Attentional bias to angry faces using the dot-probe task? It depends when you look for it

Behaviour Research and Therapy

Volumn 44, Issue 9, 2006, Pages 1321-1329

  Cooper, Robbie M ^a   Langton, Stephen R H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Attention; Attentional bias; Dot probe; Emotion; Face; Threat

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; EMOTION; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; REACTION ANALYSIS; REACTION TIME; STIMULUS; TASK PERFORMANCE; THREAT;

ADULT; ANGER; ATTENTION; EMOTIONS; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PHOTIC STIMULATION; REACTION TIME;

EID: 33746218111     PISSN: 00057967     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.10.004     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Adams R.B., Gordon H.L., Baird A.A., Ambady N., and Kleck R.E. Effects of gaze on amygdala sensitivity to anger and fear faces. Science 300 (2003) 1536
2. Adams R.B., and Kleck R.E. Perceived gaze direction and the processing of facial displays of emotion. Psychological Science 14 6 (2003) 644-647
3. Bradley B.P., Mogg K., Falla S.J., and Hamilton L.R. Attentional bias for threatening facial expressions in anxiety: Manipulation of stimulus duration. Cognition & Emotion 12 6 (1998) 737-753
4. Bradley B.P., Mogg K., and Millar N.H. Covert and overt orienting of attention to emotional faces in anxiety. Cognition & Emotion 14 6 (2000) 789-808
5. Bradley B.P., Mogg K., Millar N., Bonham Carter C., et al. Attentional biases for emotional faces. Cognition & Emotion 11 1 (1997) 25-42
6. Chen Y.P., Ehlers A., Clark D.M., and Mansell W. Patients with generalized social phobia direct their attention away from faces. Behaviour Research and Therapy 40 6 (2002) 677-687
7. Dehghani M., Sharpe L., and Nicholas M.K. Selective attention to pain-related information in chronic musculoskeletal pain patients. Pain 105 1-2 (2003) 37-46
8. Driver J., Davis G., Ricciardelli P., Kidd P., Maxwell E., and Baron Cohen S. Gaze perception triggers reflexive visuospatial orienting. Visual Cognition 6 5 (1999) 509-540
9. Eastwood J.D., Smilek D., and Merikle P.M. Differential attentional guidance by unattended faces expressing positive and negative emotion. Perception and Psychophysics 63 6 (2001) 1004-1013
10. Egloff B., and Hock M. Assessing attention allocation toward threat-related stimuli: A comparison of the emotional Stroop task and the attentional probe task. Personality-and-individual-differences 35 2 (2003) 475-483
11. Ehrhardt J., Weiss T., Musial F., Zimmanyi A., Englert E., Blanz B., et al. Attentional bias of patients with anorexia nervosa using a dot-probe paradigm. Journal of Psychophysiology 17 3 (2003) 147
12. Ekman P., and Friesen W.V. Pictures of facial affect (1976), Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alo, CA
13. Eysenck M.W. Anxiety: The cognitive perspective (1992), Erlbaum, Hove
14. Fox E., Lester V., Russo R., Bowles R.J., Pichler A., and Dutton K. Facial expressions of emotion: Are angry faces detected more efficiently?. Cognition and Emotion 14 1 (2000) 61-92
15. Friesen C.K., and Kingstone A. The eyes have it! Reflexive orienting is triggered by nonpredictive gaze. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 5 3 (1998) 490-495
16. Hogarth L.C., Mogg K., Bradley B.P., Duka T., and Dickinson A. Attentional orienting towards smoking-related stimuli. Behavioural Pharmacology 14 2 (2003) 153-160
17. Koster E.H.W., Crombez G., Verschuere B., and De Houwer J. Selective attention to threat in the dot probe paradigm: Differentiating vigilance and difficulty to disengage. Behaviour Research and Therapy 42 10 (2004) 1183-1192
18. Koster E.H.W., Verschuere B., Crombez G., and Van Damme. Time course of attention for threatening pictures in high and low trait anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy 43 8 (2005) 1087-1098
19. Kowler E. Eye movements. In: Kosslyn S.M., and Osheron D.N. (Eds). Visual Cognition (1995), MIT, Cambridge, MA
20. Langton S.R.H., and Bruce V. Reflexive visual orienting in response to the social attention of others. Visual Cognition 6 5 (1999) 541-567
21. Le Doux J.E. The emotional brain (1996), Simon & Schuster, New York
22. MacLeod C., and Mathews A. Anxiety and the allocation of attention to threat. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 40 (1988) 653-670
23. MacLeod C., Mathews A., and Tata P. Attentional bias in emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 95 1 (1986) 15-20
24. Mathews A., and Mackintosh B. A cognitive model of selective processing in anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research 22 (1998) 539-560
25. Mogg K., and Bradley B.P. A cognitive-motivational analysis of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy 36 9 (1998) 809-848
26. Mogg K., and Bradley B.P. Orienting of attention to threatening facial expressions presented under conditions of restricted awareness. Cognition and Emotion 13 6 (1999) 713-740
27. Mogg K., Bradley B.P., Dixon C., Fisher S., Twelftree H., and McWilliams A. Trait anxiety, defensiveness and selective processing of threat: An investigation using two measures of attentional bias. Personality and Individual Differences 28 6 (2000) 1063-1077
28. Mogg K., Bradley B.P., Miles F., and Dixon R. Time course of attentional bias for threat scenes: Testing the vigilance-avoidance hypothesis. Cognition & Emotion 18 5 (2004) 689-700
29. Müller H.J., and Rabbitt P.M.A. Reflexive and voluntary orienting of visual attention: Time course of activation and resistance to interruption. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 15 (1989) 315-330
30. Navon D., and Margalit B. Allocation of attention according to informativeness in visual recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 35A (1983) 497-512
31. Ohman A., Lundqvist D., and Esteves F. The face in the crowd revisited: A threat advantage with schematic stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80 3 (2001) 381-396
32. Posner M.I., and Petersen S.E. The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience 13 (1990) 25-42
33. Posner M.I., Snyder C.R., and Davidson B.J. Attention and the detection of signals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 109 (1980) 160-174
34. Sabatinelli D., Flaisch T., Bradley M.M., Fitzsimmons J.R., and Lang P.J. Affective picture perception: Gender differences in visual cortex?. Neuroreport 15 7 (2004) 1109-1112
35. Townshend J.M., and Duka T. Attentional bias associated with alcohol cues: Differences between heavy and occasional social drinkers. Psychopharmacology 157 1 (2001) 67-74
36. von Grünau M., and Anston C. The detection of gaze direction: A stare-in-the-crowd effect. Perception 24 11 (1995) 1297-1313
37. Wenzel A., and Holt C.S. Dot probe performance in two specific phobias. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 38 (1999) 407-410
38. White M. Preattentive analysis of facial expressions of emotion. Cognition and Emotion 9 5 (1995) 439-460
39. Wicker B., Perrett D.I., Baron Cohen S., and Decety J. Being the target of another's emotion: A PET study. Neuropsychologia 41 2 (2003) 139-146