 33:1152-1161.
18. Enquist, M., and O. Leimar. 1983. Evolution of fighting behaviour: decision rules and assessment strategies. Journal of Theoretical Biology 102:387-410.
19. Fitch, H. S. 1956. An ecological study of the collared lizard (Crotaphytus collaris). University of Kansas Publications of the Museum of Natural History 8:213-274.
20. Fleishman, L. J. 1992. The influence of the sensory system and the environment on motion patterns in the visual displays of anoline lizards and other vertebrates. American Naturalist 139(suppl.): S36-S61.
21. Fleishman, L. J., and M. Persons. 2001. The influence of stimulus and background colour on signal visibility in the lizard Anolis cristatellus. Journal of Experimental Biology 204:1559-1575.
22. Fleishman, L. J., E. R. Loew, and M. Leal. 1993. Ultraviolet vision in lizards. Nature 365:397.
23. Gans, C., and F. De Vree. 1986. Shingle-back lizards crush snail shells using temporal summation (tetanus) to increase the force of the adductor muscles. Experientia (Basel) 42:387-389.
24. Gans, C., F. De Vree, and D. Carrier. 1985. Usage pattern of the complex masticatory muscles in the shingleback lizard, Trachydosaurus rugosus: a model for muscle placement. American Journal of Anatomy 173:219-240.
25. Garland, T., Jr., E. Hankins, and R. B. Huey. 1990. Locomotor capacity and social dominance in male lizards. Functional Ecology 4:243-250.
26. Harper, D. G. C. 2005. Maynard Smith: amplifying the reasons for signal reliability. Journal of Theoretical Biology 239:203-206.
27. Hasson, O. 1989. Amplifiers and the handicap principle in sexual selection: a different emphasis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 235:383-406.
28. -. 1997. Towards a general theory of biological signaling. Journal of Theoretical Biology 185:139-156.
29. Herrel, A., P. Aerts, and F. De Vree. 1998. Ecomorphology of the lizard feeding apparatus: a modelling approach. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 48:1-25.
30. Herrel, A., E. De Grauw, and J. Lemos-Espinal. 2001. Head shape and bite performance in xenosaurid lizards. Journal of Experimental Zoology 290:101-107.
31. Hongo, Y. 2003. Appraising behaviour during male-male interaction in the Japanese horned beetle Trypoxylus dichotomus septentrionalis (Kono). Behaviour 140:501-517.
32. Huey, R. B., and R. D. Stevenson. 1979. Integrating thermal physiology and ecology of ectotherms: a discussion of approaches. American Zoologist 19:357-366.
33. Hughes, M. 1996. Size assessment via a visual signal in snapping shrimp. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 38:51-57.
34. Huntingford, F. A., and A. K. Turner. 1987. Animal conflict. Chapman & Hall, London.
35. Huntingford, F. A., A. K. Turner, L. Sneddon, and F. C. Neat. 2000. Prowess and the resolution of animal fights. Pages 415-427 in Y. Espmark, T. Amundsen, and G. Rosenqvist, eds. Animal signals: signalling and signal design in animal communication. Tapir, Trondheim.
36. Hurd, P. L. 2004. Conventional displays: evidence for socially mediated costs of threat displays in a lizard. Aggressive Behavior 30:326-341.
37. Hurd, P. L., and M. Enquist. 2005. A strategic taxonomy of biological communication. Animal Behaviour 70:1155-1170.
38. Husak, J. F. 2004. Signal use by collared lizards (Crotaphytus collaris): the effects of familiarity and threat. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 55:602-607.
39. Husak, J. F., and S. F. Fox. 2003. Adult male collared lizards (Crotaphytus collaris) increase aggression toward displaced neighbours. Animal Behaviour 65:391-396.
40. Husak, J. F., A. K. Lappin, S. F. Fox, and J. A. Lemos-Espinal. 2006. Bite-force performance predicts dominance in the venerable collared lizard (Crotaphytus antiquus). Copeia 2006:301-306.
41. Husak, J. F., J. M. Macedonia, S. F. Fox, and R. C. Sauceda. Forthcoming. Predation cost of conspicuous male coloration in collared lizards (Crotaphytus collaris): an experimental test using clay-covered model lizards. Ethology.
42. Huyghe, K., B. Vanhooydonck, H. Scheers, M. Molina-Borja, and R. Van Damme. 2005. Morphology, performance and fighting capacity in male lizards, Gallotia galloti. Functional Ecology 19:800-807.
43. Kemp, D. J., and J. Alcock. 2003. Lifetime resource utilization, flight physiology and the evolution of contest competition in territorial insects. American Naturalist 162:290-301.
44. Lailvaux, S. P., A. Herrel, B. Vanhooydonck, J. J. Meyers, and D. J. Irschick. 2004. Fighting tactics differ in two distinct male phenotypes in a lizard: heavyweight and lightweight bouts. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 271:2501-2508.
45. Lailvaux, S. P., J. Hathway, J. Pomfret, and R. J. Knell. 2005. Horn size predicts physical performance in the beetle Euoniticellus intermedius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Functional Ecology 19:632-639.
46. Lappin, A. K. 1999. Evolutionary ecomorphology of the feeding biology of crotaphytid lizards. PhD diss. University of California, Berkeley.
47. Lappin, A. K., and J. F. Husak. 2005. Weapon performance, not size, determines mating success and potential reproductive output in the collared lizard (Crotaphytus collaris). American Naturalist 166:426-436.
48. Leal, M. 1999. Honest signalling during prey-predator interactions in the lizard Anolis cristatellus. Animal Behaviour 58:521-526.
49. Loew, E. R., L. J. Fleishman, R. G. Foster, and I. Provencio. 2002. Visual pigments and oil droplets in diurnal lizards: a comparative study of Caribbean anoles. Journal of Experimental Biology 205:927-938.
50. López, P., and J. Martín. 2002. Locomotor capacity and dominance in male lizards Lacerta monticola: a trade-off between survival and reproductive success? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 77:201-209.
51. Losos, J. B., A. C. Douglas, and J. A. Schulte II. 2002. Cautionary comments on the measurement of maximum locomotor capabilities. Journal of Zoology (London) 258:57-61.
52. Macedonia, J. M., J. F. Husak, Y. M. Brandt, A. K. Lappin, and T. A. Baird. 2004. Sexual dichromatism and color conspicuousness in three populations of collared lizards (Crotaphytus collaris) from Oklahoma. Journal of Herpetology 38:340-354.
53. Maynard Smith, J., and D. Harper. 2003. Animal signals. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
54. Maynard Smith, J., and D. G. C. Harper. 1995. Animal signals: models and terminology. Journal of Theoretical Biology 177:305-311.
55. McBrayer, L. D., and T. D. White. 2002. Bite force, behavior, and electromyography in the teiid lizard, Tupinambis teguixin. Copeia 2002:111-119.
56. McCoy, J. K., S. F. Fox, and T. A. Baird. 1994. Geographic variation in sexual dimorphism of Crotaphytus collaris. Southwestern Naturalist 39:328-335.
57. McCoy, J. K., H. J. Harmon, T. A. Baird, and S. F. Fox. 1997. Geographic variation in sexual dichromatism in the collared lizard, Crotaphytus collaris (Sauria: Crotaphytidae). Copeia 1997:565-571.
58. Molina-Borja, M., M. Padron-Fumero, and T. Alfonso-Martin. 1998. Morphological and behavioural traits affecting the intensity and outcome of male contest in Gallotia galloti (Family Lacertidae). Ethology 104:314-322.
59. Neat, F. C., F. A. Huntingford, and M. M. C Beveridge. 1998a. Fighting and assessment in male cichlid fish: the effects of asymmetries in gonadal state and body size. Animal Behaviour 55:883-891.
60. Neat, F. C., A. C. Taylor, and F. A. Huntingford. 1998b. Proximate costs of fighting in male cichlid fish: the role of injuries and energy metabolism. Animal Behaviour 55:875-882.
61. Neter, J., M. H. Kutner, C. J. Nachtsheim, and W. Wasserman. 1996. Applied linear regression models. 3rd ed. Irwin, Chicago.
62. Olsson, M. 1994. Nuptial coloration in the sand lizard, Lacerta agilis: an intra-sexually selected cue to fighting ability. Animal Behaviour 48:607-613.
63. Ord, T. J., D. T. Blumstein, and C. S. Evans. 2001. Intrasexual selection predicts the evolution of signal complexity in lizards. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 268:737-744.
64. Osborne, L. 2005. Information content of male agonistic displays in the territorial tawny dragon (Ctenophorus decresii). Journal of Ethology 23:189-197.
65. Parker, G. A. 1974. Assessment strategy and the evolution of fighting behaviour. Journal of Theoretical Biology 47:223-243.
66. Perry, G., K. LeVering, I. Girard, and T. Garland Jr. 2004. Locomotor performance and social dominance in male Anolis cristatellus. Animal Behaviour 67:37-47.
67. Pough, F. H. 1989. Organismal performance and Darwinian fitness: approaches and interpretations. Physiological Zoology 62:199-236.
68. Reby, D., and K. McComb. 2003. Anatomical constraints generate honesty: acoustic cues to age and weight in the roars of red deer stags. Animal Behaviour 65:519-530.
69. Reby, D., K. McComb, B. Cargnelutti, C. Darwin, W. T. Fitch, and T. H. Clutton-Brock. 2005. Red deer stags use formants as assessment cues during intrasexual agonistic interactions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 272:941-947.
70. Riechert, S. E. 1998. Game theory and animal contests. Pages 64-93 in L. A. Dugatkin and H. K. Reeve, eds. Game theory and animal behavior. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
71. Robertson, J. G. M. 1986. Male territoriality, fighting, and assessment of fighting ability in the Australian frog, Uperoleia rugosa. Animal Behaviour 34:763-772.
72. Robson, M. A., and D. B. Miles. 2000. Locomotor performance and dominance in male tree lizards, Urosaurus ornatus. Functional Ecology 14:338-344.
73. Schulte-Hostedde, A. I., B. Zinner, J. S. Millar, and G. J. Hickling. 2005. Restitution of mass-size residuals: validating body condition indices. Ecology 86:155-163.
74. Smith, K. K. 1982. An electromyographic study of the function of the jaw-adducting muscles in Varanus exanthematicus (Varanidae). Journal of Morphology 173:137-158.
75. Sneddon, L. U., F. A. Huntingford, and A. C. Taylor. 1997. Weapon size versus body size as a predictor of winning in fights between shore crabs, Garantis maenas (L.). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 41:237-242.
76. Sneddon, L. U., F. A. Huntingford, A. C. Taylor, and J. F. Orr. 2000. Weapon strength and competitive success in the fights of shore crabs (Garantis maenas). Journal of Zoology (London) 250:397-403.
77. Stamps, J. A. 1983. Sexual selection, sexual dimorphism, and territoriality. Pages 169-204 in R. B. Huey, E. R. Pianka, and T. W. Schoener, eds. Lizard ecology: studies of a model organism. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
78. Stamps, J. A., and V. V. Krishnan. 2001. How territorial animals compete for divisible space: a learning-based model with unequal competitors. American Naturalist 157:154-169.
79. Stavenga, D. G., R. P. Smits, and B. J. Hoenders. 1993. Simple exponential functions describing the absorbance bands of visual pigment spectra. Vision Research 33:1011-1017.
80. Szamado, S. 2003. Threat displays are not handicaps. Journal of Theoretical Biology 221:327-348.
81. Taylor, P. W., and R. W. Elwood. 2003. The mismeasure of animal contests. Animal Behaviour 65:1195-1202.
82. Taylor, P. W., O. Hasson, and D. L. Clark. 2000. Body postures and patterns as amplifiers of physical condition. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 267:917-922.
83. Thompson, C. W., and M. C. Moore. 1992. Throat colour reliably signals status in male tree lizards, Urosaurus ornatus. Animal Behaviour 42:745-753.
84. Uy, J. A. C., and J. A. Endler. 2004. Modification of the visual background increases the conspicuousness of golden-collared manakin displays. Behavioral Ecology 15:1003-1010.
85. Vanhooydonck, B., A. Y. Herrel, R. Van Damme, and D. J. Irschick. 2005a. Does dewlap size predict male bite performance in Jamaican Anolis lizards? Functional Ecology 19:38-42.
86. Vanhooydonck, B., A. Herrel, R. Van Damme, J. J. Meyers, and D. J. Irschick. 2005b. The relationship between dewlap size and performance changes with age and sex in a green anole (Anolis carolinensis) lizard population. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 59:157-165.
87. Vehrencamp, S. L. 2000. Handicap, index, and conventional signal elements of bird song. Pages 277-300 in Y. Espmark, T. Amundsen, and G. Rosenqvist, eds. Animal signals: signalling and signal design in animal communication. Tapir, Trondheim.
88. Whiting, M. J., K. A. Nagy, and P. W. Bateman. 2003. Evolution and maintenance of social status-signaling badges: experimental manipulations in lizards. Pages 7-46 in S. F. Fox, J. K. McCoy, and T. A. Baird, eds. Lizard social behavior. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.